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Asphalt-Rubber Information, Issues and Obstacles
Doug CarlsonExecutive Director
Rubber Pavements Association
Information, Issues and Obstacles
Dedicated to encouraging greater usage of high Dedicated to encouraging greater usage of high quality, cost effective asphalt pavements quality, cost effective asphalt pavements
containing recycled tire rubber.containing recycled tire rubber.
What is the RPA?What is the RPA?
•• Crumb Rubber ProducersCrumb Rubber Producers•• Contractors Who Use Crumb Contractors Who Use Crumb
Rubber in PavementsRubber in Pavements•• Equipment ManufacturersEquipment Manufacturers•• Consulting FirmsConsulting Firms•• Testing LaboratoriesTesting Laboratories
The RPA is a nonThe RPA is a non--profit industry association comprised ofprofit industry association comprised of::
Germany, United Kingdom, Mexico, Canada, United Germany, United Kingdom, Mexico, Canada, United States, Austria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Australia, States, Austria, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Australia,
South Korea, South Africa, Netherlands and SwedenSouth Korea, South Africa, Netherlands and Sweden
Where are the RPA Where are the RPA members?members?
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTHROUGHTHROUGH
•• SeminarsSeminars•• Field ToursField Tours•• Sponsoring ResearchSponsoring Research•• RPA NewslettersRPA Newsletters•• Publishing ReportsPublishing Reports
•• Reference LibraryReference Library•• Monitoring Tire LawsMonitoring Tire Laws•• Provide Guidance for Provide Guidance for
Agencies in Use of Agencies in Use of CRM AsphaltCRM Asphalt
Who advises the RPA?Who advises the RPA?The RPA Technical Advisory Board is made up The RPA Technical Advisory Board is made up of the nationof the nation’’s leading experts on crumb rubber s leading experts on crumb rubber
and rubber modified asphalt pavements.and rubber modified asphalt pavements.
Dr. Serji AmirkhanianDr. Serji Amirkhanian
Clemson UniversityClemson University
Dr. Rudy JiminezDr. Rudy Jiminez
University of ArizonaUniversity of Arizona
Dr. K.C. EvansDr. K.C. Evans
Odessa District, TXDOTOdessa District, TXDOT
Dr. Jon EppsDr. Jon Epps
University of Nevada, University of Nevada,
Reno, EmeritusReno, Emeritus
Dr. Kamil Kaloush,Dr. Kamil Kaloush,
Arizona State UniversityArizona State University
Dr. Jorge SousaDr. Jorge Sousa
Consulpav InternationalConsulpav International
George Way, Pavement Services Engineer, Arizona DOT Chairman
Byron Lord, Dep. Director, Office of Pavement Technology, FHWA
Doug Bernard, Director FHWA Office of Technology Applications (retired)
Mark Belshe, FNF Construction, Arizona
Gene Morris, Director, AZ Transp. Center, AZ DOT (retired)
Larry Smith, Florida DOT Materials Engineer (retired)
Anne Stonex, MacTec/Law Engineering, Phoenix
Dick Stubstad, Eres Consulting, California
Maghsoud Tahmoressi, Former Bituminous Materials Engineer, Texas DOT, President PaveTex Engineering
Jack Van Kirk, Former Caltrans Engineer, Valley Slurry Seal, CA
Joe Cano, Bureau of Indian Affairs, US Dept. of Interior
Technical Advisory Board Technical Advisory Board cont.cont.
Does RPA recommend the Does RPA recommend the use of all paving material use of all paving material
containing crumb rubber from containing crumb rubber from scrap tires?scrap tires?
•• RPA has strict criteria RPA has strict criteria for paving materials for paving materials and processes the and processes the association association recommends or recommends or promotespromotes
•• NonNon--patented, nonpatented, non--proprietary processesproprietary processes
Paving materials must be Paving materials must be proven through the following:proven through the following:
•• Extensive laboratory researchExtensive laboratory research•• Construction evaluation researchConstruction evaluation research•• Successful field performance in all climatesSuccessful field performance in all climates•• Routine use by two or more states Routine use by two or more states (std. (std.
specs)specs)
What products currently meet What products currently meet the RPA criteria?the RPA criteria?
“Asphalt-Rubber is a blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber and certain additives, in which the rubber component is at least 15% by weight of the total blend and has reacted
in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubber particles.”
AsphaltAsphalt--Rubber as defined Rubber as defined by ASTM D8by ASTM D8
Benefits of A-R
• Long Term Performance• Resistance to Cracking• Reduced Thickness• Cost Savings• Reduced Wet Weather Spray• Tire Recycling• Tire Pavement Noise Reduction
Obstacles
• It doesn’t work in this state/climate.• We tried it and it didn’t work.• It can’t be recycled• The emissions are dangerous• It costs too much
Low Temperature PG Similarities
Red dots indicate areas with the same low temperature performance values
It Didn’t Work!
• Traditional aggregate gradations are dense with many fine stone particles.
