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CONTENTS
AFDC DIRECTOR’S REPORT 4
AFDC FACILITIES AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 6
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH GROUP 8
SHELLFISH AND FINFISH HEALTH AND DISEASE GROUP 10
MARINE MAMMAL & FISHERIES RESEARCH GROUP 12
GENETICS RESEARCH GROUP 14
AQUACULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH GROUP 15
AFDC RESEARCH COMMERCIALISATION 15
NEW APPOINTMENTS 16
AFDC FUNDING – GRANT CAPTURE 17
AFDC GOING FORWARD 2009 17
AFDC AWARDS 19
APPENDIX 1: AFDC FUNDING – ONGOING AND NEW RESEARCH
GRANTS DURING 2007/2008 20
APPENDIX 2: AFDC PUBLICATIONS 22
4
AFDC DIRECTOR’S REPORT
A brief history
The Aquaculture and Fisheries Development
Centre was established by the Department of
Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science (ZEPS) in
1987 as a centre of excellence for aquaculture
research. The first Director was Prof. Tom Cross
and Manager was Dr Richard Fitzgerald.
Originally called the Aquaculture Development
Centre, the subsequent name change reflected
the increasing focus on fisheries research. The
AFDC aims to support, stimulate and promote
the development of aquaculture and fisheries,
thereby enabling these sectors to achieve their
full socio-economic potential by utilising
sustainable natural resources. Research activities
at the centre cover five thematic areas, each led
by a ZEPS staff member:
♦ Aquaculture and the Environment (Prof.
John Davenport)
♦ Marine Mammals and Fisheries (Dr.
Emer Rogan)
♦ Molecular Genetics (Prof. Tom Cross
♦ Aquaculture (Prof. Gavin Burnell)
♦ Shellfish and Finfish Health and Disease
(Dr. Sarah Culloty)
In 2000 the AFDC merged with three other
centres of excellence in UCC to become part of
the new Environmental Research Institute (ERI),
and in 2002 relocated to a purpose built
aquaculture research facility at the Cooperage
Building, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork but
still remained as part of ZEPS. In 2004 a new
director (Prof Gavin Burnell) was appointed.
Strategic Significance of Area
Both the aquaculture and fisheries sectors face
immense challenges in the 21st century in terms
of sustainable harvesting of our fish and aquatic
resources. The traditional capture fisheries have
over-fished more than 75% of stocks and are
now looking to new wild species and aquaculture
to maintain production. Rising fuel costs have
forced many western fishermen to abandon the
profession. Meanwhile expansion of the
aquaculture industry faces the challenge of
minimising environmental impact, and
addressing the issues arising from the intensive
farming of carnivorous fish in coastal waters.
Overview of Current Expertise in the Area
♦ Existing aquaculture species e.g. salmon,
trout, mussels, oysters
♦ Emerging aquaculture species e.g. turbot,
Arctic charr, cod, abalone, sea urchins
♦ Health and disease
♦ Molecular Genetics
♦ Fisheries
The expertise, infrastructure and research
capacity built up at the AFDC since its opening
in 1987, and the resultant research output, have
raised the profile of the AFDC in the global
research arena and afforded us the opportunity to
5
participate in large international proposals for
funding. Recent improvements in the facilities
available in the Cooperage site include an
emergency electrical generator and a walk - in
freezer unit. These improvements will make the
centre a more competent and competitive
organisation when bidding for research grants
and consultancy work.
We have also broadened the topics and species
base of which we have expert knowledge, thus
strengthening our research capacity as we move
forward to apply for new funding. Valuable
research links have been built with researchers in
Europe, North America and New Zealand, which
will provide us with further future opportunities.
By allowing us to build on our traditional areas
of expertise, and diversify into emerging
research areas we have maintained our position
at the cutting edge of aquaculture and fisheries
research.
Funding Track Record
The last five years has seen dramatic changes in
the fortunes of the Irish aquaculture industry.
Between 2003 and 2007 the shellfish cultivation
industry remained static at around 30,000 tonnes
production per annum whereas during the same
period the salmon farming industry fell from
16,000 to 10,000 tonnes per annum. Despite
such a gloomy national picture for the
aquaculture industry, research activity in the
AFDC was at a peak and nearly € 6.5 million of
research funding was secured between 2007 and
2008.
New Director
During the past five years the research emphasis
within the AFDC has moved from aquaculture to
fisheries which mainly reflected trends in
National funding. For the next five years there is
unlikely to be any significant national funding
for either sector and so winning EU funding will
be a priority. It is therefore opportune that the
new AFDC Director, Dr Sarah Culloty has an
impressive track record in Europe and recently
secured an important INTERREG project
(Climate change and Shellfish Diseases) for the
centre. Her challenge will be to use the modest
financial resources of the centre to help secure
funding for the future. To this end the recent
appointment of a part-time Manager (Maria
O’Mahoney) is an important and strategic
investment in our future. I wish them both well
with their appointments
Gavin Burnell
Director (2004 – 2009)
6
AFDC FACILITIES AND TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
In 2002 the AFDC moved from the Lee Maltings
to a purpose built facility on the UCC Distillery
Fields Site, housed within the Old Cooperage
Building on the North Mall and embedded
within ZEPS. The facility encompasses 13,000
square feet of recirculating fish and shellfish
systems, laboratories (Wet and Dry) and offices.
Being an inland facility, grade A seawater is
delivered to the site and stored (20,000 l of
storage facilities) until required. It can be used
“raw” if required, but the ADFC has the ability
to produce large quantities of filtered and Ultra
Violet (UV) treated seawater as required.
The freshwater and marine fish rearing areas are
complete with a computerised water monitoring
and analysis system (OxyGuard), and a video
monitoring system. These commercial scale
indoor recirculation units comprise water
filtration (mechanical and biological), treatment
(UV sterilisation and ozonation) and temperature
control (conditioning units) to enable full control
of environmental parameters/variables. Light
intensity and photoperiod (in some areas) are
locally controlled on a number of discrete
systems.
