atomic matter. matter matter is the term used to describe anything that has mass and takes up space....
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Atomic Matter
Matter• Matter is the term used to describe
anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Four states of matter:
gas, liquid, solid, and plasma
Examples: Gas: hydrogen, oxygen
Liquid: water, magma
Solid: rocks, metals
Plasma: Lighting, stars, and fire!!
Mass
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object or how much it material is inside and outside the object.
• When we talk about elements from the periodic table we talk about their atomic mass, or how much mass the atom has.
All matter is made of atoms and the structure of an object is based on the
atoms quickness and densely.
Changing states requires energy in the form of heat. Changing states may also be due to the change in pressure in a system.
Heat of formation, Hf. Heat of vaporization, Hv
•Have a definite shape•Have a definite volume
Molecules are held close together and there is very little movement between them.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
•Have an indefinite shape•Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:Atoms and molecules have more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas (ie. It is more “fluid”.)
•Have an indefinite shape•Have an indefinite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
Molecules are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles.
At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances.
Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure.
Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a liquid. In the liquid state, water molecules are close together, but can move about freely.
•Have an indefinite shape•Have an indefinite volume
• Plasma is distinct from a gas because it possesses unique properties. Free electrical charges (not bound to atoms or ions) cause plasma to be electrically conductive. Plasma may be formed by heating and ionizing a gas.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place
to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move
about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high
speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed
of electrical charged particles
•What is inside an atom?
•What makes up an atom?
Atomic structure
• Nucleus is the center of the atom
Protons + Neutrons = Nucleus• Protons are a particle with a positive
charge• Neutrons are a particle with a no charge
at all.• Electrons are a particle in an atom with a
negative charge. It is the smallest part of the atom.
Rules about electrons
Electrons travel around the nucleus in (2) two, the next level is eight (8), and the
third is eighteen (18).
• The structure of all atoms are the same, the only thing that changes are the number of particles within the atom.
• Atoms are defined by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Let’s build an atom
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom
So all charges must balance to create an element
Elements
• Elements are matter made up of only one type of atom (remember this is based on the amount of protons and neutrons.)
• Gold is an element made up of only gold atoms, and iron is only made up of iron atoms.
• Elements are the primary colors of matter!
Bonding: Come together now!
• Bonding happens due to is the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell of an atom.
Electrons travel around the nucleus in (2) two, the next level is eight (8), and the third is eighteen (18).
Bonding: Come together now!
• Valence is the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell of an atom. This is how an atom generally bonds or number of bonds an atom can form.
Show you a rule for a few elements!
How many people can be seated? • Odd rule; there can only be a total of eight
bonding sites, so there are rules called the octet rule.
Maximum valences of the elements
Group → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
↓ Period
1
1
H
2
He
2
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
3
11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
4
19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
5
37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
6
55
Cs
56
Ba
*
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
7
87
Fr
88
Ra
**
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Uut
114
Fl
115
Uup
116
Lv
117
Uus
118
Uuo
* Lanthanides 57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
** Actinides 89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
Maximum valences are based on the List of oxidation states of the elements
Maximum valences of chemical elements Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Unknown
Periodic Table
• The periodic table is a chart that organizes elements by the number protons in each element’s nucleus.
Compounds
• A compound is a form of matter that is make when two or more elements combine chemically.
• Put oxygen and hydrogen together and you get the compound water.
Chemical formulas
• Chemical formulas are made up of symbols and numbers that tell what elements are in a compound.
Examples
H2O
NaCl
NH3
C6H12O6
Mixtures
• If two or more substances are put together by a physical change but do not combine to make a compound the result is called a mixture.
NOTES AS A TABLE
ELEMEMENT COMPOUND MIXTURE
One kind of atom due to the amount of protons and neutrons
Atoms of two or more elements bound together chemically Element + Element = Compound
Two or more different elements and/or compounds physically combine
Can not be broken down into a simpler type of matter (physically or chemically)
Can be broken into simpler forms, by chemical, not physical
Can be separated into parts by physical means
Can exist as an atom or molecule (atom = argonMolecule = nitrogen)
Contains the same # of atoms of both elements, but is sharing particles
Retains properties of its parts
EXAMPLES
Elements Compound Mixture
Oxygen, Copper, Gold Water, Salt, Sugar Air, Soil, Granite Rock
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