b p t kyaw second book
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2
(EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m pmaycGifhjyKcsuftrSwf-0658)
yxrtBudrf? tkyfa&-3000
1975? Zefe0g&Dv
rsufESmzkH;yef;csD
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bavmuf
bopf
rsufESmzkH;½kduf
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(owfrSwfaps; 7000 usyf)
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trSwf 68? 165-vrf;? wmarG? &efukefNrdKUu ykHESdyfNyD;
a':aomif;wif (NrJ-0452) rif;aqGpmpOf? trSwf 25? 99vrf;? uefawmfuav;? &efukefNrdKUu
xkwfa0onf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
3
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f trSwf (2)
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4
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6
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
7
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
8
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9
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
10
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1944 ckESpfukefcefYuyif zufqpf*syeftm; tkH<uaom? pnf;½kH;aom &ckdifjynfolrsm;u vufeuf
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1945 ck rwfvwGifum; &ckdifwpfjynfvkH; NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&; (uufpbD) vufatmufodkY
a&mufoGm;cJhavNyD/
vlYtajccHw&m;rsm;ukd apmihfod½kdaoygrnf/ EkdifiHBuD;i,fra&G; vGwfvyfa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf tmrcHcsuf&Sd&rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;ukd ulnDrnf/ aemufxyfurÇmppfBuD; rjzpfyGm;a&;
twGuf vlom;tEG,ftm; u,fwifrnf[laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ESifh pmcsKyfrsm;ukd csKyfqkdcJhaom
NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm;onf NAdwdoQEdkifiHwGif tmPmvuf&Sd jzpfaeaom uGefqmaA;wpfygwD acgif;aqmif
eef;&if;0ef csmcsDtpkd;&tzGJU\ ñTGefMum;csuftwkdifvm;rod/ &ckdifjynfolvlxktm; ukdvkdeDb0odkY twif;
qGJcso9nf/ vufeuftm;ukd;jzihf tMurf;zufESdrfeif;onf/ &ckdifjynfolvlxkonf rdrdwkdYtm; ESpfaygif;
wpf&mausmf ukdvkdeDuRefb0okdY oGwfoGif;jcJhaom NAdwdoQrsm;ukd ,cifuvnf; r,kHMunf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
11
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUonf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf &ckdifjynftm; aumif;usKd;ray;cJh/ &ckdifjynf NrdKUjy
wpfcsKdUwGif qefpufESifh opfpuftenf;i,fom&Sd\/ &ckdiffjynfESihf qDavsmfaom pufrIvufrIrsm;?
puf½kHtvkyff½kHrsm;ukd xlaxmifray;cJh/ tdrfwGif;pufrIvufrIvkyfief;[lívnf; r,fr,f&& r&Sd/ rif;jym;
NrdKUe,f oa,Gacsmif;wGif puúLpufBuD; wnfaqmufum NAdwdoQt&if;&Sife,fcsJUu aoG;pkwf&efBudK;pm;
cJhonf/ NAdwdoQt&if;&Sif\aoG;pkwfrIukd rvkdvm;aom &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t½kH;
ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾vli,frsm;u ppfawGNrdKUwGif jynfolYqE´jyyGJBuD;jzihf uefYuGufvkdufojzifh
NAdwdoQt&if;&SifwkdY aemufqkwfoGm;cJhMuonf/ &ckdif½kd;rawmifwef;&SnfwpfavQmufrS rkd;a&*gvH
oef;aygif;rsm;pGm yifv,fxJodkY tv[ópD;qif;oGm;&onf/
qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm; xlaxmifray;/ odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom &ckdifv,form;rsm;tm;
wpfESpfwoD;pm; pepfjzifh ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;rsm;\ zdESdyfrIatmufwGife xm;cJhonf/ tpkd;& t*Fvdyf-
jrefrm txufwef;ausmif; (10wef;ausmif;)ukd &ckdifjynf NrdKUjy[lorQwGif xlaxmifay;Ekdifaomfvnf;
xlaxmifray;cJh/ ppfawGNrdKU? ausmufjzLNrdKU? oHwGJNrdKUwGifom txufwef;ausmif;wpfcsKdUukd xlaxmifay;
cJh\/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf wnfNrJa&;twGuf pma&;? pmcsDrsm;ukd arG;xkwf&ef uRefynmoif
Mum;cGihfom&Sd\/ aq;ausmif;? pufrIausmif;[lí wpfausmif;yifr&SdcJh/ jynfolYaq;½kHvnf; &ckdifjynf
tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif emrnfom&Sdonf/ q&m0efvnf;r&Sd? aq;vnf;r&Sd? ppfawGNrdKU? ausmufjzLNrdKUESihf
oHwGJNrdKUrsm;wGifom twGif;vlemrsm;ukd vufcHukoEkdifaom jynfolYaq;½kHwpf½kHpD&SdMu\/
tqrwef opfawm0g;awmrsm; ayg<u,f0aom&ckdifjynfwGif tdrfBuD;&cdkifjzihfaeEdkifol
ig;&mckdifEIef;om&Sd\/ ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;rsm;? qefpufopfpufykdif&Sifrsm;ESihf vufwpfqkyfpmrQaom
ukefonf? qkdifonf? yGJpm;rsm;um; <u,f0csrf;omMu\/ q,fa,mufrjynhfaom ZmrD'gajr&SifBuD;
rdom;pkum; usdwfusdwfwuf"eOpömjynhfpkH\/ &ckdif tvkyform;? v,form;ESihf vufvkyfvufpm;
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;um; qif;&JwGif;eufMuonf/ rGJawMuonf/ acwfrDSpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm
roifMum;EkdifMu? acwfrSDjynfolYaq;½kHrsm;wGif aq;0g;rukoEkdifMu/ pufrIvufrItwwfynmukdvnf;
roifEkdif rwwfEdkifMuay/ &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;tm; pufrIvufrItwwfynmESihf acwfrSDpmayoifMum;
ray;bJ qif;&JwGif;eufí oufwrf;aphrae&atmif jyKvkyfxm;½kHjzihf ra&mifh&Jaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
onf &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;\ tkH<uawmfvSefrIukd wm;qD;a&;twGuf 1942ckESpfwGif vlrsKd;a&;
t"du½kPf;ukd rD;arT;ay;onf/ þrQ&ufpuf,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfukd &cdkifjynfolrsm; rarhEkdif
Muao;/
vlYtajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESihf vGwfvyfa&;rsm;ukd a<u;aMumfum r[mrdwfta&NcHK
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUonf ppfawGNrdKUukd odrf;í &ufowåwpfywfr&SdrDuyif olYZmwd½kyfukd jyaeNyD/ 1944
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
12
ck 'DZifbmvwGif zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfvSefa&; pwifMuonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf usaemfwm0efay;í
a&SUwef;a&mufoGm;aom ukdvSxGef;ausmfonf ukdausmfom(,ck ppfawGNrdKU jrefrmha&eHaumfykda&;&Sif;
½kH;tkyf)wkdYESihf yl;aygif;í ppfawGNrdKUrS qkwfcGmvmaom *syefuifaywdkif ppfwyfukd uHacsmif;&GmteD;wGif
Mum;jzwfwkdufyGJqifMuonf/
taocHzufqpf*syef ppfAkdvf? ppfom; 300cefYukd vufwpfqkyfpm&Sdaom olwkdYwkdufckdufír&Ekdif?
,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUtm; odrf;ykdufpjzpfaeaom r[mrdwfrsm;xH tultnDawmif;&ef ukdausmfom
ESihfolonf ppfawGNrdKUodkYvmMu\/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif ukdvSxGef;ausmf tzrf;cH&onf/ NAdwdoQtm; vufeuf
qGJukdifawmfvSefx<ucJhaom ukdvSxGef;ausmftm; EdkifiHawmfopömazmufrI? vlowfrI paomyk'fxD;?
yk'frtrsKd;rsKd; rGrf;rHpGJcsufwifum csKyfaESmifxm;avawmh\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUaxmifacsmufxJodkY udkvSxGef;
ausmf OD;OD;zsm;zsm;usqif;oGm;\/
1945-ck rwfvwGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; &ckdifjynfwGif NyD;pD;oGm;avNyD/ zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;xHrS vufeufrsm;ukd NAdwdoQppfwyfu odrf;,loGm;avNyD/ OD;ynmoD[wkdYtm;
tdE´d,jynfodk Y tvnftywf<uvm&ef zdwfac:onf/ ppfav,mOfjzihf OD;ynmoD[wkdYtm;
umvuwåm;NrdKUodkY yifhzdwfoGm;onf/
&ufowåESpfywfcefYwGif OD;ynmoD[tm; ppfav,mOfay:wGifowfí *kHeDtdwfwGifxnfhí
yifv,fxJokdY ypfcscJhNyD[k NAdwdoQppfzufESihf e,fzufyk*¾dKvfrsm;u yg;pyfjzihf ae&mtESHYaMujim&if;
pDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; q&mawmf OD;em&'? OD;odef;ausmfatmif? OD;armifeD? OD;ausmfvSOD;? OD;armifausmfZH?
OD;Mumatmif? OD;owkd;OD;? OD;ausmfjr( ,ck AuyA[kdaumfrDwD)paom emrnfBuD;yk*¾dKvfrsm;ukd wpfNydKif
wnf;zrf;onf/
jrefrmrsKd;cspfwyfOD;vnfqGJ wHqdyf&Sdonfh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
aemufvkdufrsm;ukd tpkvkduf tcJvkduf qufvufzrf;qD;onf/ tzrf;qD;cH&olrsm;onf vlYtcGihfta&;
&olwpfOD;rQ ryg&Sd/ vlpOfrrSDatmif vlrqefaomenf;rsKd;pkHjzihf ñ§Of;qJESdyfpufjcif;ukd cH&onf/
tzrf;cH&aom jrefrmrsKd;cspfwyfOD; vnfqGJwHqdyf&Sdaom &Jabmfrsm;ukd tpma&pmrauR;bJ
aexGufrSae0ifxd aeylvSrf;onf/ ajcukdcsnfaESmifNyD; wGJvGJaZmufxkd;qGJxm;onf/ vufESpfzufukd
csnfaESmifxm;NyD; ckwfarmif;aeaom armfawmfa&,mOfay:rS a&xJuefcsjcif;? q,f,ljcif;jyKonf/
ptkdxJ ylavmifaom MuufOrsm;ukd tm;yg;w&oGif;onf/ ppfbdeyfpD;NyD; &ifbwfay:odkY ckefwufckef
qif;jyKonf/ ajcovkH;ukd rsOf;vkH;jzihf tm;ukefvSdrfhonf/ vufrsm;ajcrsm;ukd csnfaESmifxm;NyD;
wpfaeukef wpfaecrf;½kdufonf/ vufeufykef;rsm; azmfxkwfa&;[laom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfvrf;pOf
onf zrf;xm;olrsm;tm; vlrqefpGm ñ§Of;qJ½kHjzifh rauseyf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; t&Sdeft[kef
aMumifh pnf;½kH;nDñGwfpGmjzihf tkH<uvsuf&Sdaom &ckdifjynfolESifh &ckdifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd csKd;ESdrf&ef
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
13
&nf&G,fum aus;&Gmrsm;okdY NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwkdY tvkH;t&if;jzifh qif;Muonf/ &GmpOfavQmufí
a&TaiGypönf;rsm;ukd vk,ufMuonf/ &GmvkH;uRwfrD;½IdUMuonf/ zrf;qD;½kdufESufMuonf/ tysKdttkd
ra&G; t&G,fra&mufolyg csrf;omcGifhray;bJ &GmvkH;csDí rk'def;usifhyGJrsm;ukd &ufa&mpGmjyKvkyfMuonf/
ajrcGefajrqDcrsm;udk tMurf;zufawmif;,lMuonf/ *syefacwfwavQmufwGif uRJnDaemiftrnf&Sd
NAdwdoQavwyfav,mOfrsm; pufaoewfBuJcsaeonfhatmufrS toufpGefYNyD;xGef,uf pkaqmif;cJhaom
olwkdYvufxJ&Sd *syefaiGpuúLrsm;? ½kwfw&ufrw&m;aiGpuúLb0odkY ajymif;oGm;&&m ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&Sd?
ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sdaom &ckdifv,form;rsm;? ajrcGefajrqDdcray;Ekdif/ NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfwkdY\
tMurf;zufzdESdyfrI'Pfukd tvl;tvJcHMu&\/ zufqpf*syefukd awmfvSefvQif trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;
&rnf[k &nfrSef;cJhaom &ckdifawmifolv,form;xk\b0um; bmrQrxl;/ *syefzufqpf\ae&mukd
tpm;0if,laom NAdwdoQtoQifocif\ ppfbdeyfatmufwGif jym;jym;0yf&awmhrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtm;
jyefvnfuRefjyKvkd[ef&Sdaom uGefqmaA;wpfacgif;aqmif csmcsDtpkd;&onf &SdorQ tMurf;zufrItrsLd;pkH
jzihf &ckdifjynfolESifh &ckdifawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;ukd tzufzufrS xkd;ppfqifavawmh\/
ykdíykdíqkd;0g;aom tajctaersm;okdY qkdufa&mufatmif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUykqdef½kd;rsm;u vrf;xGif
ay;onf/ rD;avmifavyifhvkyfay;onf/ zufqpf*syefacwfu ae&mr&&SdcJhaom t&m&Sdqkd;rsm;ESihf
ykvdyfqkd;rsm;onf ]]igwkdYwpfvSnfh uavmifukdifr,f? rif;wkdYwpfvSnfh xGef;wkH;ukdifMu}}[k ryg;eyfonfY
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;p ESpfOD;p\ajympum;ukd toJpGJemcsufaumufNyD; uRefZmwfoGif;aeonhf
NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm;ESihftwl ukd,fa&mpdwfygvIdufvSJpGmzdeSdyfMu\/ NAdwdoQppfwyftm; enf;ay;vrf;jyjyK
Mu\/ igwkdYt&Sifocif zufqpf*syef\ ae&mwGif aer0iftifyg,m ykdif&SifNAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpm;
0ifa&mufavonf/ vlrqefpGm Murf;MuKwf&ufpufpGm zdES dyfaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;tm;
wGef;vSefawmfvSef&if; &ckdifjynfolrsm;\ BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIonf w&m;aom? obm0usaom ed,mr
w&m;yifr[kwfygavm/
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q&mawmfOD;ynmoD[ukd ppfav,mOfay:wGif owfí *kHeDtdwfxJoGif;um yifv,fxJypfcscJh
avNyD[k NAdwdoQe,fcsJU uufpbDwkdY 0g'jzefYonf/ wcsdefwnf;vkdvkd q&mawmfOD;em&'(aygufawmNrdKU
ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfBuD; OD;em&')ESihf acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tpkvkduftcJvkduf zrf;qD;onf/ &maygif;rsm;
pGmaom zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd qufvufzrf;qD;onf/ vlrqefpGm ñ§Of;qJonf/
wcsKdUukd BudK;'Pf 2xyfuGrf;? 3xyfuGrf;xd ay;&Sdxm;onf/ &GmvkH;uRwf rD;½IdY? &GmvkH;uRwf rk'def;usifh?
&GmvkH;uRwf vk,ufyGJrsm;ukd jyKum awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; olwvligwrif; ykefuefx<uvm
atmif &ckdifjynfodrf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfu wrifwumtuGufqif\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfxJwGif
e,fajrvkHNcHKa&;wyf (FIELD SECURITY SERVICE) tufzftufpftufpf\ wefckd;tmPmum; twkr&Sd
BuD;xGGm;ae\/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
14
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU &ckdifodrf;ppfwyfu zdESdyfrIrsm;vmavav zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;u
ckcHwGef;vSef&ef BudK;pm;vmavav jzpfae\/ ae&mwumwGif aygufuGJvk,rf;tkd;rsm;jzihf jynhfESufvsuf
&Sdonf/ olwvkd igwrif; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrsm; rjzpfyGm;apa&;ESihf vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrsm;twGuf
ArmjynfodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfa&;udpörsm; aqG;aEG;&ef 1945-ck {NyDvwGif usaemfESifh ukda&TausmfOD;
(armfuGef;yxrqihf? ,ck a&Tjym;&yfuGuf jynfolYaumifpDOuú|)wdkY ukdñkdxGef;(0efBuD;a[mif; ,ck
oHtrwfBuD;) xHvmcJhMu\/ ukdñkdxGef; ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f vrkefYwpfyif&GmwGif&Sdaeonf/ usaemfwkdY
aeaom avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmrS rkdif 40cefYa0;onfh vrkefwpfyif&GmokdY ajcvsifavQmufvmMuonf/
vrf;c&D;wGif MuLaysmufMum; zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; vufvGefajcvGefjzpfrnfukd Mum;od&
\/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf zufqpf*syeftm; awmfvSefaponf/ ,ck vGwfvyfa&;r&/ zufqpf
uJhodkY ,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQppfwyf\ñ§if;yrf;rIukd cHae&NyD/ ,if;aMumifh ausmufawmfNrdKUodkY nOfh
wdwfwqdwf0ifNyD; ta&;ygaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESihfwuG EkdifiHa&;orm;wcsKdUESihf yvdyf
tifpywfawmf OD;atmifbkacswkdYukd owfNyD; awmckd&ef pDpOfaeMuonf[k Mum;od&\/ ,if;aMumifh
usaemfwkdY vrkefYwyif&GmodkY wkduff½kdufroGm;bJ MuLaysmufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sd&m o'gqdyf&GmodkY
wef;wef;rwfrwfoGm;Mu\/
o'gqdyfwGif AkdvfBuD;eDatmif? AkdvfpHvS? OD;pHvSabmf (ausmif;q&m)ESihf &Jabmf 30ceYfukd
awGU&onf/ olwkdYvlpkb0ukd pGefYvTwf&efykdif;jhzwfaompdwf"mwfjzihf tvGeftMuL; t&ufaomufaeMu
NyD/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd tcJraMu/ aocsifaoyap/ &rf;um;csifovkd &rf;um;rnfh tajcqkd;ukdawGU&onf/
usaemfwdkYESpfOD;ukd olwkdYt&ufjzifh BudKqkkd{nfhcHonf/ &Gufzsifukvm;xkdifwGif xkdifckdif;onf/ usnfqH
tqifoifhxkd;xm;onfrxm;onfukd rod&aom *syef½kdifz,f aoewfukdif&Jabmfrsm; tNcHt&Hrsm;
atmufwGif toufvSLxm;&onfh aqG;aEG;yGJukd pwifMu&onf/ olwkdYtvkdus olwkdYESihfa&mNyD; usaemf
wkdYt&ufaomufMuonf/ olwkdYwifjyaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyftm; vufeufukdifckcHawmfvSefa&;ukd
rltm;jzihf usaemfwkdYvufcHonf/ vufiif;xwkduf&ef rjzpfEkdif/ jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvkH;ESihfwuG tm&S
wpfwkdufvkH;vufiif;tm;jzihf zufqpf*syeftm; r[mrdwfrsm;u wkdufzsufaecsdefjzpfonfukd tpcsDum
urÇmh'Drkdua&pDESihf zufqpf0if½kd;pGef;wkdufyGJ\ EkdifiHwumtajctaersm; jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;\ vufiif;
wm0efrsm;ukd olwdkYtm; usaemfjyefvnfaqG;aEG;jyonf/ &Sif;jyonf/ zufqpf0if½kd;wef;EkdifiHrsm;
bkef;bkef;vJusoGm;onfESihfwpfNydKifeuf qkdAD,uf,leD,HESihf qkd&S,fvpftiftm;pkrsm; iGg;iGg;um;um;
jkzpf&rnfhtajccHrsm;? urÇmhjynfolwkdY\ 'Drkdua&pDatmifyGJrsm;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkYxifovkd cs,fvS,f
Ekdifrnfr[kwfbJ igwkdYtrsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tcGiftvrf;omrnfwkdYukd ajymjyonf/
OD;ynmoD[tm; owfvkdufNyDqkdcsufrSm ,kwåd,kwåmr&Sd/ ,ck ukdñkdxGef;ESifhusaemf aqG;aEG;NyD;vQif
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmxHoGm;rnf/ Armjynfodk Yvnf;aumif;? tdE´d,OD;odef;azjrifhokd Yvnf;aumif;?
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
15
ukd,ffpm;vS,fvTwfrnf[k &Sif;vif;wifjyum olwdkY\aygufuGJvkqJ ,rf;tkd;rSpeufwHudk usaemfcRwf,l
cJh\/
AkdvfMumeDatmifwdkYvlpk vufiif;vufeufpGJudkifwkdufckdufjcif;ukd rjyK/ vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifNyD; vufiif;EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrsm;jzihf ckcH&ef oabmwlMuonf/ olwdkYvufeufESifh
&Jabmfrsm;ukd vkHNcHKaomaus;&Gmrsm;xJ cGJa0jrKyfESHxm;&efvnf; oabmwlMuonf/ zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;rS,aeYxd Murf;wrf;cufxefaomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifae&í pdwfMurf;ukd,f
Murf;jzpfaeaom AkdvfMumeDatmifwkdYtm; *kPfoa&&Sd vlvdrfrm EkdifiHa&;yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;xuf usaemf
,kHMunfonf/ *kPfoa&&Sif EkdifiHa&;yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;uJhodkY ,aeY a&T reufjzef aiGvkyfrnfholrsm; r[kwf
jcif;ukd usaemfwxpfcsodonf/ usaemf,kHMunfouJhokYd olwkdYuwdwnfMunfMuygonf/ ausmufawmf
ae EkdifiHa&;yk*¾dKvfESihf ykvdyftifpyufawmf OD;armifbkacswkdYukd rowfMuyg/ awmrckdMuyg/
AkdvfMumeDatmifwkdYvlpkyif usaemfwkdYESpfOD;tm; vrkefYwyif&Gm&Sd ukdñkdxGef;xHodkY vkdufykdYay;Muygonf/
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ukd,fpm;vS,fapvTwfa&;ukd ajymjyonf/ vufiif;tm;jzihf vufeufpGJukdif aygufuGJrIr&Sd&atmif
xdef;odrff;Mua&;ukdvnf; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ oabmwlMuonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifh usaemfaqG;aEG;NyD;
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aygufv,f0&Gmae OD;ñkdvSjzihf (aemuf &ckdifwkdif; zqyvacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhaom OD;ñkdvSjzL)
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acsmif; &GmodkY jyefcJhMu\/ tcsdefrjzKef;bJ ajrmif;abGNrdKUodkY usaemfwkdY 'kef;pkdif;vmav\/ ajrmif;abGwGif
ukdarmifpdefvS (,ck ausmif;q&mOD;armifpdefvS)ukd awGUonf/olYtm; vufiif;aygufuGJrxGuf&atmif
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acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;&efoloGm;oifhaMumif; usaemfaqG;aEG;jy\/ ESpfaxmif;0rf;ajrmufpGm
olvufcH\/ olESihftwl ukdoef;pdef (,ck EkdifiHawmfaumifpDtzGJU0ifESihf XmecsKyf qvytwGif;a&;rSL;
2) ukdyg ac:,loGm;rnf[kajymonf/
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ajrmif;abGrS av;NrdKUjrpfwpfbufurf;ukd ul;vQif yef;ajrmif;BuD;acsmif;0Srf;odkYa&mufonf/
,if;acsmif;w½kd;ae&mtESHYwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ajymufusm; AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif aexkdifMuonf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
16
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awmfvSefa&;rvkyf[k ckdifrmpGmuwdjyKMuygonf/ usaemf Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,fodkY okwfajcwifxGuf
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a&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYtwGuf Armjynfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ñ§dEIkdif;aqG;aEG;&ef ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYtm;
ArmjynfodkY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfa&;ukd q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm? OD;bkd;OD;? OD;pHodef;( Mumtif;awmif&Gm
acgif;aqmif)wkdYESifh usaemfwkdY aqG;aEG;Mu\/ oabmwlMu\/ ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYoGm;a&;twGuf
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jzifhvkkdufykdYonf/ wa,Gacsmif;? 0ufacsmif;bufrS yckuúLe,fodkY ausmfjzwfonfh zkd;acgifausmfvrf;rS
jzwfausmfMu&ef pDpOfay;vkduf\/ ArmjynfodkY oGm;rnfhukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUvnf; j*[if;cg;&GmrSpxGuf
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? rsufESmrJ? rsufESmñkd EkkdifiHjcm;ppfAdkvfrsm;? ppfom;rsm;jzihf jynhfvQHae\/ ppfawGNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;ukd
ppfawGNrdKUrS 6rdkif? 7rdkifa0;aom em&DuH? Muufukdif;wef&GmwkdYwGif ckdatmif;aexkdifcGihfjyKxm;onf/
Muufukdif;wef&GmodkY usaemfa&mufoGm;\/ q&mawmfOD;em&'tm; awGUcGihfjyK&ef tzftufpftufpf
rsufESmjzLppft&m&SdESihf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;xH tBudrfBudrfcsOf;uyf&onf/ q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; awGUcGifh
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
17
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avonf/ q&mawmftwGuf zsmESihf&Sm;yg;aom yef;uefvkH;? yef;uefjym;rsm;wkdYukd OD;apmvSausmf
(ppfawGtvkyform;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom OD;apmvSausmfuG,fvGef) \xrif;qkdifrS ,liifay;vkduf
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onf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;tNyD; ar*smMuL;vufrSwfjzihf ay;cJhaom"gwfcJokH;a&'D,kdrsm;? apmifrsm;?