A range of tank designs and sizes are
incorporated which allow fish to be held at each
life cycle stage, and also for experimental scale
replicated trials to be conducted. Algal culture
and live feed production areas are available to
support the culture of many species through their
larval stages. A recirculating shellfish nursery
system, broodstock holding/conditioning unit,
thermally-controlled hatchery and live feed
production units are custom designed to provide
a series of systems suitable to the needs of a
number of shellfish species. This is in addition to
an 8.7m3 Global Ocean Aquacluster system for
shellfish culture.
In total there are three Tropical Marine Centre
(TMC) 5000 litre Reservoir-Based Filtration
Units. There are also a number of smaller scale
recirculation systems which can be operated as
marine or freshwater. In total, these eight units,
ranging between 500 and 5000 litres, can be used
as holding facilities or for experiments and trials.
There are also two temperature controlled rooms,
with photoperiod control available, in which a
wide variety of research can be conducted. A
range of tanks, pumps and auxiliary equipment is
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also available to allow the production of research
specific systems/units to suit almost any form of
aquatic research. The dedicated AFDC
Laboratory houses water quality analysis
equipment, trial diet production/processing
equipment, a Beckman Z2 Coulter Counter
(particle size analyser), and drying oven as well
as the standard laboratory equipment. The two
tank
rooms of the AFDC are also fully backed-up
with a 50KVa Generator fitted with an
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) and Digi-
dialler. On site laboratories provide dedicated
research facilities and technical support essential
to research at the AFDC.
Facilities available at the AFDC include:
♦ Fish & Shellfish larviculture and
on-growing systems
♦ Fully environmentally controlled
recirculation
♦ Live food culture areas
♦ Temperature controlled micro-algal
rearing facilities
♦ Molecular Genetics laboratory
♦ Water quality testing
♦ Food technology facilities
♦ Wet Lab/Post-mortem room
♦ Temperature and Photoperiod
controlled rooms
♦ Tissue Culture laboratory
♦ Histology laboratory
♦ Immunology laboratory
♦ Molecular Biology Laboratory
♦ Video monitoring
♦ Disease diagnostics
♦ Training in aquaculture
8
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH GROUP
Prof. Gavin Burnell Principal Investigator
Under the umbrella of the Aquaculture Research
Group several projects were ongoing throughout
2007-2008. A central theme of these projects
was sustainable development of aquaculture and
fisheries in Ireland. At the outset of this period,
the completion of an NDP Marine RTDI funded
study to introduce a scientific based management
system for sustainable exploitation of seed
mussels in the Irish Sea resulted in the
publication of a comprehensive project report.
Written and led by Prof. Burnell, this project
entailed collaboration with UCD, QUB,
Letterkenny IT, Galway-Mayo IT, Aquafact
International Service Ltd and the South-east
Shellfish Co-op with a steering committee of
both national and international experts.
A second phase of research funding was awarded
to the Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group (AAAG)
under the EU ERDF INTERREG IIIB “Atlantic
Area” funding scheme which extended trans-
national collaborative research by this group
from January 2007 to June 2008. Amongst the
diverse projects undertaken, the Aquaculture
Research Group played an active role in the
development of aquaculture technologies for
emerging species including Arctic charr, sea
urchins and abalone for broodstock development
and on-growing phases of culture.
The AFDC, led by Prof. Gavin Burnell,
played a prominent role in securing the
prestigious Beaufort Marine Research Award for
“Ecosystems approach to fisheries management
(EAFM)”. This seven year project (2007-2014)
will result in collaboration between the AFDC
and the Coastal and Marine Resources Centre
(CMRC) as well as involving partners from
QUB and the Marine Institute and aims to
establish a holistic approach to fisheries
management through a combination of
disciplines involving multi-stakeholder
participation and scientific best-practise. The
appointment of the dedicated posts in this project
(1 Principal Investigator, 2 post-docs, 2 PhD
students) has been completed.
Led by Dr Gerry Mouzakitis, the
Aquaculture Technologies Group (ATG)
undertook several nationally funded research
projects for commercially focussed innovation in
Irish aquaculture. In total, Enterprise Ireland
funding over this period reached €726,000 with
an additional €89,000 awarded from the Marine
Institute Applied Industry Scheme. Several
noteworthy achievements of the ATG as a result
of this research are of merit; in 2007, Ms Eimear
McCarron was awarded a PhD for a thesis
entitled “Development of a novel system for sea
urchin aquaculture: application of the
UrchinPlatterTM System to the purple sea urchin
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Paracentrotus lividus”, a worldwide patent for
the UrchinPlatterTM System was secured by UCC
and a start-up company, called Gourmet Marine
Ltd., has been established to bring this
technology to market.
Additional research in the ATG
focussed on the development of a novel
technology for aquatic feed production, the
RediBindTM System. Two major applications of
the RediBindTM technology were investigated at
the AFDC with a view to developing cost-
effective commercial feeds for Irish shellfish
culture. Firstly, in collaboration with Dunmanus
Seafoods Ltd., the RedBindTM System was
utilised to develop the first artificial feeds for
hatchery stages of sea urchin (P. lividus) culture.
In the latter stages of this research, the
application of the technology to commercially
focussed abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) feed
development resulted in several new feed
formulations that achieved improved abalone
growth performance with higher food conversion
efficiencies when compared with the natural feed
type, Laminaria digitata.
Postdoctoral Researchers – 1
PhDs - 2
10
SHELLFISH AND FINFISH HEALTH AND
DISEASE GROUP
Dr Sarah Culloty Principal Investigator
The main research themes within the Health and
Disease group are to develop an understanding
of the main pathogens and diseases that affect
marine organisms. Viral, bacterial, protistan and
macroparasite infections are all studied.
Research has concentrated on elucidation of the
life cycle of pathogens, epidemiology,
diagnostics, methods of transmission of
pathogens, and host-parasite interactions with an
emphasis on host response to infection and on
the development of mechanisms to mitigate the
impacts of disease such as the development of
resistant stocks. Research, which has been
funded by both national bodies and the EU, has
concentrated in recent years on such projects as
aspects of the disease bonamiosis which affects
the native oyster Ostrea edulis, Brown Ring
disease in the Manila clam, summer mortality in
the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and a study
of the health status of the mussel Mytilus edulis.
