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Project Proposal
Solar AbsorptionRefrigerator
Absorption Refrigeration TeamGroup for Environment and EnergyEngineeringIIT anpur
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
"ontents- # -
1$Introduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% &
#$'e(nition of Problem%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )
&$
*bjective%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%% +
,$
Tecnical 'etails
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ .
)$
Status of Researc
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% /
6. Project Summary %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ #1
7. Infrastructural Re0uirements %%%%%%%%%%%%$ ##
$ E2pertise available 3it te group%%%%%%%% #&
9. !inancial Aspects %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$ #,
10. Time 4ine %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%$$ #+
Group !or Environmentand Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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Introduction- & -
*rigin of Proposal
Te prices of energy ave been increasing e2ponentially 3orld3ide$
Industrial Refrigeration is one of te most energy consuming sector$
5at if a refrigeration system is designed 3ic uses no energy or
minimal amount of energy6
Te solution lies in absorption refrigeration system$
7y producing an adsorption refrigeration system 3e are not only
cutting do3n te energy costs but also preserving our environment$
Tis refrigeration system doesn8t use any of te "!"s so our o9one
layer is safe$
Greenouse gases and teir damaging e:ects on te atmospere ave
received increased attention follo3ing te release of scienti(c data by
;nited ;
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electrical grid to pump te 3ater 3it electricity nor do tey ave te
infrastructure to provide roads to bring in electrical generators or even
te fuel for tose generators$ Terefore 3itout an electrical grid or
3itout
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- generators to generate electricity? isolated areas do not ave potable
3ater nor do tey ave te refrigeration to Ceep medicine or foodstu:s
from spoiling$ Even in te ;ntied States? tere are communities suc
as te Amis communities 3ere electricity is banned$ ere te lacC of
cooling capabilities severely limits te production of various products$
7ecause of te lacC of cooling? milC production is limited to Grade 7$
Referred to as advanced adsorption cillers tey represent one of te
ne3 tecnology options tat are under development$ Advanced
adsorption cooling tecnology o:ers te possibility of cillers 3it
greater "*Ps and reduce cost of te system$
Te invention can improve refrigerating unit? raise coeDcient of
performance? reduce energy cost of refrigerating unit and as notably
social and economic bene(t$ "ompared 3it te e2isting compressor
refrigeration system? te system reali9es simpli(ed structure? lo3
energy consumption and reduction of discarge and environmental
pollution by a9ardous substance8$
7ene(tsF
1$ India is among te 3orld leaders in agricultural production
o3ever muc of our produce goes 3aste due to absence of
proper storage facilities$ Refrigeration is tus vitally important for
our country$
#$ =ilC produce is also adversely a:ected due to lacC ofrefrigeration$
&$ "ool drinCing 3ater is unavailable to te people in non electri(edvillages$
,$ =edical facilities are also adversely a:ected due to breaC in te
cold cain as te medicines move from te production 9one to
te rural areas$)$ ;sage of "!"s a:ect te environment adversely$
Te current project can result in development of a system 3ic can
be a decisive step in bringing refrigeration to te far o: rural areas$
In urban areas a uge cunC of ouseolds consume more refrigeration
energy tan is re0uired due to ineDcient usage$ Tis project also olds
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promise to reduce if not eliminate tis uge portion of energy
consumption pie$
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
Problem 'e(nition - ) -
Toug absorption refrigeration system is an ideal 3ay to combat
energy consumption of refrigeration sector? it su:ers some serious
faults liCeF
1$ 4o3 "*P
Ideally speaCing "*P of an absorption refrigeration system is about
#$B$ 7ut in reality it is less tan 1>aboutB$.@$
#$ 4arge Si9e uge 3eigt
Tey are muc more comple2 tan a normal refrigerator and occupy a
uge space$ Tey re0uire muc larger cooling to3ers to reject te
3aste eat o3ing to teir lo3 "*Ps? and tus servicing tem is not less
tan a nigtmare$&$
ig cost
Te absorption refrigeration systems are muc more e2pensive tan te
vapor-compression refrigeration systems 3ic are 0uite obvious as teir cost
of production is ig because of comple2 and large parts$ Tis also maCes
tem diDcult to service$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
*bjective - + -
1$ "*P
5e aim to improve te "*P of te adsorptionHabsorption refrigerator to
maCe it more attractive for usage$
#$ Si9e
5e aim to reduce te si9e of te assembly by maCing it more compact$
&$ 5eigt
Te absorptionHadsorption refrigeration system is too bulCy$ Its 3eigt
reduction is also one of te aims$ It can be reduced by using polymers$
,$ "ost
"ost is te biggest barrier in implementation of AdsorptionHabsorption
refrigeration$ 5e aim to minimi9e it as far as possible$
