automative sensors
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PRESENTATION ON
AUTOMOTIVE SENSORS
PRESENTED BY :NARESH KUMAR GOYAL
362/07 EE 4TH YEAR
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INTRODUCTION
A sensor; is a device that measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or
by an instrument.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive
elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or
brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable
applications for sensors of which most people are never
aware. Applications include cars, machines, aerospace,
manufacturing and robotics.
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TYPES OF SENSORS
Acoustic, sound, vibration
Chemical
Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio
Environment, weather, moisture, humidity
Flow, fluid velocity Ionizing radiation, subatomic particles
Navigation instruments
Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration
Optical, light, imaging
Pressure
Force, density, level
Thermal, heat, temperature
Proximity, presence
Sensor technology
Automotive, transportation
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INTRODUCTION
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OXYGEN SENSOR
This sensor is used in the mechanism serving for air fuel ratio
measurement, it is installed in the exhaust system of the vehicle,
attached to the engine's exhaust manifold, the sensor measures the
ratio of the air-fuel mixture.
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OIL SENSORS
Oil sensors and oil analyzers are
used in automotive or industrial
machinery applications to sense
oil levels, and check for:
Contamination
Particulates
Viscosity
TemperatureOil sensors and oil analyzers are
also known as ferrography
instruments.
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FUEL GAUGE
A fuel gauge is an instrument used to indicate the level of fuel
contained in a tank. As used in cars, the gauge consists of twoparts:
The sensing unit
The indicator
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CRANK SENSOR
A crank sensor is a
component used in an
internal combustion engine
to monitor the position or
rotational speed of the
crankshaft. This information
is used by engine
management systems tocontrol ignition system
timing and other engine
parameters.
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MAP SENSOR
A manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP) is one of thesensors used in an internal combustion engine's electroniccontrol system. Engines that use a MAP sensor are typically
fuel injected. The manifold absolute pressure sensorprovides instantaneous manifold pressure information tothe engine's electronic control unit (ECU). The data is usedto calculate air density and determine the engine's air massflow rate, which in turn determines the required fuelmetering for optimum combustion. A fuel-injected engine
may alternately use a MAF (mass air flow) sensor to detectthe intake airflow. A typical configuration employs one orthe other, but seldom both.
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PARKING SENSORS
Parking sensors are
proximity sensors for
road vehicles which can
alert the driver to
unseen obstacles duringparking manoeuvres.
The ultrasonic sensors
are currently available in
several brands of cars.
Some systems are alsoavailable as additional
upgrade kits for later
installation.
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RADAR GUN
A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radarunit used to detect the speed of objects,especially trucks and automobiles for the purpose
of speed limit enforcement, as well as pitchedbaseballs, automatic door openers, runners orother moving objects in sports. A radar gun doesnot return information regarding the object'sposition. It relies on the Doppler effect applied toa radar beam to measure the speed of objects atwhich it is pointed. Radar guns may be hand-held,vehicle-mounted or static.
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SPEED SENSORS
Speed sensors are machines used to detect the speedof an object, usually a transport vehicle. They include:
Wheel speed sensors
Speedometers Pitometer logs
Pitot tubes
Airspeed indicators
Piezo sensors (e.g. in a road surface)
LIDAR
ANPR (where vehicles are timed over a fixed distance)
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WHEEL SPEED SENSOR
A wheel speed sensor
or vehicle speed
sensor (VSS) is a type
of tachometer. It is a
sender device used
for reading the speed
of a vehicle's wheel
rotation. It usuallyconsists of a toothed
ring and pickup.
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SPEEDOMETER
A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous speed of a land
vehicle.The various types of speedometers include:
Eddy current speedometer
Electronic speedometer
Bicycle speedometer
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PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
A piezoelectric disk generates a voltagewhen deformed (change in shape isgreatly exaggerated)
A piezoelectric sensor is a device thatuses the piezoelectric effect to measurepressure, acceleration, strain or force byconverting them to an electrical signal.
In the automotive industry, piezoelectricelements are used to monitorcombustion when developing internalcombustion engines.
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LIDAR
LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) is an opticalremote sensing technology that measuresproperties of scattered light to find range and/orother information of a distant target. Theprevalent method to determine distance to anobject or surface is to use laser pulses. Like thesimilar radar technology, which uses radio waves,the range to an object is determined bymeasuring the time delay between transmissionof a pulse and detection of the reflected signal.
