assessment of radio spectrum depletion on atc voice communications
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Steve Zaidman, AAF-1George Sakai, ASR-1
Federal Aviation AdministrationWashington, DC
September 16, 2003 There are no benefits to compromising safety…only dire
consequences
Assessment of Radio Spectrum Depletion onATC Voice Communications
2
Objective
To determine the availability of frequencies to meet the FAA’s
spectrum requirements until 2015
3
Methodology• How many new en-route sectors can be
accommodated in today’s environment at all 20 centers…• Without implementation of 23 Initiatives?• With the implementation of some Initiatives?• With optimization?
• How many new terminal requirements can be supported at 4 major OEP airports…• Without implementation of 23 Initiatives?• With the implementation of some Initiatives?• With optimization?
4
Spectrum Depletion Analysis(Without Implementation of 23 Initiatives)
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZDC20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZID96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZNY86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOB45 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZTL02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZAB65 M134.025 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZJX11 M120.975 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZKC97 M135.650 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZMA67 M135.900 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZME21 M124.975 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZHU81 M135.275 M133.825 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZMP28 M127.675 M133.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOA36 M132.825 M125.825 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZDV30 M119.975 M125.825 M125.125 M134.200 --- --- --- --- ---ZLA35 M118.175 M132.975 M125.975 M134.175 --- --- --- --- ---ZSE07 M119.675 M124.175 M120.450 M121.075 M134.650 M127.025 --- --- ---ZBW02 M123.675 M134.075 M126.625 M127.875 M128.625 M121.375 M125.425 --- ---ZFW86 M124.325 M126.075 M125.225 M120.575 M127.275 M128.625 --- --- ---ZLC15 M120.875 M124.850 M124.275 M123.775 M121.400 M133.700 M128.525 M125.525 M132.925
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZDC20 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZID96 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZNY86 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOB45 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZTL02 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZAB65 M134.025 M119.625 M126.975 M135.775 ---- --- --- --- ---ZJX11 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZKC97 M135.650 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZMA67 M120.475 M125.450 M124.100 M133.425 M127.975 ----ZME21 M124.975 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZHU81 M128.625 M135.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZMP28 M127.675 M133.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOA36 M127.750 M125.550 M125.050 M119.425 M124.525 M126.475 M128.525ZDV30 M126.350 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZLA35 M118.175 M134.175 M132.975 M121.025 M125.375 M125.975 --- --- ---ZSE07 M124.175 M125.425 M126.450 M119.725 M120.450 M121.275 M124.875 --- ---ZBW02 M124.825 M118.925 M127.525 M123.675 M126.625 M132.825 M134.225 --- ---ZFW86 M121.225 M120.575 M124.525 M126.075 M133.375 ---- --- --- ---ZLC15 M121.050 M128.525 M134.375 M124.275 M125.825 ---- ---- ---- ---
HIG
H (
FL
>=
24
0,
<=
32
9)
Ru
n 7
Ru
n 8
Ru
n 9
TOTALS 47
TOTALS 53
Ru
n 5
Ru
n 6
SU
PE
R-H
IGH
(F
L >
= 3
30
)
Spectrum Availability Prior to 23 Initiatives
Ru
n 1
Ru
n 2
Sector ID
Ru
n 3
Ru
n 4
5
Spectrum Depletion Analysis – Con’t(Without Implementation of 23 Initiatives)
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZDC20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZID96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZNY86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOB45 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZTL02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZAB65 M134.025 M119.625 M127.500 M133.575 M134.625 M135.775 --- --- ---ZJX11 ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZKC97 M135.650 M133.375 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZMA67 M120.275 M120.775 M124.100 M125.675 M127.825 M132.025 M133.425 --- ---ZME21 M124.975 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZHU81 M128.625 M120.575 M125.525 M126.275 M135.275 --- --- --- ---ZMP28 M127.675 M133.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOA36 M127.750 M119.425 M125.050 M125.550 M126.100 M127.075 --- --- ---ZDV30 M126.350 M121.400 M124.725 M125.875 M127.100 --- --- --- ---ZLA35 M118.175 M118.825 M119.600 M121.325 M125.375 M125.975 M132.300 --- ---ZSE07 M124.175 M119.725 M120.450 M121.275 M123.875 M124.625 M125.575 M126.150 ---ZBW02 M124.825 M118.925 M120.750 M123.675 M126.825 M127.525 M132.825 --- ---ZFW86 M121.225 M120.575 M124.575 M133.350 --- --- --- --- ---ZLC15 M121.050 M124.925 M125.850 M126.625 M128.475 M132.925 M133.775 M134.375 ---