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,ckqifrvkdufoabFmusif; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;) ESihf ukdausmfaZm (uG,fvGef jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)
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b,fae&mwGif 0Sufxm;ovJ[laom ar;cGef;ukd t"duxm; ar;jref;Muonf/ trsKd;rsKd;tMuyfukdifí
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opömazmufrIe? vlowfrIrsm;jzihf w&m;rpGJqkdEkdif/ olwkdYvTwfa&;ESihf usaemfwdkY|mecsKyfukd xdef;odrf;a&;
wkdYtwGuf NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,f avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmokdY usaemfr&yfrem; 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmcJh&\/
ArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyDArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyDArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyDArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyDArmjynfodkY csDwuf&NyD
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; b,faeY b,fauGUwGif NyD;qkH;rnfukd rodao;/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
18
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c½kdifjynfolY&Jabmfacgif;aqmif AkdvfaZ,sAv)ukd pD;yGm;a&;wm0efcHtjzpf a&G;NyD; ukda&TausmfOD;wkdYESihf
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aom ukdomausmfESihf ukdausmfaZmwkdYxH pm;p&mrsm;ESihfpmrsm;ukdvnf; ,kHMunf&aom jynfolYbufom;
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r,kHMunf/ rkefwkdif&Gm\tjcm;urf;wpfzufwGif &Sdonfh csif;vJAD;Xmewnf&m av;ykH&GmokdYac:oGm;\/
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
26
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
27
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
28
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29
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AkdvffcsKyfwdkYtdrfwGif naeykdif; rdompk vlpkH&SdMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyf\tdrfoltdrfom;rsm; ar;jref;ojzifh
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pepfqkd;atmufrS vGwfvyfa&;ukd vufeufukdifenf;jzihf wkduf,l&rnfqkdvQifvnf; vufeufukdifenf;
jzifh wkduf,l&rnfqkdaom usaemfwkdY ckdifrmpGm pGJukdifxm;onfh 0g'ukd xkdtcsdefu AkdvfcsKyfuvnf;
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ajym? vkyfp&m&SdvQifvnf; 0kdif;ulvkyfMuonf/ csufjyKwfa&;wm0efukd ukdarmifvSausmf wm0ef,lvkduf&m
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t,faZ;&Sif; ]]&efvkH}}acG;BuD;onf t[def;ta[mufaumif;oavmuf ukduf0g;wwfaom acG;
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ygonf/ wcgcg aiGaMu;&Tifaom rdwfaqGESihfawGUvQif xrif;t&ufpm;aomufNyD; aiG 25usyf 30usyf
&vmwwf\/ a,bk,stm;jzihf waeYvQif 3usyf 4usyfxd usaemf&wwf\/ xkdpOfu tvkyftukdifrJh
jzpfMuaom ,aeYxdyfoD;qkdolrsm;vnf; usaemfwkdYuJhodkYyif aeYwGufukdufatmif taygif;toif;rdwfaqG
rsm;\ tultnDukd ,lMu&olrsm;omjzpfMuonf/ ygwDtzGJUtpnf; &HykHaiGtwGuf &ovkdjzpfovkd
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AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGif om,maom rdom;pkpdwf"mwfjzihf &ufaygif;tawmfMum usaemfwkdY aexkdifMu&
onf/ AdkfvfcsKyfonf Oywd½kyfaumif;onf/ tom;ta&mif aumif;onf/ 6ayeD;eD;cefYjrifhaom t&yfESihf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
39
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ukdvnf; ajymqkdMu&ygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfonf ukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vufeufukdif
awmfvSefa&;ukd vkyfaqmif&ef 0efrav;aom rsKd;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefckdifNrJolwpfOD;jzpfonf/
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jzihf jynhfESufvsuf&Sdaom ol\cEmukd,fukdvnf;jrif&/ olajymaomtcsufrsm;ukdvnf; Mum;vm&aom
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qD;onf/ olwkdYtvsOf;rckcH/ olwkdYESihfygvmaom pwif;*ef;wpfvufESihf ajcmufvkH;jyL;wpfvufukd
tyfvkdufonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif r[mrdwfrsm;u todtrSwfjyKxm;aom jrefrmEdkifiHajrykH
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tppfcHcsufrsm;udk wqHcsnfrQr,kH/ olwkdYtm; ½kdufESufn§Of;qJ½kHru tpma&pmrauR;bJ ajcvufrsm;ukd
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nOfhbufwGif wkwfaESmifxm;aom avxD;BudK;rsm;ukd ajzNyD;ajy;Munhf&ef ñ§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;Mu&\/ ajcjref
vufjrefaom ukdoef;pdef BudK;ajzoGm;í ½kwfw&ufawmifxdyfodkY w[kefxkd;wufajy;oGm;Edkifaomfvnf;
usef&Jabmfrsm;rSm teD;uyfapmifhaeaom NAdwdoQppfom;u aoewfjzihfypfonf/ uHaumif;aom
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
40
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ajymjyonf/ udkarmifpdefvSuyif qufvufNyD; trSwf (90)qDtmtufwGif rsufESmjzLq&m0efESihf
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raxmufEkdifao;aom ajcaxmufrsm;ukd tm;xm;NyD; rkdifav;&mausmfa0;uGmaom rEÅav;rS &efukefNrdKU
okdY 16&ufMumaxmheif;axmheif; ajy;vm&aMumif;wkdYudk ajymjyoGm;ygonf/
ukdarmifpdefvSwkdYtm; NAdwdoQe,fcsJKUppfwyfrS vlrqefpGm n§Of;qJNyD; ppfav,mOfi,fjzifh
wifaqmifoGm;&m aoonf&Sifonfukd rod jzpfaeaMumif;wkdYukd txyfxyftvDvDwifjyxm;NyD;
jzpfonfhjyif usaemfwkYdtm;vnf; rdom;pk nD&if;wl&if;obG,f cifrifaeNyDjzpfojzifh ukdarmifpdefvStm;
ac:vma&;ukd wygwnf; AkdvfcsKyfwkdYxH cGihfyefaep&mrvkdNyD/ ukdarmifpdefvSukd wygwnf; AkdvfcsKyftdrfokdY
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aeaom ocifpkd;udk,fwkdif oifMum;ykdYcsrnf[k [kd;av;wausmfjzpfaeonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfxH
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vufiif;vrf;pOfukd wa&G;om;rQ usaemfvufrcH/ odkYaomf ekdifiHa&;oabmw&m;? uGefjrLepfoabm
w&m;? qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;rsm;ukdum; tao&& t&Sif&& usaemfqnf;yl;vkdonf/ ,if;aMumifh
usaemfwkYd uGefjrLepfoifwef;wufrnf/ usaemfwkdYrnfolrsm;jzpfonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif rnfodkYaqmif&Guf
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
41
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vkH;0rjyK/ tjynfht0tm½kHpkdufNyD; oifMum;,lonf/ usaemfonf i,fpOfuav;b0uyif olrwlatmif
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usaemfhwGif tavhtxwpfck&Sdvmonf/ ausmif;q&moifMum;csdefwGif tjynhft0tm½kHpkdufNyD;
&mEIef;jynhfrSwfrdatmif oifMum;,lonf/
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42
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wpfeyfpDukd usaemfwkdY pm;Mu\/ usaemfwkdYtm; taMumif;rodaom oifwef;wufbuf&Jabmfrsm;u
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ukd Auyrsm;omru vuf0J0g'Drsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGm trsKd;rsKd; a0zefajymqkdaeMuonf/
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avhvmMunhf&m OD;ynmoD[u q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifhwuG 0g&rf;ajy;awmykef;aeMuolwkdY? olESihfwyg
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,mOfjzihf apmihfaernfh rsufESmjzL &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;xH vufeufrsm; csMua&;wkdYukd OD;ynmoD[wkdufwGef;
aeaMumif; q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifolwkdY wdwdususqkH;jzwfcsufrcs&ao;aMumif;wkdYukd usaemfwkdYtm;
ajymjyMuonf/
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u ,cifuvkd urÇmBuD;tm; xifovkd rcs,fvS,fEdkifawmhaMumif;/ e,fcsJUpepfqkd;onf tvkyform;
tn§Of;qJcH vlwef;pm;ESihf e,fcsJUy#dyu©? ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;ESihf e,fcsJUy#dyu©ponfh >yef;wD;aeaom
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NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;&onf ppfEkdifaom EkdifiH[kemrnfom &Sdaomfvnf; a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
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48
Auyacgif;aqmifydkif;u ba&muf'g0g'ukd pGJukdifNyD; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcsa&;ukd
vkyfukdifaeaomfvnf; AuyxJraMueyfrIrsm; jynhfvQHvsuf&SdaMumif;wkdYukd usaemfwkdY ukd,fawGUrsm;jzihf
vnf; wifjyonf/
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vnf; usaemf tao;pdwf&Sif;jyonf/
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&SdaeaMumif;wkdYudkvnf; usaemfajymjy\/
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jzpfay:vmEkdifaMumif;wkdYudk usaemfzdzdpD;pD;ajymqkdwifjyum vufeufrcsa&;vrf;pOfwGif rm;rm;rwfrwf
usaemf&yfwnfvkduf\/ q&mawmfESihfwuG usaemfwkdY em&Daygif;tawmfMum tBudwfte,faqG;aEG;
Muonf/ q&mawmfwdkY vufeufrcsa&;/ OD;ynmoD[ESifh vufeufcs&efwpfygwnf;vkdufroGm;[lí
pdwfwloabmwl tqkH;tjzwfay;Mu\/
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awmhNyD[k taMumif;Mum;vkdufonf/ OD;ynmoD[ onf;rcHEkdifatmif &SufpdwfESihfa'gopdwfrsm; rTefoGm;
onf/ Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,fvkH;ukd tpnf;ta0;ac:onf/ Mumtif;awmif bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;wGif
wkdufe,fvlxktpnf;ta0;ukd OD;ynmoD[usif;yonf/
