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Applications of polarimetric radar data
From ashes and dust to rain and wind
Radar workshop 2015
19+20 November 2015 – Monash University, Melbourne
R. Hannesen
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 2
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
MULTIPLE MOMENTS; DIFFERENT ECHO TYPES
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 3
Z ZDR LDR
ρHV KDP ΦDP
ECHO CLASSIFICATION – MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 4
2D; sharp boundaries 1D; fuzzy logic
ECLASS – HYDROMETEOR CLASSIFICATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 6
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 7
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
AQUA-MODIS Image
+ METEOR 500 CDP Reflectivity
AQUA-MODIS Image
BUSHFIRE EXAMPLE
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 8
Santa Fe,
Rio Paraná,
Argentina
30 June 2008,
17:50 UTC
100 km100 km100 km
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 9
100 km
BUSHFIRE EXAMPLE
Z
ZDR ΦDPρHV
Santa Fe,
Rio Paraná,
Argentina
30 June 2008,
16:00 – 19:30 UTC
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION PDF
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 10
Z - stddev
Z - average
ZDR - stddev
ZDR - average
Reflectivity Differential Reflectivity
PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION PDF
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 11
ρHV - stddev
ρHV - average
Differential Phase Shift - stddev
Radial Velocity - stddev
Polarimetric Correlation Coefficient Other
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 12
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
KUWAIT: DUST STORM
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 13
Z ZDR V
ρHVKDP ΦDP
KUWAIT: TYPICAL CLEAR AIR DATA
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 14
Z ZDR V
ρHVKDP ΦDP
ECHO TYPE: PDF
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 15
Z - stddev
ZDR - average
W - average
ΦDP - stddev
ECHO CLASSIFICATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 16
Dust probability based on:
• Reflectivity (average)
• Reflectivity (stddev)
• Radial velocity (stddev)
• Spectral width (average)
• Spectral width (stddev)
• Differential reflectivity (average)
• Differential reflectivity (stddev)
• Polarimetric correlation (average)
• Polarimetric correlation (stddev)
• Differential phase shift (stddev)
• Height
Sea Clutter probability based on:
• Radial velocity (average)
• Ocean flag
• Elevation angle
Final Classification:
Dust
Dense dust
Other echo
3D SEGMENTATION AND FURTHER CHECKS
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 17
0.3 deg PPI 1.2 deg PPI
Contour of
3D area
3D area is Dust storm only if:
Volume above minimum threshold
Vertical reflectivity gradient sufficiently negative
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 18
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 19
EYJAFLALLALÖKULL 2010; BY C-BAND RADAR
C-band radar at Keflavik Airport
operated by Icelandic
Meteorological Office
MAX
VCUT
ETOP
16 k
m
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 22
-20 0 20 40 60 dBZ
dB
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Reflectivity and Differential Reflectivity
VOLCANIC ASH AND WEATHER ECHOES
GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION STARTING 2011-05-22
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 23
Radar
altitude 45m
Volcano
altitude 1600m
Dual-Pol scan parameters:
• 14 slices 0.5 to 40.0 deg elevation
• 120 km range, 200 m x 1.0 deg
resolution
• Long pulse, PRF 550 Hz
• 18 deg/sec; sampling 23 pulses;
range sampling 3
50DX Radar operated
by Icelandic
Meteorological Office
X-BAND DATA OF GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 24
Grimsvotn eruption on 22-May 2011: Ash data (mostly)
MODIS image 13:05 UTC
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 25
X-BAND DATA OF GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION
22-May 2011, 07:12 UTC (4.8 deg PPIs): Ash data (mostly)
Reflectivity
Differential Reflectivity
Specific Diff. Phase
Correlation Coefficient
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 26
X-BAND DATA OF GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION
MODIS image 14:00 UTC
Grimsvotn eruption on 23-May 2011: Ash and Precipitation
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 27
X-BAND DATA OF GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION
23-May 2011, 13:24 UTC (2.9 deg PPIs): Ash and Precipitation
Reflectivity
Differential Reflectivity
Specific Diff. Phase
Correlation Coefficient
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 28
X-BAND DATA OF GRIMSVOTN ERUPTION
Reflectivity and Differential ReflectivitydB
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
Simulation
Observation (PDF)
2011-05-22
05:00 - 07:45 UTC
-20 0 20 40 60 dBZ
Probability
(scaled to peak)
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.01
0
VOLCANIC ASH CLASSIFICATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 29
Grimsvotn summary:
Volcanic eruption is detected, classified and quantified
Polarimetric data fit partially to simulation results
Polarimetric data of volcanic ash similar to precip data
Automatic detection (precip-ash-separation) still difficult
Quantification somewhat questionable
Distant volcanic ash too weak for radar observation, but hazardous to air traffic
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 30
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
RADAR+LIDAR LLWAS SYSTEMS - FRA, MUC
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 31
X-Band Polarimetric Radar
3D scanning
IR Doppler Lidar
3D scanning
Radar+Lidar scans: 3D-scan @ 5 mins interval + 3deg PPI @ 1 min interval
PRECIPITATION: PERFECT MATCHING
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 32
Radar Lidar
3 deg PPI radial velocity, Frankfurt , 2013-07-07 23:00 UTC
INSECTS: SOMETIMES MATCHING …
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 33
Radar Lidar
8 deg PPI radial velocity, Frankfurt, 2014-03-20 12:23 UTC
Radar
… AND SOMETIMES NOT
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 34
Lidar
8 deg PPI radial velocity, Munich, 2013-07-25 12:20 UTC
RADAR DATA PROCESSING
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 35
Original Data ECLASS Keep Meteo only
Radial Velocity Radial Velocity
• Keep Insects only .