• Rubber particles are fine.• Room must be made for the rubber.• The aggregate fines must be removed
or reduced.• Gap Grade or Open Grade mixes
Open GradedOpen Graded Gap GradedGap Graded Dense GradedDense Graded
Aggregate Gradation ComparisonAggregate Gradation Comparison
Metric Ton of MixMix Type Kgs of
AsphaltKgs of Rubber
Kgs of Stone
HMA 42 0 958
940
918
Gap Graded 48 12
Open Graded 66 16
The Most Important Factor in the Success of Asphalt-Rubber:
HEAT MANAGEMENT• Virgin Asphalt Temp: >350° F (177 C)• Binder Temperature:325 °-375° F (163–191 C)• Aggregate Temperature: <350° F (177 C)• Mix Temp. b/f Breakdown: >275° F (135 C)• Ambient/Surface Temp: >65°/85°F (18/30 C)
Emission Studies
ISTEA Mandate in 1991 provided a great quantity of data, the rubber is not
subjected to temperatures great enough to cause “rubber” emissions.
Evaluation of Exhaust Gas Emissions and Evaluation of Exhaust Gas Emissions and Worker Exposure from Asphalt Rubber Worker Exposure from Asphalt Rubber
Binders in Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Binders in Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Kathryn OKathryn O’’C. GunkelC. Gunkel
Wildwood Environmental Engineering Wildwood Environmental Engineering Consultants, Inc.Consultants, Inc.
Michigan Department of TransportationMichigan Department of Transportation
19941994
Quantified Emissions From Seven Mixtures
• Control 1 – 85/100 Pen AC 30% RAP• Control 2 – No Rubber, No RAP• Control 3 – No Rubber, 20% RAP• RBR 1 – Wet Process, No RAP• RBR 2 – No Rubber, 20% RBR RAP• RBR 3 – Wet Process, 20% RBR RAP• RBR 4 – Dry Process, No RAP
Operating Data/Conditions/ Measurements
Control 2 RBR 1
HMA Production Rate (tons per hour) 351 357 Dry Aggregate Rate (TPH) 330 333 Asphalt Cement Added (%) 5.75% 6.84% Materials moisture content 4.17% 5.21% Fuel Consumption (gal/hr) 655 690 Exhaust Gas Temperature (F) 311 324 Mix Temperature (F) 296 316 Sample Volume (SCF) 46.501 42.823 Sample Volume (cu. m) 1.317 1.213 Exhaust Gas Moisture (%) 27.0% 29.3% Stack Temperature (F) 260 271 Actual Exhaust Gas Flow (ACFM) 89,540 95,450 Dry Exhaust Gas Flow (DSCFM) 47,076 47,836 Dry Exhaust Gas Flow (DSCMM) 1,333 1,355
The Operating Conditions Are Similar
Continuous Emissions Measurements and Method 18 Results
Control 2 RBR 1
CO2, %, Orsat Result 5.79% 6.02% O2, %, Orsat Result 12.75% 12.10% N2, %, Orsat Result 81.46% 81.88% Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 6.00% 6.48% Oxygen (O2) 12.87% 12.18% Carbon Monoxide (CO) PPM 430.5 259.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) PPM 139.3 124.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) PPM 74.4 76.7 Non Methane Total Hydrocarbons (NMTHC) as Carbon PPM
225.5 183.0
Methane (CH4) as measured PPM 27.7 10.6 Methane as Carbon PPM 20.7 7.9 Total Hydrocarbons (THC) as Carbon PPM
245.1 191.3
NMTHC as Carbon PPM 225.5 183.0
The Emissions Are Similar
PAH Emissions Measurements (lbs/hr) Control 2 RBR 1 Acenaphthene 0.0018 0.0021 Acenaphthylene 0.0022 0.0026 Anthracene 0.0003 ND Benzo Anthracene 0.0002 ND Chrysene 0.0003 ND Fluoranthene 0.0030 0.0024 Fluorene 0.0051 0.0055 Naphthalene 0.0502 0.0622 Naphthalene, 2-Methyl- 0.0578 0.0788 Phenanthrene 0.0120 0.0141 Pyrene 0.0030 0.0022 Cumene 0.0056 0.0069 o-Cresol (2-Methylphenol) 0.0029 0.0011 m-/p-Cresol (3-/4-Methylphenol) 0.0052 0.0058
The Emissions Are Similar
Conclusions
• Rubber does not contribute significantly to any increase in undesirable compounds.
• The base asphalt and burner fuels will cause greater changes in emissions than rubber.
Crockford, W.W., Makunike, D., Crockford, W.W., Makunike, D., Davison, R.R., Scullion, T. and Billiter, Davison, R.R., Scullion, T. and Billiter,
T.C. T.C.
Report FHWA/TXReport FHWA/TX--95/133395/1333--1F.1F.Texas Transportation InstituteTexas Transportation Institute
May 1995May 1995
Recycling Crumb Rubber Recycling Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Modified Asphalt
PavementsPavements
“...the material is recyclable and that the recycled material, if properly designed and constructed, should have acceptable long-term performance.”
““...air quality does not seem to be any more severe ...air quality does not seem to be any more severe a problem than it is with conventional asphalt.a problem than it is with conventional asphalt.””
