axial skeleton skull skull and associated bones associated bones thoracic cage ribs sternum hyoid...

AXIAL SKELETON

Skull

Skull andassociated

bones

Associatedbones

Thoraciccage

Ribs

Sternum

Hyoid

Auditoryossicles

Face

80

8

14

6

1

29

Cranium

2524

24

1

26

1

1Vertebralcolumn

Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

SKELETAL SYSTEM

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

206

126

Skeletal system, axial components highlighted

Bones of the Face

Figure 7.2a

Lateral Aspect of the Skull

Figure 7.3a

The Skull – Posterior View

Figure 7.2b

Inferior Aspect of the Skull

Figure 7.4a

Frontal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Nasal bones

Lacrimal bones

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Frontal boneParietal

bone

Occipital bone Temporal

bone

Parietal bones

Occipital bone

Occipital bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Palatine bones

Sphenoid

Vomer

Ethmoid bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

Name these bones

Cranialbones

Facialbones

SKULL

ASSOCIATED BONES

Auditory ossiclesenclosed in

temporal bones(detailed inChapter 18)

Hyoid bone

6

7

6

1

8

1

2

1

1

1

2

CRANIUM

Occipital bone

Parietal bones

Frontal bone

Temporal bones

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

FACE

Maxillae

Palatine bones

Nasal bones

Inferior nasalconchae

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

Vomer

Mandible

Mandible

Vomer

Facial bones

Maxilla

Zygomaticbone

Nasalbone

Lacrimal bone

Cranial bones

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Frontalbone

Parietal bone

Temporalbone

Parietal bone

Occipitalbone

14

MandiblePosterior view

Occipital condyle

Styloid process

Temporalbone

Squamoussuture

Lambdoidsuture

Sagittal suture

Occipitalbone

Left parietalbone

Right parietalbone

Nasal bones

Superior view

Zygomaticbone

Coronalsuture

Sagittalsuture

Lambdoidsuture

Leftparietal

bone

Rightparietal

bone

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

Zygomaticarch Temporal process

of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic processof temporal bone

Styloid process(temporal bone)

External acoustic(auditory) meatus

(temporal bone)

Lambdoid suture

Squamous suture

Parietal bone

Frontalbone

Coronal suture

Sphenoid

Supraorbitalforamen(frontal bone)

Nasal bone

Lacrimal grooveof lacrimal bone

Ethmoid

InfraorbitalForamen(maxilla)

Maxilla

Zygomaticbone

Lateral view

Mandible

Occipitalbone

Temporalbone

Mental foramen(mandible)

Mandible

Vomer

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Maxilla

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Lacrimal bone

Palatine bone

Ethmoid

Temporal bone

Sphenoid

Supraorbital foramen(frontal bone)

Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Coronal suture

Optic canal/foramen(sphenoid bone)

Superior orbital fissure(sphenoid bone)

Inferior orbital fissure

Infraorbital foramen(maxilla)

Middle nasal concha(ethmoid bone)

Perpendicular plateof ethmoid bone

Mental foramen(mandible)

Anterior view

Inferior view,mandible removed

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle(occipital bone)

Temporal bone

Carotid canal

Foramen lacerum

(Temporal bone)

Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Palatine bone

Maxilla

Frontal bone

Zygomatic bone

Vomer

Sphenoid

Foramen ovale(sphenoid bone)

Styloid process(temporal bone)

Mandibular fossa(temporal bone)

External auditory (acoustic) meatus

(temporal bone)

Jugular foramen

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Temporal bone Carotid canal(temporal bone)

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Jugular foramen

Internalacoustic meatus(temporal bone)

Foramen spinosum(sphenoid bone)

Foramen ovale(sphenoid bone)

Foramen lacerum

Foramen rotundum(spehnoid bone)

Sella turcica(spehnoid bone)

Cribriform plateEthmoid bone)

Crista galli(ethmoid bone)

Foramenmagnum

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoid

Sphenoidal sinus

Frontal sinus

Crista galli(ethmoid bone)

Nasal bone

Perpendicular plateof ethmoid bone

Vomer

Maxilla

Mandible

Palatine bone

Styloid process(temporal bone)

Occipital bone

Internal acoustic(auditory) meatus(temporal b one)

Hypophyseal fossa*of sella turcica(sphenoid bone)