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wkdufe,fvlxktm; [def;NyD; ajcmufvSefYonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmwkd Y aoab;BuHK&awmhrnf/
Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,fjynfolUtkd;tdrfrsm; rD;½IdUcH&awmhrnf/ jynfolrsm; ESdyfpufñ§Of;qJcH&awmhrnf
[k 0rf;enf;aMuuGJbG,fajymum ol\rsufESmwGif rsuf&nfaygufrsm; pD;qif;oGm;\/ wufa&mufae
aom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f jynfoljynfom;rsm;uvnf; 0rf;enf;aom pdwf"mwfjzifh ai;ikdifol
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tenf;i,fajymyg&ap[k tpcsDNyD;vQif urÇmhEkdifiHwumtajctaersm;ESihf bkH;bkH;vJusqkH;aeaom
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jynf\jzpf&yfrsm;? jrefrmjynfwGif trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaeMuaomjzpf&yfrsm;? urÇmh
ordkif;wGif trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJ[lonfrSm vufeufpGJukdifaom jynfolvlxkESifh e,fcsJUpepfqkd;
wkdY wkduf&aom wkdufyGJjzpfí toufpnf;pdrf tkd;tdrfrsm;ukd rpGefYvSLbJ r&Ekdif/
,aeYurÇmhxdyfoD; tar&duefEkdifiHyifvQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDb0qkd;ukd vufeufpGJukdif
awmfvSefEdkifcJhí ,aeYxdyfoD; EkdifiHBuD;wpfEkdifiHjzpf&aMumif;wkdYtm; &Sif;jyum NAdwdoQe,fcsJU qefYusifa&;
twGuf usaemfaoG;qG vIHUaqmfay;vkdufonf/ *syefaiGpuúLukd w&m;r0ifvkyfjcif;aMumifh ay;p&mvnf;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
49
aiGr&Sd? ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&Sdaom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f v,form;xktm; ajrcGefajrqDcray;a&;
ESihf vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&; wkdufyGJ0ifMu&efvnf; usaemfwkdufwGef;vkdufonf/
OD;ynmoD[a[majympOfu ai;ikdifaeaom? rsuf&nfusaeMuaom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f
jynfolrsm; vef;qyfaoG;<uavNyD/ 1300jynhfta&;awmfykHuyif pdwfwlqE´wl vkyfukdifcJhMuaom
OD;ynmoD[ESihf usaemf ,aeY jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;jzpfoGm;&NyD/ EkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;wGif wOD;ESifh
wpfOD;ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifaeMu&NyD/
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rnfukdvnf; usaemfrrSef;qEkdif/ rnfonfhfvrf;qkHwGif vufwGJcsDwufEkdifrnfukdvnf; usaemfrod/
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aeavNyD/
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onfh OD;ynmoD[onf olYajrmfrSef;csufratmifjrifbJ av;yifwyfavS (Oa&myNydKifavSrsm;ukd ajcuef
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wyfqifxm;onfhavS) jzihf jyefoGm;&onf/
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a&;wyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;xd vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd csrSwfMuygonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wGif NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd vufeufpGJukdifawmfvSef&ef pdwfwloabmwljzpfaeMuaom usaemfwkdY tppt&m&m
wGif qE´uGJjym;rI r&SdMuyg/
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avmif;&Snfacsmif;wpf&GmvkH;uvnf; usaemfwkdYtm; nD&if;tukdobG,f cspfcifMuonf/
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onf/ &Gm\ajrmufbufwGif tkyfqkdif;aeaom opfyifBuD;rsm;\tv,fwGif Munfvifat;jraom
uefBuD;wpfuef&Sdonf/ {uaygif;rsm;pGmaom v,fuGif;jyifBuD;onf oHo&macsmif;ezl;xd us,fjyefY
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
50
ae\/ &Gm\awmifbufwpfzmvkHcefY us,frnfhabmfjrpfukd ul;vkdufvQif jyL;awmjymawm (uepkdxif;
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oGm;vQif 4aycefY&Sdaom oHcGef;(8ykdif; 1ykdif;vufrcefY&Sdrnfh oHvkH;ukd tzsm;wGif acgufauGUxm;onfh
oHcRef;)wpfckjzifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom *Pef;wGif;xJrS *Pef;rsm;ukd ukwfcspfxkwf,l&onf/ wem&D
avmufwGif *Pef;aumif 50rS 70xd &awmh\/ *Pef;rsm;ukd <uuf<uufqlaeaom a&aEG;jzihf
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51
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\/ &Jabmfrsm;a&m? &Gmom;rsm;yg wduspGmrajzqkdMu? cyfvkH;vkH;tajzudkom usaemf&\/
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; tarGtESpftjzpf usaemf,lxm;vkdufaom ypönf;ESpfck&Sdonf/ *syef
"g;&SnfwpfvufESifh ajcmufvkH;jyL;wpfvuf? ,if;ypönf;ESpfckukd usaemftm;xm;,kHMunfaom ukd0gBuD;
xHwGif usaemftyfESHxm;cJhonf/ aomufpm;Mu&if; ,if;ypönf;ESpfck &Sdonf r&Sdonfukd ukd0gBuD;tm;
ar;jref;Munhfonf/ olYvufxJwGif &SdaeaMumif; olajym&m olYxHrS ajcmufvkH;jyL;aoewfukd usaemfjyef,l
vkduf\/
pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;pifNydKifEkdifiHa&;oifwef;
usaemfwkdYXmecsKyf avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif ukdarmifpdefvS(,ckausmif;q&m) ukdomausmf
(AkdvfrSL; qifrvkdufoabFmusif; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;) ukdausmfaZm(uG,fvGef jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)
ukduHBuD; (,ck ausmif;q&m) ukdoef;pdef (zqyvXmecsKyf twGif;a&;rSL; 2ESihf EdkifiHawmfaumifpDt
zGJU0if) ukdvSjzLoH( ,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpDOuúX OD;vSjzLoH) ukdOD;a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m)
udka&TausmfOD; (,ck a&Tjym;&yfuGuf jynfolYaumifpDOuú| armfuGef;yxrtqifh) ESihfwuG OD;ynmoD[\
wynhf&if;csmrsm; jzpfaomfvnf; Auy\ [dwfBuD;[efBuD;jyKrlcsufESihf ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufrcHojzihf
usaemfpnf;½kH;,laom OD;avomatmif (aemifzqyvtpkd;&ESihf vufeufukdifwkdufcJh&pOf NrdKUa[mif;
NrdKUe,femrnfBuD; &ckdifjynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhol OD;avomatmif)
ESihf OD;Akdvfatmif (aemifzqyvtpkd;&ESihf vufeufukdifwkdufcdkduf&pOf NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUe,fESifh aygufawm
NrdKUe,f ajrmufydkif;wGif emrnfBuD;cJhNyD; AuyppfawGc½kdif tvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif&if;
tcsif;csif;owfjzwfcHoGm;&aom OD;Akdvfatmif)wkdY pk½kH;rdMuonf/
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wpfyg'rusef tdwfoGefzmarSmuf usaemfwkdY wifjyMu\/ 'llwkdufaqG;aEG;yGJjyKMu\/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;
tpnf;t½kH;xlaxmifum vli,fnDvmcHac:qkda&;ESihf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd awmfvSefrnhfajratmuf
vufeufukdif wyfzGJUrsm;ukd us,fjyefYpGm zGJUpnf;xlaxmifoGm;Mu&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ukd
usaemfacgif;aqmifNyD; zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;&efvnf; tm;vkH;oabmwlMuonf/
,if;aMumifh avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif usaemfacgif;aqmifum EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ukd ay;&yg
onf/ avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif usaemfwkdY EkdifiHa&;oifwef;rpwifrSSDuyif &ckdifwkdif; zqyvXmecsKyf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
52
wnf&m jyaw;&GmwGif rpöwm*kd&S,f(jzKwf? xkwf? owfvrf;pOfatmufwGif tcsif;csif;owfjzwfcHoGm;&
aom Auyay:vpfAsL½kdtzGJU0if OD;bwif)acgif;aqmifNyD; EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ay;vsuf&SdaecJhavonf/
rpöwm*kd&S,fonf tdEd,jynfuGefjrLepfygwDrSxkwfa0aom ]]jynfolYppf (THE PEOPLE WAR) owif;pm
\ owif;axmuf vufrSwfjzihf ppfowif;,l&ef taMumif;jyum &ckdifjynfokdY pwif0ifa&mufvmjcif;
jzpfonf/
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awmfOD;ynmoD[u Ouú|? OD;ausmfjr (,ck awmckd Auy A[kdaumfrwD) u twGif;a&;rSL;? a':rñGefY
(Auy OD;ausmfjr\ uG,fvGefoGm;aomZeD;)u b@ma&;rSL;? OD;OD;apmu aumfrDwDtjzpf aqmif&Guf
aom&ckdifwkdif; zqyvtzGJUudk tckdiftrmxlaxmifxm;NyDjzpfonf/
ba&muf'g0g'rS jrpfzsm;cHonhf NAdwdoQppfwyfxH t<uif;rJhvufeufcsa&;*kdPf;ESihf NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUppfwyfukd vufeufukdfifawmfvSefa&;*kdPf;[lí *kdPf;ESpf*kdPf;jzpfaeMu&onf/ usaemfwddkYvlpktm;
rpöwm*kd&S,fwkdYvlpk rsufrkef;usKd;jcif;? NidKjiifjcif;jyKvmMuonfrSm tHhMop&mr[kwfyg/ tdrfBuD;xJ tdrfi,f
aqmufolrsm;[lívnf;aumif;? tqkd;aumifqkd&S,fvpfrsm; (*kPfoa&rJhaom EkdifiHa&;awav*sykd;rsm;
jzihf zGJUpnf;xm;aom qkd&S,fvpfygwD[kqkdvkdonf) [kvnf;aumif; usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdYoykwfavvGifh
jyKvmMuonfrSmvnf; txl;tqef;r[kwfay/
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avmif;&Snfacsmif;wGif tEky#avmr ½kyf0g'ESihf urÇmhEkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ukd oifwef;ykdYcs&if;
aysmufcsufrvSaysmufaeaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD; jzpf&yfrSefukd EIdufEIdufumum usaemfavhvm\/
avmif;&Snfacsmif; crTD;trsKd;om;xJwGif usaemfESihf nD&if;tukdwrQ cspfcif&if;ESD;Muolrsm; &SdMuonf/
olwkdYESifh pm;twl tdyftwljyKum &JabmfapmxGef;OD;taMumif;ukd usaemfEIduf,l\/ &JabmfapmxGGef;OD;
um; ppfawGc½kdkif ausmufawmfNrdKU e,fpGefe,fzsm;rS v,frJh,mrJh v,f,mtvkyform; vlwef;pm;rS
aygufzGm;vmoljzpfonf/
qif;&Jaom v,fulvDrdbrsm;'Pfukd oli,fpOfuyif cHvm&í pmayynmrwwf/ olonf
i,fpOfuyif uRJEGm;tiSm;ausmif;b0wGif aexdkdifcJh&onf/ uRJEGm;ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ½kef;uef&aom
v,f,mtvkyform;b0jzihf olt&G,fa&mufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ol\aexkdifpm;aomufrIrsm;?