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WATER SENSOR
The Water in Fuel Sensor
indicates the presence of
water in the fuel. It is installed
in the fuel filter and when thewater level in the water
separator reaches the warning
level the Wif send an electrical
signal to the ECU or to
dashboard (lamp). The Wif is
used especially in the Common
Rail engines to avoid the unit
injector damage.
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REMOTE KEYLESS SYSTEM
In automobiles an REMOTE KEYLESS SYSTEM performs the
functions of a standard car key without physical contact; power
door locks can be locked or unlocked from several feet away.
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SMART KEY
The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob in their
pocket when unlocking, locking and starting the vehicle. The
key is identified via one of several antennas in the car's
bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing.Depending on the system the vehicle is automatically
unlocked either as soon as the door handle (or trunk lid)
operated or after a button located on the vehicles exterior is
pressed. Vehicles with a smart key system fitted are required
to have a mechanical backup, usually in the form of a keycylinder operated by a spare key blade supplied with the
vehicle. Some manufacturers hide this the key cylinder behind
a cover for styling.
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OTHER SYSTEMS INVOLVED
IN AUTOMOBILES
Except the above mentioned sensors there are many
other systems involved in any automobile with their
respective members, which are necessary for its
perfect working and safety. These includes:
Braking system
Airbags & crash systems
Immobilizers Transmission control unit
Tire Pressure Monitor Systems
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RAIN SENSORS
Automotive rain sensors detect rain falling on the windshield of a
vehicle. One of the more common rain sensor implementations
employs an infrared light that is beamed at a 45-degree angle
onto the windshield from inside the car. If the glass is wet, less
light makes it back to the sensor, and the wipers turn on.
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BRAKING SYSTEM
This system is not just applying brakes to a running vehicle, but
it is merely controlling the vehicle in various road and load
conditions. This system includes the working of various systems
in conjunction, which includes:
Anti-lock braking system
Electronic brake force distribution
Traction control
Descent control
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ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
An anti-lock braking system, or ABS is a safety system which prevents
the wheels on a motor vehicle from locking up (or ceasing to rotate)
while braking.
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ELECTRONIC BRAKE FORCE
DISTRIBUTION
Electronic brake force distribution (EBD or EBFD) is an
automobile brake technology that automatically varies the
amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based
on road conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled withanti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking
pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power
whilst maintaining vehicular control. Typically, the front end
carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking
pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock upand cause a skid. In some systems, EBD distributes more
braking pressure at the rear brakes during initial brake
application before the effects of weight transfer become
apparent.
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TRACTION CONTROL
A traction control system (TCS)
is typically an electro-hydraulic
system on production vehicles
designed to prevent loss oftraction of the driven road
wheels, and therefore maintain
the control of the vehicle when
excessive throttle is applied by
the driver and the condition of
the road surface is unable to
cope with the torque applied.
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DESCENT CONTROL SYSTEM
Four-wheel-drive (4WD) and
All Wheel Drive (AWD)
vehicles may have a Hill
Descent Control systeminstalled, using the ABS
braking to control the car's
motion downhill. The system
can be controlled, usually by
the Cruise Control buttonsnear or on the steering
wheel.
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AIRBAG & CRASH SYSTEM
An airbag is a vehicle safety
device. It is an occupant
restraint consisting of a flexible
envelope designed to inflaterapidly in an automobile
collision, to prevent vehicle
occupants from striking interior
objects such as the steeringwheel or window.
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IMMOBILIZERS
An immobilizer is an electronic device fitted to an automobile
which prevents the engine from running unless the correct key
is inserted
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TRANSMISSION CONTROL UNIT
A transmission control unit or TCU is a device that controls modern
electronic automatic transmissions. A TCU generally uses sensors from the
vehicle as well as data provided by the Engine Control Unit to calculate
how and when to change gears in the vehicle for optimum performance,
fuel economy and shift quality.
The evolution of the modern automatic transmission and the integration
of electronic controls have allowed great progress in recent years. The
modern automatic transmission is now able to achieve better fuel
economy, reduced engine emissions, greater shift system reliability,
improved shift feel, improved shift speed and improved vehicle handling.The immense range of programmability offered by a TCU allows the
modern automatic transmission to be used with appropriate transmission
characteristics for each application.
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TYRE PRESSURE MONITOR SYSTEM
A Tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is an electronic system designedto monitor the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on various types ofvehicles. These systems report real-time tire-pressure information to thedriver of the vehicle
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AIRCONDITIONING
SENSOR
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CAR ALARM SYSTEM
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THANK YOU
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