b 6 001 b12 citrus in wana
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7/28/2019 B 6 001 B12 Citrus in WANA
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percent and 18.2 percent respectively (10) (Table 2). The causes of these high losses
were:
1. Immaturity and over maturity at harvest.
2. Mechanical damage during harvest, transport and during distribution.
3. Water loss (wilting) due to poor handling system.4. Decay (Blue and Green mold) and insect damage (Med. Fruit fly).
Postharvest handling procedures of citrus in WANA region
Maturity indices and quality standards
The maturity indices are either not available or not enforced especially for local
market in most countries in the region, but in exporting countries as Egypt, Tunisia,
Lebanon etc. one would assume that harvesting must be according to a strict maturity
index for each type of citrus fruits. For local market, prices would have an impact,
since early harvested fruits have a higher price. In many countries in the region, no
standards for quality of fresh citrus fruits are used in local marketing (7), however,some quality standard is available in countries as Kuwait, Oman, Lebanon and
probably in countries as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Tunisia. Again, quality standards
must be in use by citrus exporting countries in the region to meet the regulations of
the importing countries.
Harvesting of citrus
Harvesting of citrus for fresh market is done by hand in all countries in the WANA
region. Normally, fruits are cut with hand clippers and collected in picking bags and
then transferred to field containers and then transported to packinghouses. This
system is carried out in some countries in the region especially for fruits intended for
export (Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and Lebanon). However, for fruits to be consumed
locally, and in other countries of the region (Libya, Sudan for example), fruits are
collected by hand and placed in marketing boxes or bags with a capacity of about 5
kg. and transferred directly to the market. However, some sorting is usually done
during picking to eliminate defected fruits. Care should be taken to handle the fruit
carefully to reduce physical damage since losses during harvest of some fruits and
vegetables in some countries of the region were estimated to be 4-12 percent (7). The
losses during harvest were estimated in Libya to be 13.6 percent and 7.6 percent for
oranges and lemons respectively (Table 2) (10). The causes of these losses at this
stage were 1- immaturity for oranges and over maturity for lemons 2- inefficiency of
harvest leading to mechanical damage 3-decay due to pathogen and insect damage.
Preparation for market
For local market, preparation of citrus fruits distend for local market is usually done to
eliminate fruits with serious defects or decay, and this is usually carried out in the
field in most countries in the region. However, in some countries some grading based
on appearance quality such as size, color, and defects is done (7). Packinghouses are
few and not in all countries in the region, and packinghouse operations such as
cleaning, sorting, grading, and waxing are applied only to fruits intended for export.
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consumer does not accept easily fruits that are out of season, they simply think that
these fruits are not good.
Export of citrus in the WANA region
The extent of export of citrus fruits in the region is not known, however, Egypt,
Tunisia, Morocco exports some quantities of citrus to countries in the WANA regionor to countries outside the region (7). Lebanon exported in the year 2000, 108,405
tonnes of citrus to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and U.A.E. (Abu Zeid, personal
communication). Other countries have the potential for export, however, changes have
to be implemented in postharvest handling practices to become competitive with other
exporting countries. This should include (7):
- Planting varieties desired in importing countries.
- Application of good agricultural practices.
- Harvesting at the proper stage of maturity.
- Good preparation of the fruits for export markets which include, cleaning,
sorting, sizing, waxing, packing, etc., this has to be done to meet quality
standards and regulations imposed by the importing countries.- Use of all means to maintain quality in order to be competitive with fruits from
other exporting countries.
- Use of refrigerated transportation facilities (trucks, railcars, and marine) within
the producing countries and during transport to countries of consumption.
- Grade standards need to be established and enforced between countries in the
region, and this will encourage good quality
Conclusion
The postharvest handling system of citrus fruits in the WANA region is in desperate
need of improvement beginning with establishing maturity indices and quality
standards, through to harvesting and handling methods. Major changes need to be
done to improve the marketing system. Investment in this sector should be directed
toward transportation facilities, cold stores, and packinghouses. Changes also have to
be made in gernmental regulation in areas of price control, consumer protection etc.
Good effort should be made to increase consumer awareness of the benefits of
storage. Efforts should be directed toward encouraging the private sector to invest in
postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables in the region.
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Table 1. Citrus production in the world and countries of the WANA region.
Country Production (1000 MT)
Orange Mandarin Lemon Grapefruit
World 61 882 16 704 9 640 4 785
Algeria 307 115 29 2
Egypt 1 525 425 259 3Libya 42 10 14 -
Morocco 874 419 10 4
Somalia 8 - 3 18
Sudan 17 1 58 65
Tunisia 105 38 17 50
Cyprus 43 26 19 33
Gaza strip 105 1 9 10
Iran 1 749 727 891 47
Iraq 300 39 15 -
Jordan 31 28 42 12
Lebanon 155 35 4 54Oman - - 31 -
Pakistan 1 450 540 82 -
Syria 275 15 68 -
Turkey 830 410 360 65
UAE - - 21 -
Yemen 154 20 8 11
Source: FAO production yearbook 1999.
Table 2. Postharvest losses of oranges and lemons in Libya between harvest and
consumption
At FarmerLevel %
Duringmarketing %
At ConsumerLevel %
Total loss %
Oranges 13.6 9.2 19.7 42.5
Lemons 7.6 4.3 6.3 18.2
Source: Tamzini et al 1992.
Table 3. Storage conditions for different citrus fruits
Orange Lemon Grapefruit Mandarin
Temperature C 4-8 12-14 12-14 5-8Relative Humidity percent 88-90 88-90 88-90 88-90
Storage period WKS 8-12 16-24 4-6 3-5
Source: Hardenburg et. al 1986, Kader et al 1986, Yahia and Sanudo 1991
References:
FAO. 1981. Food loss prevention in perishable crops. FAO. Agric. Serv. Bul. No. 43.
72 p.
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FAO. 2001. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 35. 1999.
Coursey, D.G. 1983. Post Harvest losses in perishable foods of the developing world,
p.485-514. In M. Lieberman, (ed.) Postharvest physiology and crop
preservation. Plenum press, New York.
Elyatem, S.M. 1995. Postharvest physiology and handling of horticultural crops. New
Univ. printing office. Alexandria. Egypt. ( In Arabic).
Elyatem, S.M. 1996. Postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables. Proceeding of the
second conference on food strategies. Alfateh Univ. Tripoli, Libya
Hardenburg, R.E., A.E. Watada, and C.Y. Wang. 1986. The commercial storage of
fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook No. 66. 130 p.
Kader, A. 1979. Postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables in some countries of the
Near East and North Africa. FAO. Consultancy report on postharvest handlingof fruits and vegetables in the Middle East. 133p.
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Kader, A. A., R.F. Kasmire, F.G. Mitchell, M.S. Reid, N.F. Sommer, and J.F.
Thompson. 1985. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops. Univ. of
Calif., DANR special publ. No. 3311. 192 p.
National Academy of Sciences. 1978. Postharvest food losses in developing countries.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 202 p.
Tamzini, M.I.; S. M. Elyatem.; Z.M. Bensaad.; H. Fallah and B. Derbak. 1992.
Postharvest losses of horticultural crops in Libya. Proceeding of the first Arab
conference on preparation and handling of horticultural crops. Amman, Jordan.
Yahia, E.M., and R.B. Sanudo. 1991. Postharvest handling of subtropical fruits p.287-
295. In Yahia, E.M., and I.C. Higuera. Eds. Postharvest physiology and
technology of horticultural crops. Proceedings of the national symposium on
postharvest physiology and technology of horticultural crops in Mexico. 351 p.
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