“…“…the effect of CRM on emissions may be relatively the effect of CRM on emissions may be relatively small in comparison to the effects of other small in comparison to the effects of other variables.variables.””
TTI Conclusions
Percent Cracking Arizona DOT Materials Group
0123456789
10111213
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Years
Perc
ent
Crac
king
Overlays/Inlays
AR-ACFC
New Const,Neat Asphalt
Smoothness Inches/Mile Arizona DOT Materials Group
01020304050607080
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
Inch
/Mile
ACFCAR-ACFC
Arizona DOT, Materials Group, Maintenance Cost, Dollars Per Lane Mile
0200400600800
1000120014001600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Years
$/Ln
Mile
Neat AsphaltAR-ACFC
Reduced Maintenance Costs
• Greater Durability– Thicker Film on Aggregates
• Better Aging Properties– Anti-Oxidants & UV Inhibitors in
Rubber• Resists Thermal Cracking
Significant Cost Savings vs. Total Reconstruct
Reconstruct Section: $216,675 per lane-mileResurface w/Asphalt-Rubber: $ 39,564 per lane-mile
Savings: $177,111 per lane-mile
An 82% cost savings!!!!!
*SOURCE: Los Angeles County Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Technology Center
Typical Costs of Paving Materials-Arizona DOT
Asphalt Concrete - Dense Graded (5% Binder)
Aggregate + Mix, Place, Compact = $20.00 ton
Asphalt = 8.20 ton
Total = $28.20 ton
Square yard, 1 inch thick = $1.55
Asphalt Rubber Concrete - Gap Graded (8% Binder)
Aggregate + Mix,Place, Compact = $22.00 ton
Asphalt Rubber at 8% Binder = 19.80 ton
$41.80 ton
Square yard - Inch = $2.05
Asphalt Rubber Concrete – Open Graded (10% Binder) Asphalt Concrete Aggregate + Mix, Place, Compact = $26.00 ton Asphalt Rubber = 23.00 ton Total = $49.00 ton Square yard - Inch = $2.15Other costs to be considered
– Grind and Groove (PCCP)– Cost of Project Management (Might be significant on
some projects)– Raising curbs, guard rail, sign posts, and structure.– Thickness of lifts (AC DG 4 inches, ARC GG 2 inches, AR
OGFC 1 inches)– Disposal of old tires– Tack Coats
Cost Reconsidered
Material Cost SquareYard
Inch
Typical Layer Thickness
Cost Square Yard
AC DG $1.55 4 inches $6.20
$4.10
$2.15
AR GG $2.05 2 inches
AR OGFC $2.15 1 inch
Things You Need
• DOT/Agency Champion– Bituminous Material Engineer– Pavement Design Engineer– Laboratory Supervisor
Things You Need
• Knowledge Base– Binder Design– Mix Design– Testing LabsMore likely to change aggregate gradation
due to Superpave developments
80% of failures/problems due to dense graded aggregate, 20% due to low binder content.
Things You Need
• Local Tire Processor– Beneficial use of local scrap tire generation– Scrap tire supply
Crumb Rubber -16-30 Mesh is commonly used; less than 0.01% wire, 0.5% fiber and free of other contaminants.
Things That Help
• Tire Law or Program– Loans– Grants– Production Subsidy– Economic Development
• Political Champion– Local EPA and DOT interface
• Contractors
Things to Try
• Noise Reduction– Neighborhood or community groups near
freeways– Many old PCCP need rehab
Analysis of Traffic Noise From U.S. 60 Before and After Paving With Asphalt-Rubber
www.rubberpavements.org
Han Zhu, Ph.D.
Arizona State University Civil Engineering
Douglas D. CarlsonRubber Pavements Association
Can XiaoArizona State University Civil Engineering
US 60 Noise Analysis Locations 180 meters West of KyreneUS 60 Noise Analysis Locations 180 meters West of Kyrene
US 60 Noise AnalysisUS 60 Noise Analysis
Location Before After DecreaseShoulder (15m) 79.8 72.6 7.2Soundwall (30m) 76.6 67.1 9.5Residential (120m) 51.7 45.6 6.1
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Dec
ibel
s dB
Before 1 Mo After 4 Years After
1995 1995 1999
Noise Reduction After Repaving with DGAC Sacramento Co. PW
60616263646566676869
Dec
ibel
s d
B
Before 1 Mo After 16 Mos later 6 Yrs later
1993 1993 1995 1999
Noise Reduction After Repaving with A-R Sacramento Co. PW
State Tires Used in Asphalt (000s) ADOT CalTran TxDOT FDOT Totals
1995 1,150 620 475 1,625 3,870
1996 813 1,240 305 1,500 3,858
1997 1,150 700 420 1,380 3,650
1998 2,050 360 1,110 1,680 5,200
1999 1,800 1,500 433 2,955 6,688
2000 1,486 1,800 762 1,700 5,748
2001 1,500 2,100 1,366 1,600 6,566
9,949 8,320 4,871 12,440 35,580
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