)$ E2tended ;sability
Till date absorption refrigeration is limited for industrial purposes$ 5e
aim to maCe it available for mass rural use as stated above in small
capacities by using solar adsorptionHabsorption$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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Tecnical 'etails and Introduction
to te Tecnologyey 5ords
1$ absorption refrigeration system solar absorption basedrefrigeration system$
#$ absorber&$ collector-generator,$ evaporator)$ condenser
Scmatic of a 4itium 7romide absorption refrigeratorAbsorption "illers
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
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5orCing Te 3orCing is verysimple 1 to #Solution of 4i7r is eated to generate 3ater vapour 3ic is transferred
to te condenser$ In te condenser te vapour is cooled by circulating
running 3ater$# to & Te 3ater is ten trottled and moved to evaporator at a lo3
temperature and pressure 3ere it is evaporated$
& to , Te 3ater vapour is ten transferred to te absorber 3ere it is
absorbed in te concentrated solution of 4i7r and eat is rejected to
te cooling coils$
, to 1 Te 3ater is ten pumped again to te generator from 3ere te cycle
is repeated$ Te performance of te system is governed largely by te
temperature di:erence bet3een te generator and te condenser and
absorber units$ Since te generator temperatures in solar driven
systems are only moderate? it is important to Ceep te condensor and
absorber temperatures as lo3 as possible$
Te 4i7r system is preferred over ammonia systems for solar energyapplications because of te lo3er generator temperatures re0uired$Permissible generator temperatures for a 3ater-cooled 4i7r system
range from .+ deg$ "-// deg$ " compared to te /) deg$ "-1#B deg$ "temperatures re0uired for a 3ater -cooled ammonia absorptionsystem$ =ost? if not all? of te commercially available absorption unitsuse 4i7r and 3ater as te absorbent-refrigerant Juid pair$ 7ecause te4i7r 3ill crystalli9e at te iger absorber temperatures associated3it air cooling? tese units must be 3ater cooled$ A prototypeammonia-3ater unit? amenable to direct air cooling? as been built by4a3rence 7erCeley 4aboratories$A number of e0uipment re0uirements and limitations must be
considered in te analysis and design of solar po3ered absorption
systems$ Te (rst consideration involves te type of collector used$
Te temperatures re0uired by absorption coolers are obtainable 3it
Jat plate collectors but at lo3 collection eDciencies$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
Status of Researc on tetopic - / -
Going tougt te publications in te international journal of
refrigeration 3e can evidently (nd out tat 3orld over tere is a race
to maCe and improve te performance of adsorption refrigerators$
!ollo3ing are te citations of various publications tat ave appeared
in tis (eld te list is long so 3e are only appending some citations$
Karious
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InventorsF Xing; Yicun >ainan? CN@
AssigneeF Shen; Wei a! >Rosemead? "A@
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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Appl$
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
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tanC into an upper cooling camber and a lo3er cilling camberL a pair of
inner conduits for respectively communicating a lo3er portion and a upper
portion of said cooling camber to a counterpart lo3er portion and a
counterpart upper portion of said cilling camber? 3erein eac of said
cooling camber and said cilling camber as a 3ater inlet port de(ned onan upper side 3all and a 3ater outlet port de(ned on a lo3er said 3allL a
condensing panel disposed above said cooling camber and is mounted
against an outer 3all of a building to be integrally formed 3it said building?
3erein said condensing panel comprises a radiating manifold and a plurality
of radiating (ns provided tereon? and an e2posing opening de(ned on said
radiating manifold for communicating said radiating manifold to outsideL a
pair of condensing conduit for correspondingly communicating a upper
portion and a lo3er portion of said condensing panel to respective upper
portion and lo3er portion of said cooling camberL and an au2iliary
refrigerating device disposed above said cilling camber? 3erein said
au2iliary refrigerating device comprises a termopile refrigerating unit and atemperature monitor unit? said termopile refrigerating unit as a cilled
3ater conduit respectively for communicating said upper portion and said
lo3er portion of said cilling camber$
2. Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein said 3ater tanC is
made of building material? or prepared in suc a manner tat te 3ater tanC
comprises an inner JasC made of stainless steel? an insulating layer made of
foam plastic? and an outer casing made of aluminum plate$
3. Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein a reJu2 pump coupledto said cilling
camber 3ater inlet port for ensuring a cilled 3ater be circularlyserviced$
,$ Te solar 3ater cooler? as recited in claim 1? 3erein said au2iliary
refrigerating unit is electrically po3ered by solar cells or by termocells$
Description
1$!ield
Te present invention relates to refrigeration system? and more particularly?