JFK --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ORD --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ATL --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
DFW --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Sector ID
Ru
n 3
Ru
n 4
Spectrum Availability Prior to 23 Initiatives
Ru
n 1
Ru
n 2
Ru
n 5
Ru
n 6
LO
W (
FL
= 0
00
, <
= 2
39
)
Ru
n 7
Ru
n 8
Ru
n 9
TOTALS 68
TOTALS 0
TE
RM
INA
L
6
Spectrum Depletion Analysis – Con’t(With Implementation of Some Initiatives)
135.85 135.95 123.575
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- --- ---ZDC20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- --- ---ZID96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y Y --- ---ZNY86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZOB45 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZTL02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZAB65 M118.925 M128.125 M127.075 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- *--- *--- 9 24ZJX11 M121.875 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- 3 3ZKC97 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- --- ---ZMA67 M120.275 M120.875 M121.075 M124.925 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 8 10ZME21 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---ZHU81 M126.325 M123.925 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 6ZMP28 M133.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3 3ZOA36 M118.125 M124.975 M121.325 M125.825 M127.725 M124.375 M134.700 M123.625 --- --- Y --- --- 6 25ZDV30 M120.975 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- 4ZLA35 M132.300 M120.425 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 12 24ZSE07 M125.275 M126.075 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 20 25ZBW02 M120.675 M127.275 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- 7ZFW86 M127.875 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- 7 12ZLC15 M126.525 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- --- 25
5 (6) 3 (5) 1 (3) 68 168
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y ---- --- --- ---ZDC20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- Y --- --- ---ZID96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- Y --- ---ZNY86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- ---- --- --- ---ZOB45 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- --- ---ZTL02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- --- ---ZAB65 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *---- *---- Y 6 10ZJX11 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- --- ---ZKC97 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- Y --- --- ---ZMA67 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- *---- --- --- 6ZME21 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- --- ---ZHU81 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *---- ---- Y --- 3ZMP28 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- 1 3ZOA36 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y ---- --- 4 10ZDV30 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- --- 10ZLA35 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- Y --- 9 10ZSE07 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- --- 10 10ZBW02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y ---- --- --- 2ZFW86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y ---- --- --- 1ZLC15 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y ---- Y --- 10
5 (8) 3 (5) 4 30 75
Additional Optimization & 23 Initiatives
Flight Inspection Frequencies
AFTRCC Freq****Sector
ID
Ru
n 6
Ru
n 7 w/o
Intermod. Criteria
w/o Air-Show or
Fire-Fighting
SU
PE
R-H
IGH
(F
L >
= 3
30
)
Ru
n 4
Ru
n 5
Spectrum Availability With Some of the 23 Initiatives
Ru
n 8
Ru
n 9
Ru
n 1
0
Ru
n 1
Ru
n 2
Ru
n 3
Add'l Freq. Runs
TOTALS 28
TOTALS 0
HIG
H (
FL
>=
24
0,
<=
32
9)
Notes: *--- indicates that the frequency can be assigned if inter-modulation problems are resolved Values in ( ) indicate the total number of potential assignments, including *---
7
Spectrum Depletion Analysis - Con’t(With Implementation of Some Initiatives)