ajymqkdrIrsm;onf r[mrqef/ Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;aexkdifwwfonf/ 'kd;'kd;a'gufa'gufajymwwfonf/
odkYaomf &JabmfapmxGef;OD;wGif EkdifiHtwGuf BuD;rm;aom t&nftcsif;&Sd\/ olonf trsKd;om;
vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGifom toufESihfvJNyD;aqmif&Gufrnfr[kwfao;/ v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;ESihf
pufrItvkyform;rsm;\b0 vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm;ESihf qkd&S,fvpfwkdufyGJrsm;wGifvnf; toufjzifh
zvS,frnfh &JabmfwpfOD;jzpfonf/
olonf pmayrwwfí qkd&S,fvpfpmtkyfBuD;rsm;ukd rzwfEdkif/ r&GwfqkdEkdif/ odkYaomf
ol\½kef;uefvmcJh&aom v,f,mtvkyform;b0aMumifh qkd&S,fvpfa&;&mukd b0todjzihf olvufcH
,kHMunfonf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wpfavQmufvkH;wGif olonf tm;xm;&aom &JabmfwpfOD;jzpf
\/ uif;apmihf&efwm0efusvQif uif;ukd rikdufrSdef;bJapmihf\/ wyfuif;axmufxGufvQif a&SUwrf;rSae
í vif;,kefiSufuJhodkY &J&ifhvsifjrefpGmaxmufvSrf;ay;onf/ wkdufyGJwGifvnf; olraMumuf &Gwf&Gwf
cRefcRef olwkdufckduf\/
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53
,ckol ba&muf'g0g'\ om;aumiftjzpf paw;cHvkduf&NyD/ jyaw;&Gm &ckdifwkddif; zqyvXme
csKyf tmPmykdifrsm;\trdefYjzihf olYtm;okwfoifvkduf&avNyD/ &JabmfapmxGef;OD;um; olcspfjrwfEkd;aom
vGwfvyfa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYukd r&rSDuyif ausmckdif;oGm;cJh&&SmavNyD/
ba&muf'g0g'vufcsufjzihf v,f,mtvkyform;om;ysKd &JabmfapmxGef;OD;aoqkH;cJh&ovkd
aygif;wnfNrdKU ,pfrsKd;0efaxmuf OD;atmifvSoH\om;BuD; &JabmfapmxGef;OD;vnf; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf
\ vlrqefaomn§Of;qJrIatmufwGif toufaysmufcJh&onf/
*syefzufqpfacwfwGif;u &ckdifjynfrS &efukefNrdKUodkY oGm;vm&wkdif; aygif;wnfNrdKU olwkdYtdrfwGif
usaemftNrJvkdvkdwnf;ckdonf/ ,kHMunfpdwfcs&olrsm;ESifhBuHKvQif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;? vGwfvyf
a&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;&mrsm;ukd usaemftm;abmiftm&if;oefpGm ajymavh&Sdonfhtwkdif;
olwkdYtdrfwGifvnf; usaemfajym\/ vli,fvl&G,fyDyD pGefYpm;vkdaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD;? zufqpf*syef
awmfvSef&ef usaemfwkdYESihftwl vkdufvmonf/
a&TbkHay:wGif BuD;jyif;vm&aom &JabmfapmxGef;OD;? usaemfwkdYESifh &ckdifokdYcsDvmonfhaeYrSpNyD;
tzufzufrSqif;&J'ku©a&muf&onf/ jzpfovkdtdyf? &ovkdpm;? tiwfiwftjywfjywfjzihf usaemfwkYdESihf
twl udk,fa&mpdwfyg qif;&JpGmjzihf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf\/ tajymtqkd
taetxkdifrSpNyD; odrfarGUEl;nHhaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD;ukd ppfajrjyifwkdufyGJwpfBudrfrQ usaemfwm0ef
ray;cJh/ ½kH;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukdom xrf;aqmifapcJhonf/
&ckdifjynf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;tNyD; olYrdbrsm;xH tjrefjyefvkdojzihf udkarmifpdefvS acgif;;
aqmifaom ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESihftwl olYukdvkdufykdY&onf/ rkef;wkdif;csif;&GmwGif csif;vJAD;rsm; zrf;qD;
jcif;ukd olwkdYcHoGm;&onf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfu vlrqefaom n§Of;qJESdyfpufrIaMumifh oltoufqkH;
½IH;oGm;&avNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;uefabmif½kd;wGif olpaw;cHoGm;&avNyD/
avmif;&Snfacsmif; EkdifiHa&;oifwef;rNyD;qkH;rDS avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmrS vlBuD;wcsKdU? avmif;&Snf
acsmif;rS xGufcGmoifhNyDjzpfaMumif; usaemfhtm; wkd;wkd;BudwfBudwf vmajymMuonf/ jyaw;&Sd &ckdifwkdif;
zqyvESihf AuywkdY tefwkaeaom usaemfwkdYtm; r½IpdrfhEkdifjzpfMuNyD[k usaemfhtm; owdvmay;\/
&efukefNrdKU&Sd &efukefwkdif; zqyvvlBuD;wkdYuyif tqkd;aumif qdk&S,fvpf bkHaygufwkdYtm;
okwfoif&ef pma&mufaeNyD[lívnf; usaemftm; ajymjy\/ usaemf wqHcsnfrQ rwkefvIyf/ jyaw;&Sd
tmPm&Sifrsm;onf NAdwdoQppfwyfuzrf;&ef vkdufvHaeí tm;ukd;wBuD; ckd;atmif;vmaom
OD;pH*kd;atmif (NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;ESpf&yfvkH;wGif rdrdESifhwuG rdom;pkrsm;yg
yg0ifcJhNyD; aygufawmNrdKUe,f v,form;xktm; acgif;aqmifcJhol) tm; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH tzrf;cHap
onfxd MoZmoufa&mufaomffvnf; usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY MoZmrjyEkdif/ ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufukdif
xm;aom olwkdY\pum;ukd wpfcGef;yif usaemfwdkYem;raxmif/ odkYaomfjyaw;tmPm&Sifrsm;onf usaemf
wkdYESifh,SOfNydKifNyD; olwpfcsuf igwpfcsufrjypf&JMu/ rrkduf&JMuonfukd usaemfwkdY tpif;odjzpfonf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
54
usaemfhtm; nD&if;wrQcifrifí vmajymaom crTD;vlBuD;wkdYtm; ]]cifAsm;wkdY ighukd rowf&ufyg
bl;}}]]igwkdY vlqkd;"m;jyr[kwfbl;}}[k &,f&,farmarmajymqkdvkdufonf/ oifwef;NyD;onfxd usaemfwkdY
avmif;&Snfacsmif;wGif aexkdifMuygonf/
usaemfwkdY vlqkd;"m;jyvnf;r[kwf? r½kd;om;aom olrsm;vnf; r[kwfMu/ EkdifiHa&;ukd rdrd,kHMunf
cH,lcsuftjynhft0jzifh tepfemcH? taocHaeMuolrsm;om jzpfMuonfukd avmif;&Snfacsmif; &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;odMu\/
avmif;&Snfacsmif;wpf&GmvkH;onf *syefwpfacwfvkH;wGif usaemfwkdYtm;ukd;&mvnf;jzpfonf/
usaemfwkdYESihfaoabmfaobufrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ b,ftmPm&Sifckdif;apumrl usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY
'ku©ray;&Jonfukd rowf&ufonfukd usaemfwkdY aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
Akdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonfAkdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonfAkdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonfAkdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonfAkdvfa&G;yGJ0ifMuonf
avmif;&Snfacsmif; EkdifiHa&;oifwef;NyD;qkH;í wm0efcGJa0,lum e,fqif;Mu&ef aqG;aEG;aeMupOf
Akdfvfa&G;yGJ jyóemay:aygufvmonf/ uEéDpmcsKyft& jynfodrf; NAdwdoQta&SUawmif tm&Sppfwyfrsm;
ESihf twlygvmaom bm;rm;½kdifz,fwyfrsm;ESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif tiftm;BuD;xGm;vm
aom ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfyl;aygif;a&;? NAdwdoQppfrpf&Sifu yl;aygif;rnfh Armhwyfrawmfukd avhusifhcef;
ay;a&;rSpNyD; acwfrSDvufeufrsm; wyfqifa&;xd zGJUpnf;BuD;Muyfa&;rsm; jyKvkyf&efjzpfonf/
,if;aMumifh BuD;xGm;aeaom ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfwGif ppfAkdvf ppfom;rsm;udk avQmh&onf/
Akdvfjzpfxkdufolrsm;ukdvnf; rsufESmjzLppfAkdvfrsm;BuD;Muyfonfh Akdvfa&G;tzGJUrS a&G;cs,faecsdefjzpf\/
usaemfhtm;vnf Akdvfa&G;yGJodkY0if&ef wcsKdUvma&mufajymqkdzsm;a,mif;onf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyf
a&;ukd NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDvufatmufrS vufeufpGJukdifNyD; tvGwf½kef;xGufvkdu ½kef;xGufrnf/
pdwfxufoefaeaomusaemfum; Akdvfa&G;yGJ0ifa&;ukd cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fvkdufonf/
usaemfwkdY jcaoFhatmif aysmufusm;wyfzGJUxJrS wyfzGJUwyf&if;acgif;aqmifrsm; vkyfcJhMuaom
ukdomausmf( AkdvfrSL; ,ck qifrvkdufoabFmusif; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;)? ukdausmfaZm(uG,fvGef jynfaxmifpk
ppf&JAkdvf) ESihf ukdomxGef;OD; (,ckawmckd Auy &ckdifjynfaumfrDwD)wkdY vkdufygoGm;Muonf/
ukdvSjzLoH(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpDOuú|)vnf; trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; wwyfwtm;ygvmatmif pnf;½kH;a&;twGuf &efukefwGif ausmif;qufae
&ef &efukefodkYvdkufygoGm;\/ ukdomausmf (,ck 0efBuD;)rSm ArmjynfwGif tqifoifh&Sdaeí &ckdifjynfodkY
jyefvm&efrvkdawmhbJ &efukefodkY wef;oGm;NyD; Akdvfa&G;yGJokdY 0ifvkdufonf/
&ckdifjynf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;tNyD;wGif ukdomausmf(,ck 0efBuD;) ESihf usaemfrawGUvkduf&/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
55
ukdomausmf ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f nDacs&GmteD;wGif avxD;jzifhqif;NyD; MuLaysmufusm;wyfzGJUrsm;ESifhtwl
wyfzGJUwpfzGJUukd acgif;aqmifum zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd awmfvSefcJhonf/
MuLaysmufusm;wyfzGJUrsm; usaemfwdkY jcaoFhatmif ajymufusm;xuf &ufowåESpfywfausmf
apmNyD; NAdwdoQppfwyfxH vufeuftyfvkduf&&m ukdomausmf tdEd,okdY vkdufygoGm;onf/ tdEd,rS
wqifh jrefrmjynf awmifilc½kdifwGif ukdomausmf avxD;jzihfqif;um zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd qufvuf
awmfvSefoGm;onf/ awmifilc½kdifwGif avxD;jzifh qif;a&;twGuf tdEd,okdYroGm;rSD ukdomausmf
usaemfhxHodkY owif;ykdYcJhonf/ ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f ,kd;acsmif;? ,kd;w½kwf&GmrS tdEd, OD;odef;azjrifhxH
oloGm;pOf? vrf;wGif OD;pHomausmf(,ck 'g'g ykd;xnfpuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;)ukd awGU&onf/
olwdkYESpfOD;ukd vrf;jyu e,fpyfxdykdY\/ tdEd,e,fxJ0ifvQif e,fajrvkHNcHKa&;wm0ef,laeonfh
a&SUwef;NAdwdoQppfwyfu olwkdYESpfOD;tm; zrf;onf/ olwkdY zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;
jzpfaMumif;/ olwkdYtm; umvuwåm;trSwf 136 ppfXmecsKyfESihf OD;odef;azjrifhxH ydkYay;yg[k olwkdYtul
tnDawmif;Muonf/ odkYaomf olwkdYtm;oGm;cGihfrjyK? 2vausmfceYf &yfwefYxm;onf/
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twGuf olwkdYtm; uyÜwdeftif*gu ]]vkHNcHKa&;}}txl;&xm;wGJjzihf ppfwaumif;odkYac:vmonf/ vkHNcHKa&;
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awGU&onf/ ukdomxGef;atmifwkdYvlpkonf yvuf0NrdKUe,fzufwGif *syeftBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;u BuD;Muyf
aomvufeufukdif &ckdifwyfzGJUtjzpfaexkdifMu&m jyaw;rSpNyD; zufqpf*syefukd awmfvSefvkdufonfhtcg
zufqpf*syefwyfrsm; ñ§yfydwfcH&rnfpkd;ojzihf zufqpf*syefrsm;r&Sdaom e,fpyfrSolwkdYjzwfausmf
vSnhfqif;vmMuonf/
e,fpyfvkHNcHKa&;twGuf uif;csxm;aom NAdwdoQppfwyfESifhwkd;rdNyD; zrf;qD;jcif;cHMu&\/
ukdomxGef;atmifwkdY vGwfa&;ukd uyÜwdeftif*gxH ukdomausmf? ukdpHomausmfwkdY tyluyfMuonf/
,if;aMumifh ukdomxGef;atmifwkdY vGwfvmNyD; avxD;jzifhqif;um olwkdYESifhtwl zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;ukd oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
,ck oltdEd,okdYvkdufoGm;rnf/ zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf jrefrmjynfwGifqif;NyD; us&m
wm0efukd oufpGefYBudK;yrf; xrf;aqmifoGm;rnf[líyif ukdomausmfu usaemfhxHowif;ay;ykdYcJhygonf/
usaemfwdkYvlpk Akdvfa&G;yGJtwGuf &efukefvkdufoGm;Muovkd MuLaysmufusm;wyfzGJUrsm;xJrSvnf;
ukdpHomausmf (,ck 'g'gykd;xnfpuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;) ukdarmifapmjzL (,ck bDtD;'DpD)? ukdOD;apm(,ck
ppfawGNrdKUe,f or0g,rOuú|)? ukda&Tom (,ck 0efBuD; OD;omausmftpfukd) ukdabmfvDpaomolwkdYvnf;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
56
&efukefAkdvffa&G;yGJodkY vkdufoGm;Muygonf/
1944-ck 'DZifbmvwGif;upNyD; zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd awmfvSef&mwGif &ckdifajymufusm;wyfzGJU
rsm;tjzpf toufay;aqmif&GufcJholrsm;onf AkdvfwpfOD;wpfav&a&;twGuf Akdvfa&G;yGJwGif yg0ifqifETJ
cJhaomfvnf; ukdomausmf(,ck0efBuD;) wOD;wnf;om Akdvfa&G;aumufcHcJh&onf/ tjcm;wpfOD;
wpfa,mufukdrQ Akdvfa&G;aumufrcHcJh&? Akdvfa&G;aumufrcH&í &ckdifjynfjyefvmMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
½kd;½kd;ppfom;b0rS tpysKd;cJh&olrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ ½kd;½kd;ppfonfawmfb0rS tpysKd;cJh&olrsm;xJwGif
ukdomausmf (AdkvfrSL;) ESihf ukdausmfaZm (jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvf)wkdYESpfOD;vnf; yg0ifcJhMuygonf/
ocifwifjr\ bkHb0rSmjzihf pmtkyfwGif ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfrygbJ ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;jzihf
jynfolvlxka&;? wkdufckdufa&;yg zufqpf*syeftm;awmfvSefEkdifcJhonfrSm &ckdifajymufusm;wyfzGJUrsm;ESihf
awmifilc½kdif ukdjrwkdYyif jzpfaMumif;ukdazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ol\,if;pmtkyfwGif ]]ajymufusm;rsm;tae
jzifh oD;jcm;wyfrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD; zufqpf*syeftm; xda&mufpGm wkdufckdufEkdifcJhonfrSm &cdkifwkdif;ESifh
awmifilc½kdifwGifom jzpfygonf}}[k azmfjyxm;\/
,if;tjyif ocifwifjru ol\,if;pmtkyfwGif qufvufNyD; a&;oGm;onfrSm ukdjr(tvif;0if
AuyA[kdaumfrwDa[mif; ,ck ½kH;tzGJUrSL; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme &Jabmfjr) ESihf AkdvfrSL; av;oD[
(67 ckESpfu uG,fvGefoGm;aom tmwDbDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;a[mif;armifarmif) wkdYacgif;aqmif
ajymufusm;wyfzGJUrsm;ukd wyf&if;trSwf 5 tjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;NyD; rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfwGif xnfhoGif;
cJhonf) [k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
&ckdifajymufusm;wyfzGJU acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS uEéDpmt& jyefvnfzGJUpnf;aom Armhwyfrawmf
Akdvfa&G;yGJwGif ukdomausmf(,ck 0efBuD;) wOD;wnf;om ta&G;cH&onf/ ukdjrwkdY ajymufusm;wyfzGJUrsm;
wyf&if; 5 rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmftjzpf zGJUpnf;cHoGm;&onf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ukdvkdeDuRefb0rS tvGwf½kH;xGuf&mwGif tEkenf;jzihf jzpfap? tMurf;zufenf;jzifh
jzpfap? &ovkd½kef;xGufvkdMuaom usaemfwdkYtzkdY ArmhwyfrawmfodkY 0if&onfjzpfap? r0if&onfjzpfap
&mxl;tcGihfxl;tjzpf rpOf;pm;Mu/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESihf qkd&S,fvpfa&;rsm; aqmif
&Guf&ef usef&Sdao;í ausmif;qufae&if; aqmif&Guf&ef &efukefokdYjyefoGm;awmh\/
vli,fnDvmcHvli,fnDvmcHvli,fnDvmcHvli,fnDvmcHvli,fnDvmcH
avmif;&Snfacsmif; XmecsKyf EkdifiHa&;oifwef;tNyD; &ckdifjynfvli,f tpnf;t½kH;xlaxmifa&;
(ajray:)ESihf vQKdU0SufwyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;(ajratmuf) wkdYkdukd toD;oD;cGJa0NyD; wm0ef,lMuonf/
udkarmifvSausmfESihf ukda&TausmfOD;wkdYukd &aohawmifNrdKUe,f OD;avomatmifESihf OD;AkdvfatmifwdkYudk
NrdKUa[mif;awmifydkif;ESifh aygufawmNrdKUe,f? ukdarmifvSpdef( ,ck ausmif;q&m)? ukdoef;pdef (,ck
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
57
EkdifiHawmfaumifpDtzGJU0ifESihf ygwDXmecsKyftwGif;a&;rSL;2)wkdYudk ajrmif;abGESihfausmufawmfNrdKUe,f?