Lambdoid suture

Temporal bone

Squamous suture

Parietal bone

* Holds the pituitary gland in the fossa

SPHENOID BONE: Anterior

Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosom

Lesser wings

Greater wings

Sella turcica

Optic foramen

SPHENOID BONE: Anterior and tilted

Superior orbital fissure

Optic (chiasmatic)groove

Lesserwing

Greaterwing

Sellaturcica

Superior surfaceForamenspinosum

Foramenovale

Foramenrotundum

Superiororbitalfissure

Optic foramen (canal)

Sphenoid bone

Foramen rotundum

Anteriorsurface

Orbitalsurface of

greaterwing

Greaterwing

Lesserwing

Sphenoidalsinus

Superiororbitalfissure

Sphenoid bone

Olfactory foramina

Cribiform plate

Crista galiETHMOID BONE

Ethmoid sinuses

Ethmoid BoneCrista gali

Ethmoid Bone

Perpendicular plate

Middle nasal conchae

Anterior view

Perpendicularplate

Middle nasalconcha

Cristagalli

Cribriform plate (contain olfactory foramina)

Ethmoid bone

Maxilla removed so you can see ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Ethmod removed so you can see sphenoid bone

Tilted upward to see hole where crista galli goes

Ethmod with yellow vomer

Ethmod with yellow vomer, side view

Ethmod with white

perpendicular plate meeting yellow vomer

Inferior nasal concha are separate bones

Palatine bones are in brown

Lacrimal bones are

yellow

Palatine bones are in brown, inferior nasal conchae are pink, lacrimal bones are yellow. Nasal bones can be seen at the top. Everything in blue is the maxilla.

Sphenoidalsinus

Nasal conchae(superior, middle,

and inferior)

Optic groove

Crista galli(Ethmoid bone)

Frontal sinus

Sella turcica (sphenoid)

Skull, sagittal section

Internalacousticmeatus(Temporal bone)

Jugularforamen

Head

Teeth (molar)

Ramus

Lateral viewMental

foramen

Body

Mandible

Mandibular foramen

Styloid process(temporal bone)

Mandible

Anterior view

Thyroidcartilage

Lesser horn

Greater horn

Hyoid bone, anterosuperior view

Body

Lesserhorn

Greaterhorn

Mandible and hyoid bones

Hyoid

Posterior viewAnterior/superior view

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Frontal suture

Coronal suture

Anterior fontanel

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Coronalsuture

Lateral view

Temporalbone

MandibleMaxilla

Greater wingof sphenoid

Nasal bone

Sphenoidalfontanel

Coronalsuture

Frontalbone

Parietal bone

Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Mastoidfontanel

Frontal bone

Frontal suture

Frontal bone

Anteriorfontanel

Parietal bone

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Lambdoidsuture

Occipitalbone

Posterior fontanel

Superior view

Sagittal suture

Parietal bone

Posterior fontanel

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Fontanels

Figure 7.21a

Fontanels

Figure 7.21b

Fetal Skull

Anterior fontanel

Posterior fontanel

Fetal Skull

Sphenoid fontanelMastoid

fontanel

Ear bones (ossicles)