135.85 135.95 123.575
ZAU41 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- Y --- ---ZDC20 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- ---ZID96 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- --- ---ZNY86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- *--- --- ---ZOB45 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- ---ZTL02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- --- ---ZAB65 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- *--- Y 4 12ZJX11 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- 2ZKC97 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- 2 2ZMA67 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- 3 11ZME21 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1 1ZHU81 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y *--- --- 5ZMP28 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 3 3ZOA36 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y 8 28ZDV30 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- --- 9 13ZLA35 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y *--- --- 20 30ZSE07 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 30 30ZBW02 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- 8 13ZFW86 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Y --- --- 4 4ZLC15 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- Y 4 30
3 (6) 4 (10) 5 (8) 65 179
JFK --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1
ORD --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- --- --- ---
ATL --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 2
DFW --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- *--- --- 60 (1) 0 0 (1) 0 9TOTALS 0
TE
RM
INA
L
TOTALS 0
Add'l Freq. Runs
LO
W (
FL
= 0
00
, <
= 2
39
)
Ru
n 1
0
Ru
n 1
Ru
n 2
Ru
n 3
Ru
n 4
Ru
n 5
Spectrum Availability With Some of the 23 Initiatives
Ru
n 8
Ru
n 9
Additional Optimization & 23 Initiatives
Flight Inspection Frequencies
AFTRCC Freq****Sector
ID
Ru
n 6
Ru
n 7 w/o
Intermod. Criteria
w/o Air-Show or
Fire-Fighting
Notes: *--- indicates that the frequency can be assigned if inter-modulation problems are resolved Values in ( ) indicate the total number of potential assignments, including *---
8
Spectrum Depletion Analysis - Con’t(With Optimization)
• En-route: To support 1 additional high sector requirement for ZNY, the following re-tunes to the existing environment are required
• Terminal: To support 1 additional departure/arrival requirement at JFK, the following re-tunes to the existing environment are required
9
Spectrum Depletion Analysis Summary• Without Optimization of Existing Environment
• En-route: No channels available for Super High, High, and Low sectors in ZAU, ZDC, ZID, ZNY, ZOB, and ZTL
• Terminal: No channels available for JFK, ATL, ORD, and DFW
• With Optimization of Existing Environment• Provides the potential ability to satisfy additional requirements
• Examples• En-route: 6 existing facilities need to be re-tuned to accommodate 1 new
high enroute sector in ZNY• Terminal: 5 existing facilities need to be re-tuned to accommodate 1 new
departure/arrival requirement at JFK
10
What We Can Support until 2015• En-route
• Without Optimization• Accommodate up to 3 new Super High, High, or Low en-route sector requirements
for the Eastern-half of the US (provided that 2 flight-inspection channels are moved above 136 MHz and a frequency “swap” with AFTRCC is accomplished)
• If all commercial and business aircraft are equipped with 760 channel radios, up to 30 additional new Super High, High, or Low en-route sector requirements in the US can be accommodated
• With Optimization• May be able to satisfy additional requirements (approx. 3-5) in the Eastern-half of
the US, however, it would be difficult and costly
• Terminal• Without Optimization
• No frequencies currently available for the 4 OEP airports used in the study. Other OEP airports will likely have similar or limited number of available channels.
• With Optimization• Additional requirements (2-3 per OEP airport in congested areas) may be satisfied
11
What Needs to be Done if NEXCOM IOCis Delayed Until 2015
• Restrict Air-Traffic operational requirements (e.g. National Airspace Re-Design)
• Obtain funding to complete the following:• Procure maintenance radios for AF technicians (frees-up 2 flight inspection
frequencies below 136 MHz)• Move users above 136 MHz (Treasury, Customs, AFTRCC, etc.)• Procure equipment for increased co-site interference mitigation• “Optimize” the VHF spectrum in congested areas• Procure equipment and resources for more selective keying (frees up approx.