The group has ongoing collaborations with
research groups throughout Europe and North
America.
In 2007 Dr Sarah Culloty and Prof Maire
Mulcahy completed a report on the parasite
Bonamia ostreae and its host the native oyster
Ostrea edulis which has been published as part
of the Marine Institutes report series. Ongoing
research within the group included a
collaborative study with Letterkenny Institute of
Technology, the Marine Institute and the NUIG
on molecular based dietary analysis of bivalve
molluscs carried out by Mr Aaron Maloy, at
Letterkenny Institute of Technology and
supervised by Dr Culloty. Two IRCSET funded
PhD students Mr Jan Fermer and Ms Katrin
Prinz are carrying out studies on macroparasite
communities of bivalve molluscs along the coast
of Ireland in soft sediment and rocky shores
respectively and supervised by Dr Culloty, Dr
Ruth Ramsay and Dr Tom Kelly, ZEPS.
In 2007-2008 research continued on a Marine
Institute funded project looking at the role of a
range of molluscs in the transmission of the
protistan parasite Bonamia ostreae, the most
significant pathogen of the European flat oyster
Ostrea edulis. This research has resulted in
further studies being undertaken with the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, USA and
the Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Galicia,
Spain following the discovery of another
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protistan parasite in Irish bivalves. Also, at the
completion of this project and after carrying out
extensive work on aspects of the life cycle of
Bonamia ostreae Ms Sharon Lynch was awarded
her PhD into “Investigations in to the life cycle
of the protistan Bonamia ostreae and the
possible role of carriers”.
PhDs - 4
MScs - 2
12
MARINE MAMMAL & FISHERIES
RESEARCH GROUP
Dr Emer Rogan Principal Investigator
The main research focus of the marine mammal
and fisheries group is based on conservation
biology, ecology and management of marine
vertebrates. Of particular interest are aspects of
the life history, population dynamics,
oceanography, foraging ecology, the
development of appropriate fishing methods to
reduce discarding and marine mammal bycatch
and provide ecosystem based fisheries
management advice. The research can be
broadly divided into four themes. Research
techniques combine fieldwork, laboratory work
and modelling to achieve research goals.
Studies continued in 2007-2008 on the Health
status of marine mammals with Ms Ailbhe
Kavanagh carrying out her MSc on “Diet studies
of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina L.) in
Ireland” funded by the Marine Institute. This
MSc was part of a larger study, initiated in 2006,
investigating the movements and foraging
behaviour of harbour seals in southwest Ireland,
us ing te lemetry techno logy whi ls t
simultaneously investigating the diet of the
species.
This study examined the diet of harbour seals
using a combination of approaches; hard-part
analysis of faecal and digestive tract contents,
and fatty-acid analysis to determine the
assemblage of prey consumed by the seals.
Samples were collected from two locations in
Ireland, Glengarriff in Co. Cork and
Ballyvaughan in Co. Clare, over a 17-month
period.
The second theme involving Distribution of
cetaceans in Irish Coastal waters is currently
being undertaken in the form of a IRCSET
funded PhD awarded to Ms Anneli Englund on
“Investigating variation in whistle structure
between parapatric bottlenose dolphin
communities”. The main objective of this study
is to describe the variability of bottlenose
dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) vocalisations
between two habitat types, estuarine and coastal.
Passive acoustics are being used to record the
sounds of resident dolphins in the Shannon
estuary and of west coast “transients”. Photo
identification techniques will be used to
investigate the degree of association within and
between these communities and of any
overlapping ranging patterns. Results from
genetic sampling in a parallel study (funded
through Science Foundation Ireland, SFI) will
provide information on relatedness within and
between the studied communities.
It is hypothesised that bottlenose dolphin vocal
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repertoires are more similar between groups or
communities that show a higher degree of social
association than for those who associate to a
lesser degree.
Under the Marine mammal – fisheries
interactions theme PhD Student Gema
Hernandez Milian is working on a Beaufort
(Marine Institute) funded study on “Ecosystems
Approach to Fisheries Management (EIFM)” co-
supervised by Prof. Burnell and Dr Rogan. As a
part of the Beaufort Award on Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries Management Project, this
research will develop a food web model
(Ecopath with Ecosim-EwE- software will be
used) based mainly on dolphin diet and their
interactions with fisheries within the Irish
waters.
In the final theme – Fisheries, PhD student
Deepak George Pazhayamadom is working on a
Marine Institute study on “The Application of
Signal Detection Methods to the Fisheries
Management System” co-Supervised by Dr
Rogan, UCC; Dr C. Kelly, Marine Institute and
Dr E. Codling, University of Essex, U.K. The
aim of the project is to explore the current
application of signal detection methods, relevant
to fisheries management.
Currently, the project aims to develop efficient
quantitative methods from a theoretical basis
used in Statistical Process Control. In particular,
the use of CUSUM (Cumulative Sum) Control
Charting and its possible application to data
limited fisheries will be investigated.
Knowledge generated from this PhD will pave
the way for the development of an entirely new
approach for assessing and advising ocean
resource management. Also, currently Ms Anna
Santos, a PhD student is working on a Marine
Institute funded project on the Black Scabbard.
Postdoctoral Researchers – 2
PhDs – 5
MScs-1
14
MOLECULAR GENETICS RESEARCH
GROUP
Prof. Tom Cross Principal Investigator
During 2007/2008 the fish population genetics
group progressed its research into Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar) focusing mainly on the
issue of Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) of
mixed stock fisheries and on calibration of the
existing Irish genetic baseline with that of
participants in the EU Framework 7 funded
SALSEA-Merge project. Other work on salmon
included detailed investigation of what has
become known as the ‘south eastern population
complex’, which has involved expanding the
range and type of genetic markers used in an
attempt to delineate salmon populations in that
area of Ireland.
2008 also saw the commencement of the
EIRCOD project funded by the Marine Institute
and led by NUIG which will develop the cod
farming industry in Ireland over the next seven
years. Other projects included a forensic fish
identification exercise performed for the Food
Safety Authority of Ireland, where the genetics
group established that wild salmon offered for
sale by a prominent Irish retailer was in fact
farmed in origin. This led to a high profile legal
action with Dr Eileen Dillane and Dr Phil
McGinnity providing expert testimony. In
another project, funded by the Norwegian
Research Council, the genetics group is
investigating the impact of escaped farmed
salmon on the genetics of wild populations.
