applied biotechnology

Industrial Production of Citric Acid in bioreactor

Presented By : Narmeen Arshad

FUUAST, 2014

Outline:

• Introduction to Biotechnology

• Applications of Biotechnology

• Food Biotechnology

• Fermentation

• Industrial Production of Citric Acid

• Applications of Citric Acid

• using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms

• any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop micro-organisms for specific uses

w h a t i s b i o t e c h n o l o g y ?

• manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology

• genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either

– Transferring them to another organism

– Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations

w h a t i s b i o t e c h n o l o g y ?

Agriculture • Plant breeding to improve resistance to pests, diseases,

drought and salt conditions • Mass propagation of plant clones Bioinsecticide

development modification of plants to improve nutritional and processing characteristics

Chemical Industry• Production of bulk chemicals and solvents such as ethanol,

citric acid, acetone and butanol • Synthesis of fine specialty chemicals such as enzymes,

amino acids, alkaloids and antibiotics

Applications

Medicine

• Development of novel therapeutic molecules for medical treatments

• Diagnostics

• Drug delivery systems

• Tissue engineering of replacement organs

• Gene therapy

A p p l i c a t i o n s

A p p l i c a t i o n s

Food Industry• Production of bakers' yeast, cheese, yogurt and

fermented foods such as vinegar and soy sauce • Brewing and wine making • Production of flavors and coloring agents

Veterinary Practice• Vaccine production • Fertility control • Livestock breeding

Environment

• Biological recovery of heavy metals from mine tailings and other industrial sources

• Bioremediation of soil and water polluted with toxic chemicals

• Sewage and other organic waste treatment

Applications

Food Biotechnology

What does it mean?

Products can be developed again (formulated), often changing or improving the end product.

For example:• reducing saturated fat, sugar or salt of a product;• increasing nutrient availability;• improving the taste of a product.

Food Biotechnology: reformulation strategies

There are a number of issues that have to be considered in product reformulation. These include:

• technical issues of food structure and food safety;• possible negative health impacts of substitutes;

replacements or additions;• consumer acceptance – taste, quality, price;• the cost of reformulation to the food industry;

A wide range of fermented food and drink is available in many different countries.

Examples of fermented foods

Cheese – rennet (from the enzyme renin) is used to coagulate milk, forming curds and whey.

Alcoholic beverages – glucose is fermented by yeast enzymes.

Bread – enzymes within the flour break down starch, eventually producing glucose. This is fermented by enzymes present in yeast producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Food ingredients are produced by industrial fermentation of micro-organisms.

Examples include:

• citric acid made from a fungus;• monosodium glutamate made from a bacterium;• yeast extracts used as flavourings.

- Microorganism: Aspergillus niger (mainly), Candida yeast (from carbohydrates or n-alkanes)

- Citric acid production is mixed growth associated, mainly take place under nitrogen and phosphate limitation after growth has ceased.

- Medium requirements for high production- Carbon source: molasses or sugar solution.- Na-ferrocyanide is added to reduce Iron (1.3 ppm) and manganese (<0.1ppm). - High dissolved oxygen concentration- High sugar concentration- pH<2- 30 oC.

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Bioreactor: batch or fed-batch

- 5-25X106 A. niger spores/L may be introduced to the fermentor.

- Aeration is provided to the fermenter by air sparging (0.1-0.4 vvm)

- Temperature is controlled by cooling coil.

- Agitation: 50-100rpm to avoid shear damage on molds.

- Fed-batch is used to reduce substrate inhibition and prolong the production phase one or two days after growth cessation.

- Volumetric yield: 130 kg/m3

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Separation:

- The biomass is separated by filtration

- The liquid is transferred to recovery process:- Separation of citric acid from the liquid: precipitation

calcium hydroxide is added to obtain calcium citrate tetrahydrate → wash the precipitate→ dissolve it with dilute sulfuric acid, yield citric acid and calcium sulfate precipitate → bleach and crystallization → anhydrous or monohydrate citric acid.

Industrial Production of Citric Acid

Applications of Citric Acid

Application of Citric Acid:

- Acidulant in food, confectionary, and beverage (75%)

- Pharmaceutical (10%), e.g. soluble aspirin preparation

- industrial (15%): complexes with metals such as iron and copper to be stabilizer of oil and fats.