usaemfrif;jym;ESihf ajrykHNrdKUe,fwdkYudk toD;oD;wm0ef,lNyD; w&Gm0if w&GmxGuf pnf;½kH;Muavonf/
NAdwdoQukd vufeufpGJukdifwkdufckdufa&;wGif wuf<uaomvli,frsm;xJrS vufa&G;pifvli,frsm;ukd
a&G;cs,fNyD; ppfavhusifha&;ESihf vufeufwyfqifa&;ukdvnf; jyKMuavonf/
EkdifiHa&;oifwef;NyD;í avmif;&Snfacsmif;XmecsKyfukd ½kyfodrf;NyD; 1945 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvukef
avmufwGif q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmxH usaemf'kef;pkdif;oGm;onf/ q&mawmfESihfwuG acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf
usaemfwdkY aqG;aEG;Muonf/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;onf tpnf;t½kH;ukd ajray:tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf
xlaxmif&ef qE´wlnDMuonf/
ajratmufEdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;onf vufjiif;tm;jzihf vufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;ukd pnf;urf;
wusjzpfvma&;? ppfynmay;a&;ESihf wkd;csJUzGJUpnf;a&;ukd aqmif&Gufrnf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifaom
tzGJUtpnf;[lorQESihf r[mrdwfzGJUrnf/ ajrcGef ajrqDvTmcray;a&;ESihf vufikwf vuf&if; vufrvGwf
a&;? v,fvkyfolom v,fykdifa&;? vkyfief;rsm;jzihf v,form;xktm; vIHYaqmfpnf;½kH;um v,form;
vlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf;zGJUMuonf/
trsKd;orD;tzGJUtpnf; zGJUpnf;Murnf ponfwkdYukd nDnmaomqE´wlnDrIjzifh qkH;jzwfjzpfMu
onf/ ]]&ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf}}wnf;[laomtrnfjzifh EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf; xlaxmifMu
onf/ ,if;tzGJUwGif q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmu em,u? ukdbkd;OD;u Ouú|? usaemfu taxGaxGtwGif;a&;
rSL;? ukdapmvSOD; (Mumtif;awmif&Gm rlvwef;ausmif;tkyf)u wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wkdYjzifh
A[kdtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUukdvnf; zGJUpnf;Muonf/ ,if;tjyif usaemfhtm;oD;jcm;ay;tyfaom wm0ef
wpf&yfrSm ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUrsm; zGJUa&;rSpNyD; ,if;ajratmufvufeufukdif tzGJUrsm;ukd
acgif;aqmif&efjzpfonf/
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ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm; pnf;urf;uem;rsm;ukd a&;qGJjcif;ukd jyKMu&if; r[mNrdKif
awmpcef;wGif q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifh usaemf wpfywfcefYaexkdif&onf/
q&mawmf\ xl;jcm;aomvu©PmwpfcsKdUudkvnf; jrifvm&onf/ q&mawmfonf EkdifiHa&;&m?
ppfrufa&;&mudpörsm;ukd a'grmefygygjzihf aqG;aEG;onfukd rnfonfhtcgrQ rawGU&/ aqG;aEG;wifjyol
[lorQ\ pum;vkH;wkdif;ukd tav;teufxm;NyD; em;axmifonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tjyif;txef jiif;ckef
rIrsm; ay:vmvQifvnf; ol\tNyHK;rysufaomrsufESmjzihf xdef;xm;wwfonf/ q&mawmf ukd,fwkdif
yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmvQifvnf; ighpum;EGm;&jzihf wpfzufowftEkdifr,l/
olwifjyaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd qefYusifbufwifjyol\ tcsuftvufrsm;u ckdifrmí
tEkdif,loGm;vQifvnf; oltvG,fwulvkdufavsm0efcH\/ odkYaomf tajccHt,ltqa&;&mrsm;wGif
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
58
oltckdiftrm&yfwnfae&um; eufeJav;eufpGm awG;ac:wwfaom olYtm;vSnhfpm;ír&Ekdif/ waeY
aqG;aEG;aeMupOf Mumtif;awmif&Gm q&mawmfwynhf&if;wpfOD;u ppfwyfwufa&muf arTaESmufrnfh
owif;&aMumif;ukdvmajymonf/
awmpcrf;wpfae&modkY a&TUajymif;&onf/ 10rkdifcefYa0;rnfh awmawmifc&D;Murf;ukd jzwfoef;&
onf/ vrf;c&D;xuf0ufavmufwGif rGef;wnfh 12em&Da&mufawmhrnf/ rGef;wnfh 12em&Drxkd;rSD
tcsdefvkNyD; tm½kPfqGrf;useftenf;i,fukd pm;um q&mawmfwif;wdrf a&mifh&Jvkdufonf/
Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f awmpcef;rsm;xJwGif ckdatmif;aebl;olwkdif; ,if;awmpcef;rsm;wGif
a,bl,stm;jzifh awmo&ufuif;yifukd t"du[if;tjzpf pm;Muonfukd odMurnf/ awmo&ufuif;
yifonf teHYtm;jzifh arGT;ovkdvkd teHY&Sdaomfvnf; ig;yd? jiKyfrsm;jzihf csufNyD; pm;vQif,m;,Hwwfonf/
vQm;,HrIoufomap&ef awmif*Pef;i,f( pwk&ef;wpfvufrcefY&Sdonhf *Pef;i,f) rsm;ukd zrf;NyD;?