For ATC
For this study
INSECTS: RADAR-LIDAR SEASONAL DIFFERENCE
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 36
Bias RMSE
May 0.52 1.19
Jun 1.34 2.1
Jul 1.47 1.97
Aug 1.56 1.88
Sep 0.79 1.47
Oct 1.4 1.57
Mar 1.33 1.8
VVP vector difference (second-lowest 500 m average), Munich, May 2013 – March 2014
For comparison:
Rain cases only
RADAR DUAL-POL DATA AND INSECT MIGRATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 37
Matching
case
Frankfurt,
2014-03-20,
12:23 UTC
Rather
homogeneous
Reflectivity ZDR
FDPrHV
RADAR DUAL-POL DATA AND INSECT MIGRATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 38
Not matching
case
Munich,
2013-07-25,
12:23 UTC
Bi-modal
azimuthal
patterns
Reflectivity ZDR
FDPrHV
CONCEPTUAL INSECT MODEL
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 39
Insect from front or rear from side higher Z, ZDR from top
Munich, 2013-07-25 12:23 UTC
ZDR, 8 deg PPI
VVP vector Lidar
INSECTS: SUMMARY
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 40
Radar and Lidar measure same VVP winds in case of precipitation
both are excellent wind profiling tools then
In case of insects, radar derived VVP winds can differ by several m/s
radiosonde and AMDAR data confirm Lidar VVPs then
Insects: differences depend on season and on time of day
Bi-modal azimuthal ZDR patterns in case of significant VVP vector differences
Magnitude and direction of ZDR patterns correlate quite well with VVP vector
difference
dual-polarization radar to identify migrating insect cases
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 41
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
POLARIMETRIC PARAMETERS AND RAIN
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 42
Few small drops
Many small drops
Few large drops
Z
small
large
large
ZDR
0
0
> 0
Rain rate
weak
high
moderate
Differential Reflectivity can improve Z-R relations
but ZDR needs to be measured with very high accuracy then
Specific differential phase shift KDP is un-biased from attenuation; and KDP-R
relations depend less from DSD than Z-R relations do
sophisticated ΦDP processing necessary; works not good in weak rain
DPSRI – DUAL-POLARIZATION RAINFALL INTENSITY
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 43
S-band: NEXRAD algorithm
DPSRI – DUAL-POLARIZATION RAINFALL INTENSITY
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 44
C-band and X-band:
C-band
X-band
DPSRI – DUAL-POLARIZATION RAINFALL INTENSITY
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 45
C-band rainfall intensity example
DPSRI Z-R relation only
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 46
S-band 6hr accumulation (Singapore, 25th July 2010)
Dual-Pol Z-R relation only
DUAL-POL RAINFALL ESTIMATION
adjusted to gauges
ORGANISATION
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 47
Echo classification
Bush-fire observations
Dust storm observations
Volcanic ash detection
Insects observation
Rainfall and QPE
Integrated wind shear retrieval
ROSHEAR – RUNWAY-ORIENTED SHEAR
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 48
The smaller the
angle difference |α-
β|, the better
ICAO DOC 9817:
Gain = increasing
headwind or
decreasing tailwind
Loss = decreasing
headwind or
increasing tailwind
Wind shear = loss
or gain above 15 Kt
Severe wind shear
= gain above 30 Kt
Microburst = loss
above 30 Kt
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 49
ROSHEAR – RUNWAY-ORIENTED SHEAR
X-band Radar
Frankfurt,
6th Aug 2013,
14:06 UTCradial velocity
RADAR-LIDAR COMBINATION EXAMPLES
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 52
Radar
After ECLASS: MET echoes onlyLidar
Frankfurt, Thunderstorm 6th Aug 2013
3 deg PPI radial valocity plus runway-oriented shear
RadarLidarCombined
© 2015 Selex ES GmbH – Company confidential 54
RADAR-LIDAR COMBINATION EXAMPLES
Munich:
Showers on
8th Apr 2014
Vertical wind
profiles
3:00 hrs
30 x
100 F
t
1 k
m
Selex ES GmbH
Raiffeisenstrasse 10
41470 Neuss, Germany
Tel: +49 (0) 2137 782-0 www.selex-es.de
Dr. Ronald Hannesen
r.hannesen@selex-es-gmbh.com
Thank you !
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