assamese mughal conflict

BATTLES IN THE NORTH EAST : 1615-67

PREVIEW

Background : Ahom-Mughal conflicts

First Ahom Mughal conflict : 1615

Lachit Borphukan & Battle of Saraighat

Lessons learnt

Ahom Mughal conflicts : 1636-1658

Invasion of Mir Jumla

NORTH EAST EMPIRES - 17TH CENTURY

Mughal Empire

Ahom Kingdom

Jaintia Kingdom

Kachari Kingdom

Manipur Kingdom

Koch Kingdom

BACKGROUND OF AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICTS

Koch Kingdom 1587 – King Nara Narayana

East Koch Kingdom – King Lakshimi Narayana

West Koch Kingdom – Parikshit Narayana

Rivalry betn East & West Koch Kingdom

Alliance : East Koch– Mughals

Indep West Koch Kingdom

Mughal Empire

Ahom Kingdom

E KochW Koch

BRAHMAPUTRA R

Cooch Behar

EXTENT OF EAST AND WEST KOCH KINGDOM

East Koch Kingdom

West Koch KingdomBrahmaputra R

Sankosh R Bharali R

BRAHMAPUTRA R

Cooch Behar

MUGHAL ATTK ON WEST KOCH KINGDOM : 1602

East Koch Kingdom

West Koch KingdomBrahmaputra R

Sankosh R Bharali R

Dhubri

Mughals adv towards Dhubri under Ali Kuli Khan

Mughal ally Lakshimi Narayana adv towards Dhubri

Dhubri captured and Mughals occu West Koch Kingdom

Parikshit Narayana imprisoned

FIRST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615

Dhubri

Barzapur

Manas R

Pratap Singha of Ahom Dynasty and Bali Narayana formed alliance

Bali Narayana brother of Parikshit took refuge with the Ahoms

Mughal adv from East Koch Kingdom towards Ahom Kingdom

1st Ahom Mughal conflict begunHajo

Mughal force mov from Barzapur to Hajo under Sayyid Baqr, Jamal Khan & Raja Satrajit of Bhusna