113 frequency assignments)• Procure equipment and resources for 6 kHz “off-set” carrier frequency use
• Require all commercial and business aircraft to upgrade to 760 channel radios (This will require rule-making)
• Air-Traffic needs to complete Phase II of the AT frequency audit
12
BackgroundInformation
13
Problem: Limited VHF Resource FAA DoD
Other Federal Non-Federal
54-72 MHz TVChannels 2,3,4
76-88 MHz TVChannels 5,6
88-108MHz FMBroadcast
118 MHz 122 MHz124 MHz 129 MHz
132 MHz
136.0MHz
137.0 MHz
VOR / ILS
108 MHz
ATCVoice
ATCVoice
AOC VoiceACARS
ATCVoice
NAV108-117.975 MHz
COMM.117.975 MHz-137.0 MHz
ATC ATC ATC
Oth
er
AOC AO
C
136.5 MHz
108-137 MHz VHFNav and Comm
108-137 MHz VHFNav and Comm
14
ATIS/AWOS/ASOS15.3%
Current VHF Spectrum Utilization
AOC 19.5%
Others 10%
ATS 70.5%
EnRoute25.3%
Terminal40.2%
Channel UsageAir Traffic Services Usage
All Others 12.5%
Search & Rescue 6.7%(121.5 MHz, 123.1 MHz)
Total Number of Channels Available (118-137 MHz): 760 Total Channels Available for ATC: 535** Number of channels include those channels made available from implemented VHF initiatives to date.
15
U. S. Growth of ATC Frequency AssignmentsN
um
ber
of
VH
F A
ssig
nm
ents
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 0201
Average increase in number of channel assignments per year = 307
16
This Leads to VHF Congestion
• Increasingly difficult to satisfy ATC requirements in some parts of the country• New York
• Washington D.C.
• Chicago
• Cleveland
• Atlanta
• New spectrum requirements continue to grow -- additional sectors, runways, FIS, AWOS/ASOS, etc.
17
P ro b lem : L im ited A b ility to R e -u se F req u en c ie sH ig h E n R o u te
. ..
th is fre q u e n c y m a y b e u se da m a x im u m o f 5 tim e s
18
VHF 23 Initiatives• Developed to obtain additional spectrum
resources or to make available current spectrum resources through various proposals
Regulatory Technical Administrative
19
VHF 23 Initiatives(Regulatory Proposals)
Review FCC frequency utilization plan and investigate the use of UNICOM and other FCC aeronautical frequencies for ATC
Investigate the possibility of using FSS channels for ATC, including the frequencies 123.6 through 123.65 MHz
Review fire-fighting frequency assignment policyReview policy for AWOS and ASOS frequency useReview air show frequency policy
20
VHF 23 Initiatives(Technical Proposals)
Investigate use of part of 121.5 MHz guard band for ATC channels
Investigate use of the band 136-137 MHz Investigate use of existing communications air/ground radios
on VOR frequencies for AWOS and ASOS (broadcast only) Investigate offset operation (+/- 6 to 10 kHz off-tuned from the
primary frequency) for high altitude use Investigate lowering ground control transmit antennas Investigate advantages of optimizing equipment location Investigate co-site mitigation techniques, for example, new
technologies such as active interference cancellers, and testing to determine use of lower transmit powers
21
VHF 23 Initiatives(Administrative Proposals)
Conduct Air Traffic audit of ATC frequencies Investigate alternate frequencies for flight check Investigate use of law enforcement channels Review operational coverage requirements for communications
facilities Review ground control sub-band Review use of two VHF DoD common channels Modify FAA data base to accept additional data which would allow
tighter “packing” of frequencies Improve coordination with ARINC on their VHF frequency usage Investigate increased use of select keying and voting systems Re-use ground control frequencies at high altitude (“vertical
separation”) Review use of high-gain (directional) antennas
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