¤if;*Pef;i,frsm;jzihf a&maESmcsuf&onf/
awmif*Pef;i,f zrf;&onfrSm rvG,f/ tNrJwrf;a&pD;aeaom vQKdajrmifwGif;wGif ausmufzsm
rsm;ukd 5OD;xufrenf;aom vltm;jzihf azmf,lNyD; zrf;,l&\/ *Pef;i,ftawmftoifhzrf;rdaeaom
aeYwGif aemufwpfaeYcsufpm;&ef oHpnfykdif;wGif xnhfxm;avh&SdMuonf/ *½kPmBuD;aomq&mawmf
onf nOfhtcsdef oHpnfarSmufNyD; *Pef;i,frsm;ukd vTwfypfavh&Sdonf/ &Jabmfrsm;\ ylnH ylnHajymqkd
jcif;rsm;ukd cH&wwfonf/
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wpfOD;ukdawGU&onf/ nOfhtcsdefwGif awmBudKawmifMum;rsm;wGif arSmifBuD;rJrJatmufwGif bmrQrjrif&/
qif½kdif;oGm;vmaeaom vrf;usOf;i,frSty tjcm;tokH;jyKp&mvrf;vnf;r&Sd/ vrf;cGJi,fwpfckckwGif
vrf;vGJoGm;vQif eHeufrdk;vif;xdapmihfNyD; rwfapmufaom awmawmiftxyfxyfukd em&Daygif;rsm;
pGm tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;jzihf ausmfjzwf&onf/
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tom;jyKxm;onfukd usaemf,aeYtxd rajymwwf/ ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifaeaom awmifBudK
awmifMum;&Sd vrf;i,fvrf;cGJrsm;ukd bdeyfwpfcgrQrpD;aom olYajcaxmufjzihf prf;oyfí vrf;rSefvrf;rSm;
ukd olcGJjcm;odonf/ olESifhoGm;vQif vrf;rSm;rnfukdvkH;0raMumuf&/
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtaMumif;a&;vQif q&mawmfESihf tNrJwGJzufaeaom &JabmfeDatmifudpö
udkvnf; a&;&rnf/ &JabmfeDatmifonf t&yf 6aycefY&Sdaom axmifaxmifarmif;armif; vloefYwpfOD;
jzpfonf/
olonf awmvrf;c&D;Murf;rsm;wGif t&yf 5aycefY&Sdonfh ydefydefyg;yg;q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtm;
xrf;ykd;,lonf/ Avaumif;aom vloefBuD; eDatmifonf jrifhrm;Murf;wrf;aomawmifrsm;ukd q&m
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
59
awmftm;ykd;NyD; vlBuD;wpfOD;u cav;wpfOD;ukd o,fykd;ovkd tvG,fwulo,fykd;oGm;onf/
tNrJwrf;vkdvkd avema&m*gx<uaom q&mawmftm; olum;xkdifaeaom olY'l;ESpfzufMum;
oGif;um tm;yg;w& ESdyfe,fay;onf/ q&mawmftwGuf t½kPfqGrf;rSpí qGrf;uGrf;udpöt00ukd
olwm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;onf/ ½kd;om;aom &ckdifawmifolv,form; rsKd;½kd;rSqif;oufvmaom
&JabmfeDatmifonf NyHK;NyHK;&D&DaewwfNyD; ½kd;om;ojzihf olYtm; rcifrifol[lír&Sday/
½kd;om;NyD; cifrifp&maumif;í vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;aom &JabmfeDatmifum; &ckdifjynf jynfolY
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfESihf q&mawmfwkdY tvif;0ifvm&mwGif ,if;tzGJUcsKyfrStvif;r0ifbJ ae&pfolrsm;
\ zrf;qD;owfjzwfrIjzihf toufaoqkH;oGm;&avNyD/
udkapmvSOD; (uG,fvGef? rlvwef;ausmif;tkyf) ESifh usaemfwwGJwGJNyD; Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd
tajccHum Mumtif;awmifwdkfufe,f&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ajray:tzGJUrsm; jzpfonfh &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;
tpnf;t½kH;? &ckdifjynfawmifolv,form;tpnf;t½kH;ESifh &ckdifjynftrsKd;orD;tzGJUrsm;ukd w&m;0if
xlaxmifavonf/
w&Gm0if w&GmxGuf wwJ0if wwJxGuf oGm;&\/ zsm;íyif tem;r,lbJ ajrykHNrdKUe,faus;&Gm
rsm;ESihf rif;jym;NrdKUe,f awmifykdif;aus;&Gmrsm;okdY pnf;½kH;a&;qif;Muonf/ MuyfpifuRef;? ig;ref;&JuRef;
odkY pnf;½kH;a&;qif;wkdif; uHom&Gm ukdapmvSOD;\ zciftdrfwGif usaemfwkdY pcef;cswnf;ckdMuonf/
zqyvESifh NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ MoZmBuD;xGm;aejcif;aMumifh olwyg;rvkyf&Jojzihf ukdapmvSOD;
\ aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm;ukd tajccHNyD; pnf;½kH;,l&onf/ ukdapmvSOD;\ aqGrsKd;&if;csmxJrS olYbaxG;
OD;omñGefYOD; (,aeYxd v,form;) rSm MuyfpifuRef; awmifolv,form;ESifh vli,facgif;aqmifjzpf
vmonf/ ¤if;tdrfwGif tom;jzL½kyfacsmaom ukdapmvSOD;\nDri,f rdef;rysKdwpfOD;ukd awGU&onf/
zufqpf*syefacwfwpfcsdefu usaemfwkdY&ckdifusef&pfom; &Jabmf 7OD;? (ukdarmifat;? ukdvSxGef;
ausmf? ukdomausmf (AdkvfrSL;)? ukdvSjzLoH(AkdvfBuD;) ukdarmifapmjzL ('kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf av)
ukdapmxGef;OD;ESihf usaemf &ckdifjynfokdY jyefvmcJh&mwGif 0ufacgif;aus;&GmwGif aexkdifcJhpOfu usaemfwkdY
wnf;ckdtdrfokdY vmMunhfMuaom rdef;cav;rsm;xJrS 'Drdef;cav; tysKd&nf0ifvQif rdef;racsmwpfOD;jzpfrnf
[lí ukdbat;ukd usaemfajymcJhbl;aom rdef;rysKdjzpfaeavonf/
usaemfuJhodkYyif OD;armifpdefvS? ukdoef;pdef? ukdvSausmf? OD;avomatmif? OD;Akdvfatmif polrsm;
vnf; ausmzd&ifzd wpf&Gm0if wpf&GmxGuf pnf;½kH;Muonf/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;t½kH;ukd pepfwus
pnf;urf;rsm;jzihf xdef;uGyfNyD; a&SUaqmifa&SU&GufjyKEkdifa&;twGuf &ckdifjynfvli,frsm; nDvmcH usif;y&ef
usaemfwkdY qkH;jzwfMuavonf/
1946ck azazmf0g&DvwGif vli,fnDvmcHukd usaemfwkdY tm;xm;rSDckd&mvnf;jzpf? usaemfwkdY
pm;aomufwnf;ckdae&mvnf;jzpfaom OD;aomMumtdrf\ ajrmif;abGpmoifausmif;wGif om,mí
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
60
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ukdoef;Munf (,ck ausmif;q&m) wkdYacgif;aqmifaom vli,foDcsif;rsm;jzihf NrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdifzGifhvSpfMu
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wpfOD; jynhf0aom &Jabmfpdwf"mwfaMumifhvnf;aumif;? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &cdkifvli,frsm;ukd
ukd,fpm;jyKwufa&mufvmMuaom vli,fnDvmcHukd,fpm;vS,frsm;twGif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS vGwfvyf
a&;jzihf toufzvS,f,lrnf[laom BuD;rm;aom &nfrSef;csuf&Sdojzifhvnf;aumif;? nDvmcHwGif
BuD;rm;aom oabmuGJvGJrIwpfpkHwpf&mr&Sd/
vli,fnDvmcH 3&ufusif;yum tajccHrl0g'? tajccHvrf;pOfeSifh vkyfief;rsm;ukd wnDwñGwf
wnf; twnfjyKEdkfifMuonf/ t"duEkdifiHa&;awmif;qkdcsuftjzpf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihfwuGi 0g;&rf;
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ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;ESifh v,form;xk\ ajrcGef ajrqDcray;a&;? vufikwfvuf&iuf; v,fykdifa&;
wkdufyGJrsm; qufpyfNyD; oGm;avonf/
ajray:tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf ajratmufvufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsml; *Gif;qufwpfckwnf;
jzpfvmonf/ ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUtpnf;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;& rsufajcjywf
oGm;atmif ajray:vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u tumtuG,fjyKxm;onf/
NAdwdoQrsufESmjzL bk&ifcH a':refprdwftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfr&atmif aus;&Gmrsm;wGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
'vH&GmolBuD;[lorQukd jzKwfypfMu&onf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukdqefYusifaom &GmolBuD;rsm;ukd
jzKwf? xkwf? armifESifvkyfypfMuonf/ aus;&Gmrsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;tmPm us,fjyefYonfxuf
us,fjyefYoGm;atmif enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh BudK;yrf;um NAdwdoQbk&ifcH a':refprdwftpkd;&ESihfrausnmaom
ppfNydKiftpkd;&tzGJUukd zGJUpnf;xlaxmifMuonf/
ajrykHjrdKUe,f Mumtif;awmif&Gmonf usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfjzpfonf/ þXmecsKyfrSaeNyD; ajrmufydkif;
wkdif;Xme? taemufykdif;wkdif;Xme? awmifykdif;wkdif;Xme ponfjzihf Xmersm;zGihfvSpfum BudK;ukdifxm;onf/
XmetoD;oD;wGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif? ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ XmecsKyfwGif
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
61
EkdifiHa&;? ppfa&;oifwef;rsm;ukd zGihfvSpfoifMum;onf/ ukda&TausmfOD;( armfuGefyxrqifh? ,ck a&Tjym;
&yfuGuf jynfolYaumifpDOuúX OD;a&TausmfOD;) ukd ppfa&;ppf&m oifwef;rSL;tjzpfxm;NyD; usaemfu
EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ukd OD;aqmifavonf/ XmecsKyfwGif vufa&G;pif&Jabmfrsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; oifMum;ykdY
csonf/ OD;a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m)? ukdpHa&T (,ck awmckdAuy &ckdifjynfaumfrDwD) udkarmifausmf
(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f or0g,r)? ukdxGef;om (,ck xkwfukefoGif;ukefaumfykda&;&Sif;) ukdatmifjrom
(,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f awmifolv,form; aumifpDNrdKUe,f twGif;a&;rSL;)? ukdarmifomjr (,ck ppfawG
NrdKUe,for0g,r)? ukdapmxGef;atmif (ukefpkHqkdifykdif&Sif)? ukdOD;ausmfaZm (,ck ausmif;q&m)
ukdat;armif? ukdarmifom'if (,ck qm;vkyfief;Xme)? ukdykxGef;? ukdatmifbpdef? ukdatmifvSjzL
(,ck &ckdifjynfe,f jynfolYaumifpDtzGJU0if) udka&TvS (uG,fvGef ausmif;q&m)? udkarmifbpdef? ukdarmif
ESif;vS? ukdijyL; paom vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;wufa&mufMuonf/
þodkY Mumtif;awmifXmecsKyfwGif oifwef;ay;aepOf AkdvfrSL;xGef;wif acgif;aqmifaomtzGJUu
ajymufusm;wyfzGJUwGif yg0ifcJholrsm;twGuf omrefppfom;\ 8-vpmukd ausmufjzLrSaeNyD; xkwfay;ae
onf/ AkdvfxGef;wifrSm qkd&S,fvpfygwDrSjzpf&m udkOD;a&Tomukd acgif;aqmifapNyD; usaemfhvufrSwfjzihf
zufquf*syefawmfvSefa&;orm; jcaoFhatmifajymufusm; &Jabmfrsm;twGuf aiGukdxkwf,lap
avonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihfwuG NAdwdoQtpkd;&0&rf;xkwfxm;í ajy;aeMu&aomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
Mumtif;awmifteD;wpf0kduf awmawmifrsm;wGif ckdatmif;ae&onf/ usaemfESihf tcsdefra&G;? em&Dra&G;
qufoG,fjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ukdvnf; jyKMuonf/ q&mawmfwkdYESihf usaemfwdkY rjywfrvyfaqG;aEG;
Mu&if; tqifhjrihfaom EkdifiHa&;nDvmcH usif;ya&;ukd tjrifwlvmMuonf/ oabmwlvmMuonf/
NAddwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;NAddwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;NAddwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;NAddwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;NAddwdoQe,fcsJUESihfwkdufyGJrsm;
ajrmif;abGvli,fnDvmcHu trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd toufjzifh zvS,f,l&rnfjzpfaom
vr;fpOfjzihf aoG;opf? tm;opfavmif;ay;vkdufonf/ wuf<uaom vli,fau'grsm;xJrS EkdifiHa&;ukd
tcsdefjynfhvkyfrnfh vli,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; wm0eftoD;oD;csay;&onf/
ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f yvuf0c½kdif? (xkdtcsdefu yvuf0ukd c½kdiftjzpfxm;onf) wdkYukd pnf;½kH;
vIHYaqmf&ef ukdbom? udkodef;a&TG (Akdvf[m&DjzL)? wkdYukdvnf;aumif;? ajrykHNrdKUe,fawmifykdif;eSihf trf;NrdKUe,f
wkdYwGif ukdOD;a&Tom (,ck ausmif;q&m) ukdatmifjrom (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f awmifolv,form;
aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;)? OD;pdefvGef;OD;? ukdvGef;omatmif (AkdvfvGef;omatmif) ukdbpH? ukdatmifomvS
(,ck rif;jym;NrdKUe,f jynfolYtvkyform;aumifpDOuú|)wkdYudkvnf;aumif;? aygufawmNrdKUe,fawmifykdif;
ESihf ajrykHNrdKUe,f iref;&JuRef;rsm;bufodkY OD;pdefausmfOD;( ausmif;q&m) ukdOD;pHvS (ausmif;q&m ,ck
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
62
ukefonf) udkausmfZH&TD (,ck &ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif)wkdYukdvnf;aumif;? rif;jym;e,fwGif
AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif (uG,fvGef) udkarmifausmf (,ck ppfawGNrdKUe,f or0g,r) ukdat;armifwkdYukd
vnf;aumif;/ &aohawmifNrdKUe,fwGif ukdpHa&T(,ck awmckd Auy&ckdifjynf aumfrDwD) udkarmifa&Tatmif
(Akdvfarmifa&TGatmif wkdYudkvnf;aumif; ukdarmifvSausmfukd NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU ajrmufykdif;? ausmufawmfNrdKU
e,fESihf &aohawmife,frsm;wkdYwGifacgif;aqmif&efvnf;aumif;? udkarmifpdefvS (,ck ausmif;q&m)
ukdoef;pdef (EkdifiHawmfaumifpDtzGJU0ifESifh ygwDXmecsKyf twGif;a&;rSL;-2)OD;avomatmif? OD;Akdvfatmif
wkdYudk ,cifwm0efrsm;twkdif;vnf;aumif;? wm0eftoD;oD;cGJa0ay;vkdufonf/
XmecsKyfwGif em,uq&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? OD;bkd;OD;? ukdapmvSOD;(ausmif;q&m) ESihfusaemfu
tcsdefjynhf wm0ef,lNyD; XmetoD;oD;odkY ñTefMum;jcif;? jyóem[lorQ? tcuftcJ[lorQukd ajz&Sif;jcif;
jyK&onf/
NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;wGif wm0ef,l&aom &Jabmfau'grsm;\wm0efrSm &ckdifjynf jynfolY vGwfvyf
a&; tzGJUcsKyfESihfwuG awmifolv,form;tzGJU? vli,frsm;tpnf;t½kH;? trsKd;orD;rsm; tzGJUwkdYukd
owfrSwfxm;aompnf;urf;rsm;ESihf vrf;pOfrsm;twkdif; zGJUpnf;xlaxmif&rnfomru vufa&G;pif
vli,frsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; ppfynm&yfrsm;? EkdifiHa&;ynm&yfrsm; oifMum;ay;um NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd
wGef;vSefrnfh ajratmufvufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm; zGJU&ef? zGJU&efukdvnf; t"duwm0eftjzpf xrf;aqmif
&onf/ *syefaiGpuúLukd w&m;r0ifvkyfvkdufojzifh ay;p&mvnf; aiGr&Sd? ajy;p&mvnf; ajrr&SdjzpfaeMu
aom v,form;xktm; ajrcGefajrqDc ray;a&;wkdufyGJ? vufikwfvuf&if; v,fydkifa&; wkdufyGJrsm;jzihf
wkdufyGJ0if&ef OD;aqmifay;onf/
tdrfwGif;ykef;wpfykdif;jzpfaeaom &ckdiftrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; a,musm;rsm;ESihf wef;wla&;ESihf NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJU qefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmatmif vIHYaqmfpnf;½kH;,lonf/ wuf<uvmaom &ckdiftrsKd;
orD;rsm;onf ykvdyfrsm;u zrf;qD;ac:,laom usaemfwkdY &Jabmfrsm;tm; 0kdif;vkonfxd wkdufyGJ0if&J
vmMuonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,f usykdufauaus;&GmwGif &JabmfeDatmifwkdYtm; zrf;qD;aomykvdyfrsm;
vufxJrS &JabmfeDatmifwkdYukd ]]'g usra,musfm;}}? ]]'g usrarmif}} [kajym&if; a':rJrBuD;acgif;aqmif
aom trsKd;orD;rsm;u vk,lvkdufMuonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;&u cefYxm;aom &GmolBuD;rsm;ukd rdrdwkdYzufodkYygatmif rdrdwkdYckdif;oa&GU
aqmif&Gufay;atmif EkdifiHa&;t& pnf;½kH;,lonf/ pnf;½kH;r&aom NAdwdoQtpkd;&&GmolBuD;rsm;udk
enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf armif;ESifxkwfMuonf/ aus;&Gmrsm;ukd jynfolrsm; a&G;ajr§mufaom aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJUu Ouú|pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ NrdKUe,faygif;rsm;pGmwkdYwGif axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolvlxk
rsm; pnf;a0;NyD; q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifh 0&rf;xkwfxm;aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; 0g&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;?