relates to a refrigerating system directly or indirectly utili9ing solar energy to
acieve an eDcient performance$
#$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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Energy is an unavoidable topic in te ne3 century$ It is 3itnessed tat
sciences and tecnologies related to te energy industry ad been
signi(cantly concerned all over te 3orld$ Especially? te solar energy? 3idely
considered as an une2austed energy source? ad been employed in a
variety of applications? suc as refrigeration industry$
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transversely embedded into te 3ater tanC for separating te 3ater tanC into
an upper cooling camber and a lo3er cilling camberL
a pair of inner conduit for respectively communicating a lo3er portion and a
upper portion of cooling camber to a counterpart lo3er portion and a
counterpart upper portion of te cilling Group !or Environment and Energy
Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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camber? 3erein eac of cooling camber and te cilling camber as a
3ater inlet port de(ned on a upper 3all and a 3ater outlet port de(ned on a
lo3er 3all? and a reJu2 pump is coupled to te cilling camber 3ater inlet
port for ensuring a cilled 3ater be circularly servicedL
a condensing panel disposed above te cooling camber and is mountedagainst an outer 3all of a building to be integrally formed 3it te building?
3erein te condensing panel comprises a radiating manifold and a plurality
of radiating (ns provided tereon for radiating a eat of te condensing
panel? a pair of condensing conduit for correspondingly communicating a
upper portion and a lo3er portion of te condensing panel to respective
upper portion and lo3er portion of te cooling camberL an au2iliary
refrigerating device disposed above te cilling camber? 3erein te
au2iliary refrigerating device comprises a termopile refrigerating unit and a
temperature monitor unit? te termopile refrigerating unit as a cilled
3ater conduit respectively for communicating te upper portion and lo3er
portion of te cilling camber? so tat 3ater of te upper portion of tecooling camber? aving a iger temperature? 3ill be Jo3ed to te
condensing panel to be naturally radiated? and ten Jo3ed bacC to te lo3er
portion of te cooling camber 3it a circular manner so as to ensure te
3ater reserved 3itin te cooling camber reac a lo3est temperature of te
environment generating te cooling 3ater? 3erein te cooling 3ater is
capable of being directed to te refrigerating device to refrigerate te
condenser of te refrigerating device for enancing te refrigerating
eDciency? and being reJu2ed to te upper portion of te cooling camberL
since te inner conduits are provided for correspondingly communicating te
mating portions of te cooling camber and te cilling camber? te 3aterreserved 3itin te cilling camber 3ill be cooled do3n to te
environmental temperatureL furtermore? in case te cilled 3ater
temperature is no3 lo3 enoug? te temperature monitor unit 3ould initiate
te termopile unit to lo3er te temperature of te 3ater reserved 3itin te
cilling camber? 3erein te cilled 3ater could be directed into te cilling
conduit to absorb te eat under a refrigerating circumstance? after3ards?
te eat absorbed cilled 3ater 3ould be reJu2ed into te upper portion of
te cilling camber? if te cilled 3ater temperature is iger tan te
temperature of te cooling 3ater? te 3ater of te upper portion of te
cilling camber 3ould be Jo3ed into te upper portion of te cooling
camber via te inner conduit? at te same time? te 3ater of te lo3erportion of te cooling camber 3ould be Jo3ed into te lo3er portion of te
cilling camber$
!inally? it is noted tat te au2iliary refrigerating device of te present
invention is electrically po3ered by solar cells or by termocell$ Te solar
energy dual-temperature 3ater coolers according to te present invention is
of solid cost saving? simple and convenient operation? and free of pollution?
and more importantly? available to most ouseold applications$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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United States Patent %,9##,01%
4rics!n 6ct!ber *0, 1990
Solar absorption refrigeration
Abstract
This invention relates to ice-producing refrigerators which operate on an intermittent
absorption cycle, and to solar heat collectors suitable for powering the intermittent
absorption refrigerators. The refrigerators are useful for making ice and for storing
vaccines and food in areas where electricity is unavailable, unreliable, or high in cost.
InventorsF 4rics!n; !na(d C' >Annapolis? ='@
Appl$
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- 1)-
,,),// Nuly 1/,
Grossm
an
,++.,) =ay 1/.
