arousal, anxiety & stress gobinder singh gill. aims and objectives all students to identify and...
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Aims and Objectives
ALL students to identify and define Arousal, Stress and Anxiety
MOST students will explain the cognitive and somatic effects of arousal, stress and anxiety
MOST students will associate ways to control anxiety in performance situations
SOME students will relate the theory of arousal, stress and anxiety to performance situations
Definitions
• Arousal – a sense of alertness and anticipation, which prepares the body for action
• Anxiety – Feelings of fear and apprehension
• Stress – A response of the body to demands made upon it
• Arousal – activation – Degree of physiological alertness caused by increased arousal
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Effects of Arousal, Stress and Anxiety
Cognitive effectsNegative effects, such as, confusion, irrational thoughts, lack of concentration
Positive effects, faster information processing, increased attention
• Somatic effects
Increased heart rate
Increased blood
pressure
Sweating
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Stress and sport - summary
Stressor Stress response Stress experience
Frustration Somatic Positive, eustress
Foul Sweating, heart rate, adrenaline
Conflict
Competition demands Cognitive Negative, distress
Climate Anxiety, negative thoughts, lack of concentration
Fatigue
Playing badly
Worry of injury
Letting team down
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Positive or negative effects
Demands Perception Arousal Outcome
Situation Positive (Challenge)
Eustress Enhanced performance
Negative (threat) Distress Impaired performance
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The relationship between arousal and performance
• Drive theory
• Formula P = f(D * H) P = performance, f = function, D = drive, H= habit
• Works best with well learned skills
• Inverted “U” theory
• Performance arousal increases, but only to a certain point after which arousal deteriorates
• Depends on types of task, expertise and personality of performer
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The relationship between arousal and performance
• Catastrophe theory
• States that after arousal improves performance there is a sudden dramatic collapse
• This collapse is due to both somatic and cognitive effects
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Zone of Optimal Functioning (Hanin)
• Elite athletes use relaxation, imagery, visualisation and mental rehearsal to reach the ZOF
• The ZOF can occur at lower levels of arousal, especially in individual sports. It can also differ with the performers personality and preferences
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Features of the ZOF
• Extreme confidence• Automatic control• Control of the situation• Extreme focus• Fun• Effortless• Relaxed• Action and awareness merge• Total control over events• Total concentration• Absorbed in the activity
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Anxiety in Sport
• Trait anxiety• Innate – constant characteristic• State anxiety• Situation – specific – temporary emotional state• Competitive anxiety• Sport specific
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SCAT Test
• Anxiety is interactive:
• If you have the trait you are more likely to show the state
• Trait anxious participants are not equally anxious all the time
• Competitive anxiety can vary from near calm to complete panic
• A main cause of competitive anxiety is evaluation apprehension or being judged
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Controlling cognitive anxiety
• Imagery• Visualisation• Mental rehearsal or mental practice• Self talk• Goal setting
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Summary
• Arousal, stress and anxiety are key to sports performance
• Performers who can cope with anxiety are more likely to succeed than those who fail to cope
• Arousal levels need to be optimised to reach effective performance
• Stress can be seen as both positive and negative• There are a range of strategies that can be utilised to
help overcome high anxiety levels
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