During this time Luca Mirimin completed a PhD
supervised by Prof. Cross and Dr Rogan on
“Genetics of the common dolphin” and an SFI-
funded project on “Genetics and stable isotope
study of Irish bottlenose dolphins” commenced.
The most significant development in fish
population genetics however, was the launch of
the Beaufort initiative. This scheme, funded by
the Marine Institute, has facilitated the
recruitment of a Principal Investigator (Dr Phil
McGinnity) in June 2008, and of two Senior
Researchers (Dr Jens Carlsson, formerly of the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science and Dr
Jamie Coughlan) to commence in February
2009. Employment terms on these fellowships
are seven years which will allow the research
team to develop long term research strategies
and forge links with international collaborators.
Funding also covers recruitment of a PhD
student. The award was funded in conjunction
with Queen’s University of Belfast, where a
further SR will be recruited as well as two PhD
students.
Principal Investigators – 1; Postdoctoral
researchers – 3; MScs – 2; PhDs –1; Research
Assistants - 2
15
AQUACULTURE AND THE
ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH GROUP
Prof. John Davenport Principal Investigator
Research interests of the group include marine
ecology and ecophysiology, respiratory and
osmotic physiology of aquatic animals, low
temperature biology of aquatic animals,
biomechanics of locomotion and feeding of
aquatic animals, fouling and shellfish
aquaculture. More specific interests include:
biology of the mussel Mytilus edulis; biology
and biogeography of the end of the cosmopolitan
genera Lasaea (Bivalvia) and Tigriopus
(Copepoda); biology of marine, estuarine and
freshwater turtles; Island biogeography and
conservation.
Currently, IRCSET funded PhD Student
Giuliano Greco is working on an anti-fouling
study looking at – “How do crabs keep their eyes
clean? Lessons for advanced marine antifouling
technologies”. In this project the behavioural,
mechanical, physical and chemical antifouling
(antiepibiosis) strategies of the green crab
(Carcinus maenas) are being investigated. The
aim of this PhD project is to develop innovative
and environmentally friendly antifouling
techniques to be used in all human activities
subjected to the marine biofouling problem, in
particular in the field of marine sensoring.
PhDs - 1
AFDC RESEARCH
COMMERCIALISATION
One of the major achievements of the AFDC in
2008-2009 has been the commercialisation of its
sea urchin aquaculture technology, called the
UrchinPlatter™ System. Developed over seven
years by Dr Gerry Mouzakitis (ex-General
Manager, ERI) and Prof. Gavin Burnell, the
UrchinPlatter™ System is internationally
unique. In 2008-2009, a start-up company,
called Gourmet Marine Ltd, headed by Dr
Mouzakitis, was incorporated to bring this
technology to market.
Although developing novel technologies and
commercialisation are nothing new in UCC, the
UrchinPlatter™ System and Gourmet Marine are
unique in the field of aquaculture in Ireland.
This technology is the first aquaculture
technology conceived and developed in Ireland.
The technology is patented in 19 countries
worldwide, covering 88% of sea urchin
production and is expected to be licensed for
production in Chile in 2010.
The development of a novel aquaculture system
is a long process with each sea urchin
experiment to develop, assess and optimise the
system requiring three to six months. The
development of the UrchinPlatter™ System was
only possible due to the Commercialisation Fund
of Enterprise Ireland which supported this
technology from concept to company formation.
Open to all fields, this fund is specifically aimed
at university researchers wishing to develop
commercially relevant technologies.
The development of the UrchinPlatter™ System
was also aided by the BioTransfer Unit (BTU) of
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UCC. The BTU is a collaboration between
Enterprise Ireland and the Technology Transfer
Office of UCC that assists researchers in
bringing their technology to market. Their
constant support over the past seven years has
ensured that the UrchinPlatter™ System has
been fully developed, validated and ready for the
market.
The UrchinPlatter™ System has been validated
in Ireland in conjunction with an aquaculture
farm in West Cork. To ensure objectivity, the
sea urchins produced by this system were tasted
by a panel of seafood experts organised by BIM
Aquaculture. All the tasters found the sea
urchins to be of excellent quality and texture.
Additional validation tests are being organised in
Chile (the world’s largest sea urchin producer),
Canada, Malta and Spain (Europe’s largest
producer) in association with local companies.
NEW APPOINTMENTS
Two appointments have been made during the
period 2007-2008 that will enhance the
capabilities of the AFDC significantly. Dr Phil
McGinnity was appointed in 2008 as a Principal
Investigator with the Beaufort Fish Population
Genetics group. Dr McGinnity, formerly of the
Marine Institute will drive this seven year funded
program which will be enhanced with further
appointments of Senior Researchers and
postgraduate students in 2009.
Prof. John Benzie joined the Environmental
Research Institute as the SIF Professor of Marine
Molecular Biodiversity in November 2008. His
work in aquaculture has focused on
reproduction, genetic improvement and
genomics of shrimps and bivalves. It is
envisaged that Prof Benzie will work closely
with the AFDC bringing his considerable
expertise to existing and new areas of research
within the centre. AFDC researchers also
contribute to the overall research activities of the
Marine and Freshwater Research thematic area
of the ERI, of which Prof. John Benzie is the
new thematic group leader and which will
provide further opportunities for collaboration.
Prof. J. Benzie
17
AFDC FUNDING – GRANT CAPTURE
Over the years 2007-2008, research projects
funded externally to the value of €7,743,673
were ongoing at the AFDC. Of this €6,497,256
was funding secured and commencing during the
2007-2008 period. Of funding secured, 95% was
from national sources, most notably the Marine
Institute which had provided 78% of AFDC
funding. This was due in large part to the
awarding of two prestigious Beaufort awards
(Marine Institute) to two AFDC Principal
Investigators, Profs Cross and Burnell. The next
largest source of income was Enterprise Ireland
(8%) which provided ongoing funding for the
development and commercialisation of the
UrchinPlatter™ System. European Union
funding through FP7 accounted for 5% of the
AFDC funds. This will provide on-going
challenges in the coming years with more effort
being required to access non-Exchequer areas of
funding.