7all et
al$
,.BB =arc 1/ 'eKault
,.,,##, =ay 1/
EricCso
n
Primary Examiner: ingL 4loyd 4$
Claims
"laimF
1$ An apparatus for producing refrigeration by an intermittent absorption
cycle apparatus comprised of a generatorHabsorber? a condenser? and an
evaporator? 3erein te improvement comprisesF
>a@ a second absorber
3ic is
coole
d
by
refrigeration
produced
by
sai
d
evaporato
rL
>b@ a secondevaporator in 3ic li0uid refrigerant is
evaporatedL
(3)a means for routing evaporated refrigerant from said second evaporator tosaid second absorberL
(4)a means for transferring absorbent from said generatorHabsorber to saidsecond absorberL
(5)a reservoir of li0uid refrigerant for said second evaporator 3ic is notsupply li0uid to said evaporatorL
(6) a means for reducing te pressure of te li0uid refrigerant suppliedfrom said reservoir to
said second evaporatorL and?
>g@ at least one means for supplying eat to said generatorHabsorber
comprised of a solar radiation collecting apparatus comprised of a stationary
arcuate central section aving acceptance alf angle relative to said
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generatorHabsorber of bet3een #)$degree$ and
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- 1+-
&)$degree$L plus t3o arcuate outer sections 3ic are inged to said central
section so as to be movable to acceptance alf angles bet3een 1B$degree$
and #,$degree$ at any time of te year$
#$ An apparatus for producing refrigeration by an intermittent absorptioncycle apparatus comprised of a generatorHabsorber? a condenser? and an
evaporator? 3erein te improvement comprisesF
>a@ a refrigeration store 3ic is intermittently cooled by said evaporator? anda second
absorber
3ic is
cooled by said
refrigeration storeL
>b@ a secondevaporator in
3ic
li0uid
refrigerant is
evaporatedL
>c@ a means for routing evaporated refrigerant from said second evaporator
to said second absorberL and
>d@ a means for transferring absorbent from said generatorHabsorber to saidsecond absorber$
&$ Te apparatus according to claim # additionally comprised of a reservoir of
li0uid refrigerant for said second evaporator 3ic is not supply li0uid to said
evaporator$
,$ Te apparatus according to claim & additionally comprised of a means forreducing te pressure of te li0uid refrigerant supplied from said reservoir to
said second evaporatorL and at least one means for supplying eat to said
generatorHabsorber$
5. Te apparatus according to claim , 3erein at least one of said means for
supplying eat is comprised of a solar radiation collecting apparatus
comprised of a stationary arcuate central section aving acceptance alf
angle relative to said generatorHabsorber of bet3een #)$degree$ and
&)$degree$L plus t3o arcuate outer sections 3ic are inged to said central
section so as to be movable to acceptance alf angles bet3een 1B$degree$
and #,$degree$ at any time of te year$
6. Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said refrigeration store 3ic isintermittently
cooled by said evaporator and 3ic cools said second evaporator iscomprised of ice$
.$ Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said refrigerant is ammonia
and said absorbent is a li0uid pase ammonia absorbent selected from te
list comprised of $sub$# *?
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tereof$
$ Te apparatus according to claim # 3erein said means for transferring is
comprised of a carge tanC 3ic is dimensioned to contain te proper
amount of absorbent carge for said second absorberL a valve for (lling said
carge tanC from said generatorHabsorberL and a Group !or Environment and
Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- 1.-
separate valve for discarging said carge tanC to said secondabsorber$
/$ Te apparatus according to claim # additionally comprised of a discarge
tanC? a valve for draining absorbent from second absorber to said discargetanCL and a valve and conduit for transferring absorbent from te bottom of
said discarge tanC bacC to said generatorHabsorber$
Description
7A"GR*;
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art? especially for continuous cycles$ See for e2ample ;$S$ Pat$
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Energy "onversion and =anagement? entitled A T3o Stage Intermittent Solar
Refrigeration System--Evaluation of Salient Parameters$ In tat article? a t3o-
stage generator and absorber con(guration is disclosed 3ic enables use of
muc lo3er eat source temperatures >appro2imately .B$degree$ "$@? albeit
at muc lo3er "oeDcient of Performance$
Te capital cost problems relating to aperture si9e and collection eDciency
stem from t3o constraints$ !irst is te sidereal motion$ Te elevation angle of
te sun at solar noon canges by ,+$)$degree$ troug te course of te
year$ At tree ours eiter side of solar noon? te cange is about )#B $
Secondly? te inerent functioning of te intermittent absorption refrigeration
cycle re0uires average temperatures on te order of )B$degree$ "$ above
ambient? and afternoon peaC temperatures some 1)$degree$ "$ iger$ Te