Mughal HQ est at Hajo

FIRST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615

Hajo

Kaliabor

Sala Fort

Nagaon

Brahmaputra R

Kajali

Kajali under Ahom dynasty occu

Mughals adv towards Kaliabor & Sala fort occu

Ahoms strengthened def at Samdhara Fort

Mughals adv to Samdhara Fort

Tezpur

Hajo

Kajali

Kaliabor

1ST AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1615

Brahmaputra R

Bharali R

Samdhara

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Hajo

Kajali

Kaliabor

Tezpur Samdhara

Mughal adv towards Samdhara across the Bharali R

Ahoms repulsed the Mughals on the banks of Bharali R

Sala Fort

Mughals retreated and est fortifications on the other side of Bharali R

Mughals another attempt to cross Bharali R successful

Brahmaputra R

Bharali R

Samdhara

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Sala Fort

LOST TERRITORIES REGAINED BY AHOMS : 1616

Addl Ahom forces sent to Samdhara

Ahoms launched CA under Bella Bargohain

Mughals under Aba Baqr taken by surprise and dislodged

Mughals retreated to other side of Bharali R

Three pronged attk launched across Bharali R

Ahom hold est on both banks of Bharali R

FIRST AHOM MUGHAL CONFLICT : GAINS AND LOSSES

Mughal cdr Aba Baqr killed by Bella Bargohain

Raja Satrajit escaped

1700 killed , 3400 wounded & 900 captured

Large caches -elephants , horses , war boats, swords and munitions captured

New fort constr at Samdhara

Ahoms territorial expanse upto Barnadi R

EXPANSE OF TERRITORIES AFTER FIRST CONFLICT

Sankosh R

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Brahmaputra R

Nowmati

Barnadi R Bharali R

Hajo

Pandu

KamrupAhom Kingdom

Mughal Empire

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Brahmaputra R

Nowmati

Barnadi R Bharali R

Hajo

Bali Narayana attk Mughal outpost at Nowmati across Barnadi R

Kenglai Chetia occu Hajo

Abdus Sala Governor of Kamrup urged for rft from Bengal Viceroy Islam Khan

Rft from Ghoraghat (present day Bangladesh) delayed

Ahoms adv towards Saraighat and Pandu

PanduSaraighat

Mughals suffered hvy cas

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636

Hajo

PanduBrahmaputra R

Saraighat

Ahoms captured Saraighat & Pandu

Raja Satrajit at Pandu surrendered

Mughal rft from Ghoraghat arr at Pandu

Ahoms dislodged from Pandu and retreated to Saraighat

Mughas under Zeinul Abidin recaptured Saraighat and Hajo

Hajo

PanduBrahmaputra R

Saraighat

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636

Mughals plonged at Saraighat and Hajo under Zienul Abidin

Raja Satrajit remained at Pandu but now became a spy of Ahoms

Huge rft sent by Pratap Singha at Pandu both via land and water

Raja Satrajit revealed Mughal dispositions to Ahoms

Ahom def strengthened at Pandu

Guwahati

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1636

Ahom navy launched ni attk at Saraighat

GuwahatiGoalpara

ChunariPandu

Brahmaputra R

Mughals retreated to Sualkuchi

Pratap Singha wanted to free Kamrup from Mughals

Mughals faced hvy defeat at Sualkuchi and Hajo

Kamrup

Hajo

SaraighatSualkuchi

Ahoms captured areas upto Goalpara and Chunari along the S bank of Brahmaputra RThe Ahoms est sovereignty on either banks of Brahmaputra R and in most parts of Kamrup

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637

KaraibariHatisala

Solmari

Goalpara

Dhubri

Jagighopa

In late dec rfts came for Mughals under Mir Zeinuddin and Allah Yar KhanMughals attk Karaibari and HQ Hatisila ruled by Chandra Narayana

Mughals then occu all Ahom fortifications upto Goalpara

Mughals crossed the Brahmaputra R and reached DhubriAhoms def at Jagighopa strengthened to check Mughal adv

Mughals occu Jagighopa

Guwahati

Brahmaputra R

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637

GoalparaKaraibari

Hatisila

Solmari

Dhubri

Jagighopa

Guwahati

Bhabhanipur

BarnagarBishnupur

Kalapani

By Apr 1637 Mughals reached Bishnupur capturing imp fortifications

Ahom forces retreated to Kalapani under Bali Narayana

Bali Narayana strengthened fortifications at Kalapani and with assistance from King Pratap Singha

Brahmaputra R

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT-1637

GoalparaKaraibari

Hatisila

Solmari

Dhubri

Jagighopa

Guwahati

BarpetaBhabhanipur

BarnagarBishnupur

Kalapani

Mughals under Md Zaman CA against the Ahoms

Bali Narayana launched successive ni attks and recaptured Bishnupur , Barnagar and Bhabhanipur by 31 Oct

On 01 Nov fierce battle fought betn Md Zaman & Bali Narayana at Barpeta

Brahmaputra R

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT : 1637-38

In Nov Mughal land forces under Md Zaman adv towards Hajo and captured it

GuwahatiBrahmaputra R

Barpeta

Hajo

SaraighatPandu

Kajali

In Dec Mughal land forces and naval fleet under Masum Khan simultaneously attk Saraighat

Ahom forces retreated to Pandu

In Jan 1638 Mughals overran Pandu and captured Kajali fort

Ahom survivors withdrew to Kaliabor under Momai Tamuli

Mughal’s Aim – To capture Ahom capital Garhgaon overrunning Sala and Samdhara

EXPANSE OF TERRITORIES : 1638

Sankosh R

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Brahmaputra R

Nowmati

Barnadi R Bharali R

Hajo

Pandu

KamrupAhom Kingdom

Mughal Empire

Brahmaputra R

Bharali R

Samdhara

Kaliabor

Tezpur

Duiminisila

AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1638

In Oct 1638 Mughals with Pran Narayana of East Koch kingdom adv to attk Samdhara

The Mughal forces encamped at Duimunisila

Meanwhile Momai Tamuli reorg his exhausted forces at Samdhara

Mughals cautious of the previous defeat at Samdhara delayed the attk by a month and a half

Momai Tamuli took the Mughals by surprise and attk them with full str

FINAL AHOM-MUGHAL CONFLICT - 1638

Brahmaputra R

Duiminisila

Kaliabor

Kajali

Guwahati

Barnadi R

Tezpur

Bharali R

In Nov 1638 after three days naval battle in Duimunisila with Ahoms, Mughal under Md Zaman and Mir Zeinuddin retreated to Kajali

Ahoms overran Mughals at Kajali and reached Guwahati in pursuit of the Mughals

Peace Treaty of Asurar Ali signed betn the Allah Yar Khan Governor of Kamrup and Momai Tamuli