AFDC GOING FORWARD 2009
Our Vision:: Excellence in aquaculture and
fisheries research and development
Future plans at the AFDC will focus on further
developing the Centre as a focal point for
excellence in fisheries and aquaculture research
and development. The core objectives identified
include participation in international networks of
excellence and undertaking of targeted, cost-
effective and innovative research. These
measures will be supported for example, by the
membership of Dr Culloty, in the European
Aquaculture Technology and Innovation
Platform (EATIP), the main responsibilities of
which are to set a strategic research agenda for
the aquaculture industry in Europe that will be
used by the EU to define projects. Further
objectives of the AFDC, looking forward,
include providing for PhDs in grant applications
wherever possible and increased focus on
transfer of knowledge and commercialisation of
research output. We aim to meet the upcoming
needs of the aquaculture and fisheries sectors
through pure and applied research, with
increasing focus on commercial opportunities.
The traditional barriers between fishing and fish
farming are unnatural as both industries are
working in the same environment with the aim
of creating a sustainable production of seafood.
There are opportunities through the existing
Beaufort projects and recently won EU projects
(e.g. COEXIST with AQUATT and CMRC) to
create a network of Irish expertise in the area of
sustainable aquatic production with the AFDC as
a centre of excellence in research and training.
The critical role of the AFDC in the securing of
two prestigious Beaufort awards in genetics and
Fig 1 Sources of AFDC funding during 2007-2008
78%
1%
8%
5%
1%
5%
2%
Marine Institute
IRCSET
Enterprise Ireland
HEA PRTL
Other
EU
SFI
18
in ecosystem approaches to fisheries
management (with the CMRC) has allowed the
centre to increase its capacity in these areas over
the next seven years both in terms of researchers
(at Principal Investigator, Senior Researchers
and Research Assistants level) and students
(with a large number of PhD and MSc students).
These appointments plus others such as that of
Prof. John Benzie will allow new strategic areas
to be identified and development of new
partnerships both across UCC and its centres and
outside the University.
The success of the AFDC in securing research
funds during 2007-2008 has been significant but
does raise challenges for all at the centre in the
coming years. During 2007-2008, 95% of all
funding came from National agencies. These
sources of funding will be very much reduced in
the coming years so the research community at
the AFDC will have to build on current strengths
and partnerships to access more funding from
non-national sources such as the EU and also
look to industry for possible collaborations. It
will be assisted in this endeavour by
collaboration with AQUATT. This is a not for
profit company set up in 1992 and co-owned by
UCC and NUIG with an expertise in grant
applications and project management. The
challenge for all in 2009 is to build on existing
strengths while maintaining and increasing
resources within the centre. The track record of
the AFDC community, however, will in no small
part enhance these measures and open up new
opportunities to allow us to build on our success.
Sarah Culloty,
Director, AFDC, 2009
19
AFDC AWARDS
Ph.D. Theses – 2007
Brian O’Farrell - “Genetics aspects of brown trout Salmo trutta L.” (Supervisor: Prof. T. Cross)
Luca Mirimin - “Molecular genetics of three dolphin species occurring in the eastern North
Atlantic” (Supervisor: Prof. Tom Cross, Dr Emer Rogan)
Michelle Cronin - “The abundance, habitat use and haul-out behaviour of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina
vitulina L.) in southwest Ireland” (Supervisor: Dr Emer Rogan)
Natascha Aguillar da Soto - (University of La Laguna) “Acoustic and diving behaviour of pilot whales
(Globicephala macrorhynchus) and Blainville´s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) off the Canary
Islands, with implications for effects of man-made noise and ship strikes” (Registered at the University of
La Laguna) (Supervisor: Dr Emer Rogan)
Eimear McCarron - “Development of a novel system for sea urchin aquaculture: application of the
UrchinPlatterTM System to the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus” (Supervisors: Prof. Gavin Burnell,
Dr Joseph Kerry, Dr Gerry Mouzakitis)
PhD Theses – 2008
Sharon Lynch - “Investigations into the life cycle of the protistan Bonamia ostreae and the possible role
of carriers” (Supervisor: Dr Sarah Culloty)
M.Sc. Theses – 2007
Amy O’Reilly - “The possible role of herpes virus in summer mortality syndrome in the Pacific oyster
Crassostrea gigas” (Supervisor: Dr Sarah Culloty)
Paula Harrison - “Fishing activity, biological features and suggested management measures for the
biologically sensitive area off the Irish coast” (Supervisor: Dr Emer Rogan)
M.Sc. Theses – 2008
Ailbhe Kavanagh - “Diet studies of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina L.) in Ireland” (Supervisor:
Dr Emer Rogan)
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APPENDIX 1: AFDC FUNDING – ONGOING AND NEW RESEARCH GRANTS DURING
2007/2008
Burnell G. Atlantic Arc Aquaculture Group 2. EU INTERREG IIIB North. 2007-2008 €95,600
Burnell G. and Cummins V. Beaufort - Ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Irish Government
NDP administered by Marine Institute. 2007-2014 €1,860,004.
Cross T. F. Beaufort fish population genetics. Irish Government NDP administered by Marine Institute.
2007-2014 €2,710,236
Cross T.F. Genetic stock identification. Marine Institute 2006 – 2008 €438,040.
Cross T.F. Irish cod breeding programme. Marine Institute 2008-2015 €213,088.
Cross T.F. Molecular ecology of salmon in the river Moy. HEA-PRTLI 3 2002-2008 €228,307.
Cross T.F. Population genetics of salmon in the rivers Barrow, Nore and Suir, Ireland. Marine Institute
ACMS Feb to Dec 2007 €14,100.
Cross T.F. SALSEA-Merge: Advancing understanding of salmon at sea: Merging genetics and ecology to
resolve stock specific migration and distribution patters. EU RTD FP7 2008-2011 €254,609.
Cross T.F. Genomics as a tool to detect selection in farm Atlantic salmon. Norwegian Research Council
Jan to Dec 2008 €37,208.