collection eDciency of Jat plate collectors is simply too lo3 at tose
temperatures$ It is Cno3n tat as te collection temperature increases? a
concentrating collector >solar aperture larger tan solar target@ becomes
more eDcient tan a Jat plate collector$ Te decreased loss due to eat
leaCage from te smaller target o:sets te increased loss due to reJections$
In te tecnical article 4o3 "oncentration "P"s for 4o3-Temperature Solar
Energy Applications? !ebruary 1/+? Nournal of Solar Energy Engineering? Kol$
1B p$ ,/? N$ =$ Gordon so3s tat a truncated "P" 3it acceptance alf
angle of &B$degree$ becomes more eDcient tan a Jat plate collector at #1
above ambient for a concentration ratio >"R@ of 1? and at &+ for a "R of 1$)$
"learly at te temperatures re0uired for solar absorption refrigeration
some degree of concentration is appropriate$ o3ever? just as clearly tecost and reliability constraints eliminate any use of automatic tracCing
concentrators$ 5inston >;$S$ Pat$
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person$ Also desirable objectives are tat te same geometry be applicable
at di:erent latitudes? and tat te collector be acceptably storm-resistant$
A second needed improvement? and object of tis invention? is a simple add-
on to a solar Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- 1/-
intermittent absorption refrigerator 3ic 3ould allo3 maintenance of
continuous -#B$degree$ "$ temperature? preferably 3itout re0uiring an
additional generator$
'IS"4*S;RE*! Ib@te
second evaporator cools afree9er
compartment
to about -#B$degree$"$L
>c@ te
vapo
r from te
second
evaporator is
absorbed
in
t
e
second absorberL
and
>d@ te second absorber is periodically re(lled 3it absorbent solution from
te primary generatorHabsorber$
Preferably a separate reservoir containing a supply of li0uid ammonia for te
second evaporator is also incorporated$ Preferably te second absorber is
(lled by gravity transfer from a separate carge tanC$ Preferably te second
absorber is emptied by gravity transfer to a separate discarge tanC? 3ic in
turn is emptied by pressure transfer bacC to te primary generatorHabsorber$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- #B -
In India absorption systems are in use mainly in te commercial sector and
ave not found teir 3ay in te rural sector as suc because mostly 3e use
ammonia systems$ o3ever researc is going on te implementation level is
lo3 because of lacC of focus and mostly because of ig costs$ 4i7r systems
are used less for 3ant of corrosion resistant materialsL a point tat 3e 3ill
address in te course of te project$
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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Project Summary - #1 -
Te outcome of te project 3ill be a 3orCing prototype of an 4i7rH3ater
based adsorption refrigerator designed for rural application$ Te construction of te assembly is relatively simple and 3e are sure
3ill not taCe muc time$ eeping te objective of te project in mind
3e 3ill be stressing upon te design and idea part to enance te
learning e2perience and improving te
eDciency and portability of te system$
Te project is envisaged to start in te summer breaC and 3ill be
completed 3itin te breaC$ Te designing part of te project 3ill start
in tis semester in =arc$
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Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- ## -
Infrastructural Re0uirements
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- #&-
E2pertise available 3it te group
Te sta: at te RA" laboratory as a considerable e2perience in
manufacturing refrigeration systems$ Tey ave in recent past
manufactured e2perimental set ups in te laboratory and ave soundpractical e2perience$ Te students involved on te oter and ave
done 0uite a bit of literature survey and are convinced about te
success of te project once it is started$ Te principal investigator
imself speciali9es in eat transfer and 3ill be of immense value
during te project$ Te lab also as 3elding and macining stations
and tus 3ill be very useful during te project$
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
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- #, -
!inancial Aspects
All (gures are in I
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- #) -
4abor "osts
Item Estimate RemarCs
=anual 4aborregarding 1)?BBB
Sop-Joor 3orC forabout
3elding
etc tree monts
Total 1)?BBB
Appro2imating te "ost "ontingencies to be about #B
Appro2imate Total "ost of te project I
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- #+-
Te Project 3ill be completed during te summer breaC and 3ill taCe
around #-& monts if tings go as per plan$ o3ever Ceeping in mind
unforeseen diDculties a total time of around , monts from te date of
sanction is a reasonable estimate given te comple2ity and properties
of te system envisaged$
Group !or Environment and Energy Engineering
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Absorption Refrigeration Team
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