Brahmaputra R

Duiminisila

Kaliabor

Kajali

Tezpur

Bharali R

Asurar

TREATY OF ASURAR ALI - 1639

Guwahati

Barnadi R

The treaty fixed the Barnadi R in the north and Asurar in the south of Brahmaputra R as bdy betn Ahoms and Mughals

Kamrup Ahoms

COLD WAR PD : 1639- 58

Violation of pers freedom of subjects

Mughal capital shifted from Hajo to Guwahati

Pratap Singha died in 1641, Jayadhwaj Singha – new king

Resumption of trade

Diplomatic correspondence betn Momai Tamuli and Allah Yar Khan showing gestures of peace

Mughals Khedah ops in Darrang

Extradition of political offenders

Evidently the Treaty of

Asurar Ali was honoured more in its

breach than obs

Mughal Empire

Ahom Kingdom

W Koch

Mughals overthrown from Kamrup

RENEWAL OF CONFLICT

Entire territory betn the Barnadi R & Sankosh R under Ahom rule

Kamrup

Kamrup – Bone of contention betn Ahoms and Mughals

Shah Jahan’s illness and Shuja’s absence from Bengal

Ahoms under Tangchu and the West Koch Kingdom under Jaya Narayana attk Mughal Kamrup

Aurangzeb appt Mir Jumla as the new Governor of Bengal

INVASION OF MIR JUMLA

Mir tasked to conquer Assam and Arakan

Mir detected some signs of crack in the Ahom allies

New king of Kamrup Jaya narayana - deserted the Ahoms

Jaya Narayana apprised sit of Kamrup and Assam to Mir

Mir deputed Rashid Khan against Ahoms

INVASION OF MIR JUMLA : 1662

In Jan 1662 Mir occu Jagighopa and adv on three fronts

N bank – Mir Jumla, S Bank – Sayyid Khan

SaraighatJagighopa

KajaliHajo

PanduSualkuchi

Beltala

DarrangSamdhara

Simalugarh Garhgaon

Goalpara

DhubriGuwahati

N Bank – Hajo, Sualkuchi, Saraighat & Darrang captured

S bank –Guwahati, Pandu, Beltala & Kajali

Mughals adv further east towards Ahom capital Garhgaon

TRIUMPHAL MARCH OF MIR JUMLA TO GARHGAON

Saraighat

Hajo

Beltala

Darrang

Garhgaon

Ahom King Jayadhwaj conc def at twin strongholds

Mughals encircled Simalugarh & captured

Jagighopa

Kajali

PanduSualkuchi

SamdharaSimalugarh

Goalpara

DhubriGuwahati

Withdrawal of Ahom forces at Samdhara

In Mar 1662 Garhgaon was captured

Treaty of Ghilajharighat signed on 23 Jan 1663

Kaliabor

Namrup

TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT : 1663

Signed by Mir Jumla & Jayadhwaj

Dowry of 20,000 tolas gold, 1,20,000 tolas silver and 20 dressed elephants

An yearly war indemenity of 30,000 tolas silver and 90 elephants

Pay annual tribute of 20 elephants at Guwahati

Return areas from Manas R to Guwahati

Cede areas of Kamrup to Mughals

Send four hostages, one each from the royal family of Ahoms

Release captives of Mughal Kamrup

EXPANSE OF TERRITORY : TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT

Signed by Mir Jumla & Jayadhwaj

Mughal emperor paid dowry of 20,000 tolas gold, 1,20,000 tolas silver and 20 dressed elephants

Ahoms paid yearly war indemenity of 30,000 tolas silver and 90 elephants

Pay annual tribute of 20 elephants at Guwahati

Return areas from Manas R to Guwahati

Cede areas of Kamrup to Mughals

Send four hostages, one each from the royal family of Ahoms

Release captives of Mughal Kamrup

AHOM KINGDOM

MUGHAL EMPIRE

Bharali R

Sankosh R

Manas R

EXPANSE OF TERRITORY : TREATY OF GHILAJHARIGHAT

LACHIT BORPHUKAN AND

THE BATTLE OF SARAIGHAT

AHOM KINGDOM – 1663 : POL & MIL CHANGES

King Jayadhwaj died and Chakradhwaj took over

SaraighatJagighopa

KajaliHajo

PanduSualkuchi

Beltala

DarrangSamdhara

Simalugarh Garhgaon

Goalpara

DhubriGuwahati

Jaintia Kingdom

Kachari Kingdom

Diplomatic talks with Jaintia & Kachari kingdoms

Lachit Deka Borphukan appt as the chief of Ahom Forces

Mughal Empire

Ahom Kingdom

Atan Borhogohain appt as Prime Minister

LACHIT BORPHUKAN

Born on 24 Nov 1622 to Momai Tamuli Borbarua

Educated in humanities, mil tactics & holy scriptures

Held various other imp appts before appt as Ahom Army Gen

Strengthened the Ahom Army

Clever diplomat and great mil ldr with unusual grit, will power, stamina and depth of judgement