Cross T.F. International collaboration on trout genetics. HEA-PRTLI 3 2002-2008 €63,698.
Cross T.F. Use of mixed stock analysis to detect farmed Atlantic salmon. Food Safety Authority of Ireland
Jan and Feb 2008 €9,917.
Culloty S.C. The possible role of scallops, abalone and the Pacific oyster as carrier species of the
protozoan Bonamia ostreae. Marine Institute NDP Programme 2006-2008. €197,005.
Davenport J. How do crabs keep their eyes clean? Lessons for advanced technology. IRCSET 2006-2009
€72,009.
Mouzakitis G. Gourmet Plus. Enterprise Ireland Commercialisation Fund 2008. 2008-2009 €201,695.
Mouzakitis G. and G. Burnell. Commercial validation of the RediBindTM System. Enterprise Ireland
Commercialisation Fund, 2007. 2007-2008 €94,376.
Mouzakitis G. and G. Burnell. UrchinFarm: Development of commercial sea urchin aquaculture in Ireland
21
using the UP System. Enterprise Ireland Commercialisation Fund 2005. 2005-2008 €339,425.
Rogan E. and A. Englund. Bottlenose dolphin whistle repertoires in Irish coastal waters. Heritage Council,
2007 – 6 months €10,000.
Rogan E. and E. Codling. Develop and test through simulation a suite of measures that will contribute to
rebuilding depleted fish stocks in waters around Ireland. Marine Institute 2008-2014 €625,570.
Rogan E. and E. Codling. Modelling the ecology, population dynamics, assessment and management of
Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) in the waters around Britain & Ireland. Marine Institute 2008-2011
€105,000.
Rogan E. and E. Codling. The application of signal detection methods to the fisheries management
system. Marine Institute 2008-2012 €115,000.
Rogan E. and S. Ingram. Bottlenose dolphin site assessment – Connemara. National Parks & Wildlife
Service €16,668.
Rogan E. and S. Ingram. Bottlenose dolphins in the Shannon. National Parks & Wildlife Service. 2008
€11,100.
Rogan E. and T. F. Cross. Molecular ecology of small cetaceans in Irish waters. HEA-PRTLI 3. 2003-
2008 €80,807.
Rogan E. and Hammond. CODA. National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2008 €8085.
Rogan E. The life history, ecology and dynamics of the Black Scabbard (Aphanopus carbo) in the deep
water ecosystem of the North East Atlantic. Marine Institute 2008-2012 €115,000.
Rogan E., S. Ingram and T. Cross. Population structure of bottlenose dolphins along the west coast of
Ireland. Science Foundation Ireland. 2006-2009 €155,000.
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APPENDIX 2: AFDC PUBLICATIONS
deEyto, E., McGinnity, P., Consuegra, S., Coughlan, J., Tufto, J., Farrell, K., Megens, H.-J., Jordan, W.,
Cross T. & Stet, R.J.M. (2007). Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon MHC variability in the wild.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 861-869.
Dillane, E. Cross, M., McGinnity, P., Coughlan, J.P., Galvin, P., Wilkins, N.P. & T.F. Cross (2007).
Spatial and temporal patterns in microsatellite DNA variation of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in
Irish Rivers. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 14, 209-220.
Dillane, E., McGinnity, P., Coughlan, J.P., Cross, M.C., de Eyto, E, Kenchington ,E, Prodöhl, P, Cross,
T.F. (2008). Demographics and landscape features determine intra-river population structure in Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar L.): the case of the River Moy in Ireland. Molecular Ecology.17, 4786-4800.
Drummond, L., Beaz, R., Balboa, S., Mulcahy, M.F., Romalde, J & S.C. Culloty (2007). The
susceptibility of Irish- and Spanish- manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum to Vibrio tapetis and Brown
Ring disease. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 95, 1-8.
Fontaine, M.C., Baird, St. J. E., Piry, S., Ray, N., Duke, S., Birkun, A. Jr., Bloch, D., Ferreira, M.,
Sequeira, M., Jauniaux, T., Llavona, A., Oien, N.L., Ozturk, B., Ozturk, A.A., Ridoux, V., Rogan, E.,
Siebert, U., Vikingsson, G.A., Bouquegneau, J-M., & Michaux, J.R. (2007). Rise in Oceanographic
barriers in continuous populations of a cetacean: the harbour porpoise in old world waters. BMC
Evolutionary Biology.
Ingram, S.N., Walsh, L., Johnson, D. & Rogan, E. (2007). The distribution of fin whales (Balaenoptera
physalus) and minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada: using a tour-boat
as a platform of opportunity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 87, 149–156.
Lahaye V., Bustamante P., Law R.J., Learmonth J.A., Santos M.B., Boon J.P., Rogan E., Dabin W.,
Addink M.J., López A., Zuur A.F., Pierce G.J. & Caurant F. (2007). Biological and ecological factors
related to trace element levels in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from European waters. Marine
Environmental Research 64(3), 247 – 266
Lynch, S., Mulcahy, M.F. & Culloty, S.C. (2008). Efficiency of diagnostic techniques for the parasite
Bonamia ostreae. Aquaculture, 281, 17-21.
Lynch, S.A., Armitage, D.V., Coughlan, J., Mulcahy M.F. & Culloty, S.C. (2007). Investigating the
possible role of benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton in the life cycle of the haplosporidian
Bonamia ostreae. Experimental Parasitology, 115, 359-368.
Malham., S. Cotter, E., O’Keeffe, S. Lynch, S. A.,. Latchford, J.W King, J.W. Culloty, S.C., & A.R.
23
Beaumont. (2008). Summer mortality of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in the Irish seas: the
influence of environmental factors. Aquaculture 287, 128-138.
McHugh, B., Law, R.J., Allchin, C., Rogan, E., Murphy, S., Foley, M.B., Glynn, D. & McGovern, E.
(2007). Bioaccumulation and enantiomeric profiling of organochlorine pesticides and persistent organic
pollutants in the Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) from British and Irish waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54
(11), 1724 – 1731.
McGinnity, P., de Eyto, E., Cross, T., Coughlan, J. and Ferguson, A. (2007). Population specific smolt
development, migration and maturity schedules in Atlantic salmon in a natural river environment.