2 fetalmonths

6 fetalmonths

Newborn 4-year-old

13-year-old

Adult

Sacral

Lumbar

Thoracic

Cervical

MRI scan (sagittal section)Sacralvertebrae

Intervertebraldisc

Lumbarvertebrae

Thoracicvertebrae

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

Lateral viewLateral view

Sacral

Lumbar

Thoracic

Cervical

SPINAL CURVES VERTEBRAL REGIONS

C2

C1

C3C4C5

C6C7

T1T2

T3T4T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

T12

1234567

1

2

3

4

56

789

1011

121

2

3

4

5

L5

S1

Articularprocesses

Vertebralarch

Vertebralbody

Superior view

Inferior articularfacet

Inferior articularprocess

Inferiorarticular

facet

Lateral and inferior view

Vertebralforamen

Arrow passingthrough vertebral

foramen

Transverseprocess

Superiorarticularprocess

Inferiorarticularprocess

Vertebralbody

Spinousprocess

Pedicle

Inferior view

Superior articularprocess

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Vertebral body

Spinousprocess

Typical lumbar vertebra

Lateral view

Arrow passingthrough vertebralcanal

Vertebral bodyVertebral body

Transverse process

Intervertebraldisc

Intervertebraldisc

Spinous process

Superior articular process

Intervertebralforamen

Lamina

Superior articular facet

Inferiorarticularprocess

Posterior view

Inferiorarticular

facet

Vertebra prominens

C7

C6

C5

C4

C3

C2

C1

Typical cervical vertebra, lateral view

Superior articular facet

Superior articular process

Inferior articular process

Inferior articularfacet

Spinous process

Spinous process

Transverse process Vertebral body

Location of transverse foramen

Typical cervical vertebra, superior view

Vertebral body

Superior articularprocess

Superior articular facetTransverse

process

Spinousprocess

Lamina

Transverse foramen

Pedicle

Vertebralforamen

Vertebralarch

Superiorarticularfacet of axis

Maxilla

Inferior articularfacet of atlas

Dens of axis

Vertebral bodyof atlas

C3 vertebralbody

Mandible

X-ray of superior cervical vertebrae,anterior-posterior view

Typical cervical vertebra

Transverseprocess

Transverseforamen

Vertebralforamen

Posteriortubercle

Vertebralforamen

Superiorarticular facet

Superiorarticular process

Atlas, superior view

Atlas, inferior view

Inferior articularfacet

1st cervical vertebra (C1) or atlas

Spinousprocess

Lamina

Axis, superior view Axis, inferior view

Vertebralforamen

Transverseforamen

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Superiorarticular

facet

Dens

Vertebralbody

Vertebralforamen

Vertebralbody

Pedicle

LaminaSpinousprocess

Transverseforamen

Superiorarticularprocess

Transverseprocess

Inferiorarticularprocess

Inferiorarticular

facet

2nd cervical vertebra (C2) or axis

Axis (C )

Atlas (C )1

2

Dens

Transverseligament

Articulated atlas andaxis; superior andposterior view

Thoracic vertebra, lateral view

Inferior articularprocess

Inferior vertebral notch

Superior costal facetfor head of rib

Inferiorcostal facet

Transverseprocesses

Pedicle

Spinousprocess

Superiorarticular facet

Transversecostal facet

Spinousprocess

Intervertebralforamen

Spinousprocess

of vertebraprominens

Inferior costalfacet for head

of rib

Vertebralbody

Superiorarticular process

Thoracic vertebrae, lateral view

T5

T6

T7

T8

T4

T3

T2

T1

C7

T9

T10

T11

T12

Typical thoracic vertebra

Transversecostal facetfor tubercle

of rib

Superiorcostalfacet

Superiorcostalfacet

Vertebralbody

Transversecostal facet

Spinous process

Lamina

Pedicle

Transverse process

Superiorarticular facet

Superiorarticular process

Inferiorcostal facet

Vertebralforamen

Thoracic vertebra, superior view

Transverseprocess

Superiorarticular

facet

Thoracic vertebra, posterior view

Spinousprocess

Lamina

Lateral view

Superior articular process

Vertebralbody

Spinousprocess

VertebralbodySpinous

process

Transverse process

Inferior articular process

Pedicle

Inferior articular facet

Lumbar vertebra

Vertebralbody

Vertebralforamen

Superiorarticular

facet

Spinous process

Superiorarticularprocess

Lamina

Transverseprocess

Pedicle

Vertebralforamen

Vertebralbody

Superiorarticular

facet

Lumbar vertebra, superior view

Posterior surface Lateral surface Anterior surfaceCoccyx

SacrumSacrum

Sacrum and coccyx

Anterior view

Jugular notch

T12

12

Manubrium

Sternum Body

Xiphoidprocess

Costalcartilages

Floating ribs(ribs 11–12)

Vertebrochondral ribs

(ribs 8–10)

T11

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

True ribs(ribs 1–7)

False ribs(ribs 8–12)

Thoracic cage- ribs (costae), sternum, and vertebrae

Superior view

Costalfacet

Vertebralend

Transversecostalfacet

Head

Angle

Neck

Tubercleof rib

LE6-27c

Posterior view

False ribs(ribs 8–12)

True ribs(ribs 1–7)

8

6

5

9

4

7

12

3

L1

10

11

12T12

T11

T10

T8

T9

T5

T7

T6

T4

T3

T2

T1

C7

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

21

Body

Posterior view

Attachment tocostal cartilage(sternal end)

Articularfacets Head Neck

Costal groove

Tubercle

Angle

Costa (rib)