“If you (the soldiers) want to flee, flee. The king has given me a task here and I will do it well. Let the Mughals take me away. You rep to the king that his Gen fought well fwg his orders.”

Ardent patriot as Chatrapati Shivaji

LACHIT BORPHUKAN

Born on 24 nov 1622 to Momai Tamuli Borbarua

Educated in humanities, mil tactics & holy scriptures

Held various other imp appts before appt as Ahom Army Gen

Strengthened the Ahom Army

Clever diplomat and great mil ldr with unusual grit, will power, stamina and depth of judgement

“If you (the soldiers) want to flee, flee. The king has given me a task here and I will do it well. Let the Mughals take me away. You rep to the king that his Gen fought well fwg his orders.”

Ardent patriot

Saraighat

Hajo

Beltala

Darrang

Garhgaon

Jagighopa

Kajali

PanduSualkuchi

SamdharaSimalugarh

Goalpara

DhubriGuwahati

Kaliabor

LACHIT PREP HIS ARMY FOR WAR : 1663-1667

Incr in food production

New fortifications at Samdhara, Simalugarh & Kaliabor

New war vessels constr & fitted with cannons

Mfg of arms and amn under pers supervision

Rd along Brahmaputra R from Kaliabor to capital Garhgaon duly guarded

Indn of new rects

Rehearsals of battle drills

MUGHAL DEF - 1667

UmanandaBarnadi R

Rangamahal

Saraighat

Hajo

Itakhuli

Pandu

Latasil

Kajali

Guwahati

Sualkuchi

Shah Buruz

Brahmaputra R

Darrang

Ahom forces under Lachit adv towards Guwahati

LACHIT RECAPTURES GUWAHATI : 1667

Lachit made Kaliabor his base camp & adv with two div

Umananda

Rangamahal

Saraighat

Itakhuli

Pandu

Latasil

Kajali

Sualkuchi

Shah Buruz

Darrang

Kaliabor

Hajo

Brahmaputra R

N div – Atan BorhagohainS div – Nausilia Phukan Barnadi R

N div pushed Mughals across Barnadi RS div dislodged Mughals upto Itakhuli

Umananda

Rangamahal

Pandu

Latasil

KajaliShah Buruz

Darrang

Saraighat

Sualkuchi

Kaliabor

Hajo

Barnadi RUmananda

Rangamahal

Pandu

Latasil

KajaliShah Buruz

Darrang

LACHIT RECAPTURES GUWAHATI : 1667

ItakhuliItakhuli

Saraighat

Sualkuchi

Hajo

Manas R

Mughals pushed beyond Manas R

In Nov 1667 Itakhuli captured

Brahmaputra R

DEF OF AHOMS

SARAIGHAT

KalahiBoko

Rangamahal

Hajo

Sualkuchi

Saraighat

Itakhuli

Pandu

Latasil

Shah Buruz

Brahmaputra R

Nagarberra

Manas R

HQ Guwahati – Lachit BorphukanN sector – Atan BorhagohainS sector – Lahan Hazarika

Ram Singh commissioned as Mughal Gen against Ahoms who adv upto Hajo

Fortifications at Saraighat strengthened

Region upto Manas R strengthened

THE FINAL ATTK

Agiathuti

Kajali

AndharubaliKoolhati

Akul Ali

Sualkuchi Itakhuli

Pandu

Latasil

Shah Buruz

Hajo

Saraighat

Rangamahal

Mughals beseiged Agiathuti, Saraighat and Rangmahal on the N bank

Naval forces adv towards Saraighat and est forts just short of Ahom cannon fire

Mughals encircled by Ahoms, retreated to Hajo

Ram Singh adv on the S bank and invested Pandu

Monsoons began and the Mughals retreated to Sualkuchi

Rft for Ahoms arr at Sarighat from Samdhara

LESSONS LEARNT

Leadership

Trn analysis

Decision making

Delaying tactics

Planning and prep for war

Small team ops

JAI HIND