Aquaculture, 273, 257-268.
O’Leary, D.B., Coughlan, J., McCarthy, T.V. and Cross, T.F. (2007). Microsatellite variation in cod
(Gadus morhua) throughout its geographic range. Journal of Fish Biology, 70, Supplement C, 310-335.
Philpott, E., Englund, A., Ingram, S., and Rogan, E. (2007). Using T-Pods to investigate detection
range and echolocation behaviour of coastal bottlenose dolphins. Journal of the Marine Biological
Association 87, 11–17.
Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B ., Murphy, S., Learmonth, J.A., Zuur, A.F., Rogan, E., Bustamante, P.,
Caurant, F., Lahaye, V., Ridoux, V., Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., Addink, M., Smeenk, C., Jauniaux, T., Law,
R.J., Dabin W., Lopez A., Alonso Farre, J.M., Gonzalez A.F., Guerra, A., Garcıa-Hartmann, M., Reid,
R.J., Moffat, C.F., Lockyer, C., Boon, J.P. (2008). Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in
female common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from western
European seas: Geographical trends, causal factors and effects on reproduction and mortality.
Environmental Pollution 153, 401 – 415.
Rogan, E. & Mackey, M. (2007) Bycatch and discarding in the Irish tuna driftnet fishery. Fisheries
Research, 86(1), 6 – 14.
Shephard, S., Connolly, P., Nils-Roar Hareide &. Rogan. E. (2007). Establishing stake holder
linkages for management of the Irish Orange Rough fishery. ICES J. Marine Science 64(4), 841 – 845.
Shephard, S., Trueman, C., Rickaby, R. & Rogan, E. (2007). Juvenile life history of NE Atlantic orange
roughy from otolith stable isotopes. Deep Sea Research 54(8) 1221 – 1230.
Watts, P.C., O’Leary, D., Cross, M.C., Coughlan, J., Dillane, E., Kay, S.M., Wylde, S., Stet, R., Nash,
R.D.M., Hatfield, E.M.C. & Cross, T.F. (2008). Contrasting levels of genetic differentiation among
putative neutral microsatellite loci in Atlantic herring Clupea harengus populations and the implications
24
for assessing stock structure. Hydrobiologia, 606, 27-33
Notes
Philpott, E., Wall, D. & Rogan, E. (2007). Records from the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group for 2004.
Irish Naturalists’ Journal 28 (9) 379 – 385.
Philpott, E. & Rogan, E. (2007). Records from the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group for 2005. Irish
Naturalists’ Journal 28 (10) 414 – 418.
Conference Proceedings (editorship)
Davenport, J., Burnell, G.M., Cross, T.F., Emmerson, M., McAllen, R., Ramsay, R., & Rogan, E.
(2008). Challenges to Marine Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium.
Developments in Hydrobiology, Vol. 202, 211pp./Hydrobiologia Vol. 606. Kluwer Academic Press,
Netherlands.
Chapter/Article in a book
Cross, T.F., McGinnity, P., Coughlan, J., Dillane, E., Ferguson, A., Koljonen, M-L., Milner, N.,
O’Reilly, P. & Vasemagi, A. (2007). Genetic considerations for Stocking and Ranching of Atlantic
salmon. In Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer, L. and Nielsen, J.L. (eds.) The genetic nature of Atlantic salmon:
implications for management and conservation. The Atlantic Salmon Trust, 325-356.
Ferguson, A., Fleming, I.A., Hindar, K., Skaala, Ø., McGinnity, P., Cross, T. & Prodöhl, P. (2007). Farm
Escapes. In Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer, L. and Nielsen, J.L. (eds.) The genetic nature of Atlantic salmon:
implications for management and conservation. The Atlantic Salmon Trust, 357-398.
Cross, T.F., Burnell, G., Coughlan, J., Culloty, S., Dillane, E., McGinnity, P. & Rogan, E. (2008).
Detrimental genetic effects of interactions between reared strains and wild populations of marine and
anadromous fish and invertebrate species: are all species at risk? In M. Holmer (Ed) Aquaculture and the
Ecosystem, Springer, pps.117-154. ISBN: 978-1-4020-6809-6.
Reports
Culloty, S.C. & Mulcahy, M.F. (2007) Bonamia ostreae: a Review. Marine Environment and Health
Series, Marine Institute, Galway. No. 29, 36pp.
Culloty, S.C. (2008). Recent research on Bonamia ostreae: an investigation into the role of Molluscs other
than Ostrea edulis as possible carriers of this parasite. In Report of the annual meeting of the National
25
Reference Laboratories for Mollusc Diseases. IFREMER, Nantes France, 18-19 March 2008.
Cross T. F. Coughlan, J., Dillane, E., McGinnity, P. (2008). Genetic stock identification of Irish
commercially caught salmon. Marine Institute Report.
Dillane, E., Cross, T.F. (2008). Genetic identification of farmed salmon in smoked product. Food Safety
Authority of Ireland.
Little, D., Collins, K., Cross, J., Cooke, D and McGinnity, P. (2008). Native riparian woodlands – a
guide to identification, design, establishment and management. Native woodland scheme information
note No. 4 – published by Forest Service and Woodlands of Ireland.
Thorstad, E.B., Fleming, I.A., McGinnity, P., Soto, D., Wennevik, V. & Whoriskey, F. (2008). Incidence
and impacts of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in nature. NINA Special Report 36. 110 pp.
Verspoor, E., Kenchington, E., McGinnity, P., Tysklind, N., Cauwelier, E. and Vasin, O. (2008) To
evaluate prospects for the use of genetic monitoring for evaluating conservation status, intraspecific
biodiversity, and stock “health” in fishes. ToR e): ICES WGAGFM Report 2008, ICES Mariculture
Committee ICES CM 2008/MCC:04 REF. ACOM.
McGinnity P. (2008). Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon. Proceedings of
IFM Annual Study course 2007. pp9
Informal or Non-refereed publications
Hatfield, E.M.C., Nash, R.D.M., Zimmerman, C., Schon, P-J., Kelly, C. Dickey-Collins, M., McKenzie,
K., Cross, T. F. (2007). The scientific implications of the EU Project WESTHER (Q5RS-2002-01056) to
the assessment and management of the herring stocks to the west of the British Isles. Conseils
Internationale pour l'Exploration de la Mer C.M. Doc. 2007/L:11, 23p.
Conference Presentations
Invited Talks
Cross, T.F. (2007). ABFNI Belfast: Cod molecular genetics.
Cross, T. F. (2008). Mixed stock analysis of Irish salmon using genetic methods. Food Conference,
Waterford IT, August; Blackwater Anglers Trust, Millstreet, September.
Culloty, S.C. (2008). Recent research on Bonamia ostreae: an investigation into the role of Molluscs
other than Ostrea edulis as possible carriers of this parasite. National Reference Laboratories for Shellfish
Diseases, Annual Meeting, IFREMER, Nantes, France, 18-19 March 2008.
26
Oral Presentations
Cross, T.F. (2007). Genimpact 3 Usefulness of modelling in genetic investigations.
Cross, T.F. (2008). The use of scales and otoliths as sources of DNA. ICES WGAGFM- working group
on the application of genetics to fisheries and mariculture. April. Scottish Freshwater Fisheries laboratory,
Pitlochery, Scotland
Cross, T.F. (2008). Utility of SNPS in salmon genetics. SALMAN 2 – Atlantic Salmon microsatellite
analysis network. Paris, February.
Cross, T.F (2008). SCOTENS. Explanatory talk prior to showing of the Medusae film. Belfast, April.
Culloty, S.C. and Lynch, S. (2008). Investigations into the life cycle of a protistan Bonamia ostreae: a
significant parasite of the native oyster Ostrea edulis. Annual Meeting of the Irish Society for Parasitology,
Cork 27th June 2008.
Drummond, L., Mulcahy, M.F., Paillard, C. and Culloty, S.C. (2007). Brown ring disease and Vibrio
tapetis in the manila clam in Ireland: an historical perspective. European Association of Fish Pathologists,
13th International Conference of Fish and Shellfish Diseases, 17th -21st September 2007 Grado, Italy.
Fontaine, M. C., Piry, S., Ray, N., Tolley, K. A. , Duke, S., Birkun, A. Jr., Ferreira, M., Jauniaux, T.,
Llavona, Á., Öztürk, B., Öztürk, A. A., Ridoux, V., Rogan, E., Sequeira, M., Siebert, U., Vikingsson, G.
A., Bouquegneau, J.-M., Michaux, J.R., Baird, S. J.E. (2007). Rise of barriers in continuous populations
of a cetacean: the harbor porpoise in old world waters.
Ingram, S., Rendell, L. & Rogan, E. (2007). Designing repeated monitoring surveys to measure the
abundance of bottlenose dolphins using a coastal marine protected area. 17th Biennial Conference on the
Biology of Marine Mammals, 29th November - 3rd December, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lynch, S., Mulcahy, M.F. and Culloty, S.C. (2007). Are bivalves other than Ostrea edulis susceptible to,
or possible carriers of, Bonamia ostreae? Aquaculture 2007, Sustainable Aquaculture, San Antonio Texas,
February 24th- March 2nd 2007.
Lynch, S., Mulcahy, M.F. and Culloty, S.C. (2007) Are bivalves, other than Ostrea edulis susceptible to
or possible carriers of Bonamia ostreae? European Association of Fish Pathologists, 13th International
Conference of Fish and Shellfish Diseases, 17th -21st September 2007 Grado, Italy.
Maloy, A.P., S. C. Culloty, J. Slater. (2008). Use of PCR-DGGE to study the natural diet of marine
bivalves. National Shellfish Association, U.S., Providence, Rhode Island, USA 6-10th April 2008.
Murphy S., S. P. Northridge, Y. Morizur, L. Mirimin, A. Viricel, P. D. Jepson, R.Deaville, R. J. Reid, E.
Rogan, M. Silva, M. Ferreira, A. López, G. J. Pierce, V. Ridoux, & W. Dabin (2007) Conservation status
27
of the common dolphin D. delphis in the Northeast Atlantic and implications for future management plans
17th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, 29th November - 3rd December, Cape
Town, South Africa.
Murphy, S., G.J. Pierce, R. J. Law, M.B. Santos, J.A. Learmonth, M. Addink, W. Dabin, E. Rogan, P.D.
Jepson, R. Deaville, A.F. Zuur, P. Bustamante, F. Caurant, V. Lahaye, V. Ridoux, B.N. Zegers, A. Mets,
C. Smeenk, T. Jauniaux, A. López, J.M. Alonso Farré, A.F. González, A. Guerra, M. García-Hartmann, S.
P. Northridge, R.J. Reid, C. Lockyer, J.P. Boon. Assessing the effect of contaminants on reproductive
success in small cetaceans in the eastern North Atlantic. ICES/NAFO/NAMMCO symposium “The role of
marine mammals in the Ecosystem”, 29 September - 1 October 2008, Dartmouth, Canada.
Posters
Cronin, M. A., Zuur, A., F, McConnell, B.J., Rogan, E. (2007). Is it the moon? Factors influencing the
haul-out behaviour of harbour seals in southwest Ireland. 17th Biennial Conference on the Biology of
Marine Mammals, 29th November - 3rd December, Cape Town, South Africa..
Coughlin, J., Dillane, E., McGinnity, P. and Cross, T.F. (2008). Mixed stock analysis of Irish salmon
(Three posters). SALMAN 2 – Atlantic Salmon microsatellite analysis network. Paris, February.
Kavanagh, A., Cronin, M., Rogan, E., 2007 Determination of the diet of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina
vitulina) in Ireland. 17th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, 29th November - 3rd
December, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lynch, S., Mulcahy, M.F. and Culloty, S.C. (2007). An evaluation of diagnostics for B. ostreae.
European Association of Fish Pathologists, 13th International Conference of Fish and Shellfish Diseases,
17th -21st September 2007 Grado, Italy.
Conference Organisation
Cross, T.F. Agricultural Biotechnology International Conference (ABIC). Chaired animal genetics
session. UCC, September
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