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
63
ajrcGef ajrqDcray;a&;? vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwfum ajr,mrsm;ukd
a0iSay;NyD; EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJ qifETJMuonf/
yGihfyGifhvif;vif;a&;&vQif &ckdifjynf&Sd &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom aus;&Gmrsm;tm; NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUbk&ifcH a':refprdwf\vufatmufrS vGwfvyfNyD; tmPmeDaus;&Gmrsm; xlaxmifum usaemfwkdY
pifNydKiftpkd;&toGifjzifh aqmif&GufaeMujcif;jzpfygonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpkd;&onf wa&G;om;rQ avQmhray;? ykvdyfwyf? ppfwyfrsm;ESifh aus;&GmtESHYtjym;
wufa&mufNyD; ajrcGefajrqDcrsm;ukd &orQnpf,lonf/ usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd ae&mra&G;
vkdufzrf;onf/ vufeufrsm;ukd jyefodrf;&Ekdif&ef enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh tMurf;zufonf/ &GmvkH;uRwfrD;½IdU?
vk,uf? rk'drf;usifhjcif;rsm; jyKMuonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxH t<uif;rJhvufeufrsm; ay;tyf&rnf[laom ba&muf'g 0g'vrf;pOfukd
usepGm qkwfukdifxm;onfh &ckdifwkdif; zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; e,ftoD;oD;odkY qif;um
ajrcGefay;a&;? vufeufykef;rsm; tyfMua&;wkdYudk vIHYaqmfa[majymMuonf/ XmecsKyfe,fajrtjzpf
owfrSwfxm;aom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f? uefeDwkdufe,f? ,kd;acsmif;wkdufe,f? Budrfacsmif;wkdufe,f
SESifh MuyfpifuRef;wkdYukd udkapmvSOD;( ausmif;q&m? XmecsKyf &vz wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;)
ESifhtwl usaemftacgufacguftcgcg oGm;vm&onf/ ukdapmvSOD;\ baxG; OD;omñGefYOD; rSm
v,form;xkESihf vli,frsm;\wkdufe,f acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaeonf/
ol\orD;acsm rapmqkdaom rdef;rysKdrSmvnf; ,if;wkdufe,ftrsKd;orD;tzGJU\ twGif;a&;rSL;
wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/ rdef;rysKdrapmonf usaemf\ wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
ukdapmvSOD;\nDrvnf;jzpfonf/ usaemfwkdY tNrJwrf;pcrf;cs wnf;ckdaeaom uHom&Gm ukdapmvSOD;\
bcifESifhtwl aexkdifMuonf/
usaemfoGm;vmwnf;ckdaexkdifjcif; rsm;vmaomtcg rdef;rysKdrapm\ tdrfrIwm0efaqmif&Guf
csufrsm;ukd jrifawGUvm&onf/ olronf eHeuf 5em&DcefYuyif tdyf&mrSx\/ olrwkdYtdrfom;ESihf
{nhfonfrsm; pm;a&;twGuf pyg;ukd vufayGUusnfjzihf yifyef;wBuD; axmif;zGyf&\/ wtdrfvkH; okH;a&
aomufa&rsm;ukd 2zmvkHceYfa0;onfh a&uefrS acgufwkefYacgufjyef a&cyfa&jznhf&\/ xrif;csuf&\/
nOfhykdif;wGif nOfhoef;acgif,Hxd pma&;pmzwfavh&Sdaom usaemfu eHeuf 7em&DausmfrS tdyf&mrSxcsdef
wGif a&csKd;NyD; xrif;pm;&efom &Sdawmhonf/
olronf aeYvnfaeYcif;rsm;wGifvnf; olrsm;wum rdef;rrsm;vkd [kdtdrf 'DtdrfoGm;NyD; twif;
tzsif;ajymavhr&Sd/ tdrfwGif &TGHUrsm;jzihf tkd;vkyfaewwfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU\zdESdyfrI? &ckdifwkdif;
zqyv\ EkdifiHa&;rIdif;csrIatmufwGif olronf rsKd;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwfaMumifh raMumuf&GHUbJ
wkdufe,f trsKd;orD; twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&onf/ tysKdabmf0ifp &Trf;&Trf;0if;0if;
ESifh ukd,f[efausmh&Sif;aom olr\½kyfxuf olr\rsKd;cspfjynfcspf pdwf"mwfukd usaemfav;pm;vmonf/
,if;aMumifh usaemf cspfBudKufrdvmonf/ olrukd usaemf wkdYqdwfwkdYqdwf pMunhfonf/ okdYaomf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
64
ausmif;om;vlrr,f 17ESpfom;t&G,fuyif EkdifiHa&;xJ ajcpkHypf0ifum ocifaygufptjzpf yifeDtusÐ
ESifh ckHzdeyfukd pD;NyD; ausmif;olrsm;ukd wpfcgrQ &nf;pm;pum;rajymbl;aom usaemf? ,ckvnf; olrukd
&nf;pm;pum;ajymcsifygvsuf bmup&rnfrod jzpfaeav\/
ocifjrukd ckd;onfocifjrukd ckd;onfocifjrukd ckd;onfocifjrukd ckd;onfocifjrukd ckd;onf
1945 ck ZlvkdifvwGif usif;ycJhaom jrefrmjynf uGefjrLepfygwD uGef*&uftNyD; ra&r&maom
ocifpkd; tdrfaxmifjyóemaMumifh ocifpkd;tm; tjypfay;jcif;? BuD;av;onf rBuD;av;onf[laom
jyóemESifhwuG vlrSefae&mrSefcsxm;a&;jyóemESihf ba&muf'g 0g'\ arTaESmufrIwdkYaMumifh Armjy
fuGefjrLepfygwD 2jcrf;uGJtufoGm;&onf/
OD;odef;azjrifh ocifoef;xGef;wkdYacgif;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf ocifpkd;
acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf[k jzpfay:vm&onf/ ocifpkd;onf ]]*kd&S,f odef;oef;tEÅ
&m,f}}[laom pmwrf;jzifh ba&muf'g0g'\w&m;cHrsm;tjzpf rpöwm*kd&S,f(OD;bwiff) OD;odef;azjrifhESihf
ocifoef;xGef;wkdYtm; jynfolvlxkxH pGJcsufwifvkduf\/ &efukeftdrfcef;jyóem ppfajy;'ku©onfrsm;
tm; ajrae&mcsay;a&; jyóemrStp twGif;0ef½kH;ukd vlxk0kdif;jcif;xd wkdufyGJtrsKd;rsKd;xd aMumzd&ifzd
vkyfavawmh\/
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A k dv fc s Ky fatmi fqe f ;E Si h f oci f jrwd k Y 1946c k rwfv yxrywfuke favmufwGi f
ajrykHNrdKUokdYa&muf&SdvmMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifjrwkdY &ckdifjynfe,fodkY e,fvSnfhxGufvmjcif;
rSm zqyvtzGJUcsKyf\ 0g'vrf;pOfESifh vufawGUvkyfief;rsm;ukd &Sif;jya&;? &ckdiftygt0if vlrsKd;a&;&mESihf
zqyvtzGJUcsKyf\oabmxm;ukd &Sif;jya&;wkdYjzpfygonf/
ae&mwumwGif jynfolvlxk pnf;a0;yGJrsm;vkyfNyD; &ckdifjynfae&mtESHY&Sdaeaom zqyvtzGJUukd
vnf; ckdifrmNrJNrHjcif;ESihf wkd;csJUzGJYpnf;a&;twGuf tm;opfavmif;ay;&efjzpfygonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ESifhocifjrwkdY rsufESmjzLt*Fvdyfrsm;ykdif tm&uHzvkdwD;,m; ukrÜPD\ rD;oabFmjzifh ajrykHodkY a&mufrnf/
ajrykHNrdKUqdyfurf;wGif xkH;pOftwkdif; ,if;rD;oabFm wnOfhem;rnfukd usaemfBudKwifod&ygonf/
,if;aMumifh av;yifwufavSESihf avSavSmfrnfholrsm;ukd r[mNrdKifawmpcrf;rS ausmufEGm;&Gm OD;xGef;pdef
(q&mawmfwynhf&if;csm) \wJodkY nOfhtarSmifwGif ajymif;xm;&ef pDpOf&ygonf.
naepm apmpD;pGm usaemfwkdY pm;Muonf/ toifhjyifqifxm;aom av;yifwufavSESihftwl
avSavSmform; 4 OD;? yJhukdifwpfOD;jzihf usaemfajrykHNrdKUokdY pkefqif;vm\/ nOfharSmif&dyfoef;onfESifhwpfNydKif
eufajrykHNrdKUteD;wGif ausmufcsxm;aom rD;oabFmay:okdY usaemfwkdYavSukd xkd;uyffvkdufonf/
oabFmtxl;cef;okdY r&yfrem; usaemfwufoGm;onf/ txl;cef;okdY0ifvsifyif AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESihf ocifjrwkdYukd usaemfEIwfqufNyD; csufcsif;ocifjrxH usaemfcsOf;uyfoGm;onf/ ta&;BuD;
aom pum;wpfcGef; ajymyg&ap[k usaemfocifjrukd ajymum ocifjrESihfusaemf txl;cef;tjyifbuf
okdY xGufvmMu\/
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
65
ausmufEGm;&GmwJi,fwpfckwGif apmihfaejcif;? usaemfESihf a&qefavqef tcsdefra&G;oGm;Ekdifaom
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ukd ajymjyonf/ ZDZmrus,fonfh acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom ocifjr usaemfESifh csufcsif;vkdufvm\/
nOfhoef;acgifrwkdifrSD OD;xGef;pdefwJ&Sd&mqdyfurf;okdY a&mufoGm;onf/ ocifjrESihfusaemf nOfharSmif
atmufwGif &THUAGuf &THUtkdifrsm;ukd jzwfoef;NyD; OD;xGef;pdefwJi,fwGif;wGif &Sdaomq&mawmf OD;pdEÅmxH
vmMuonf/
q&mawmf rusdef;pufbJapmihf&Sdae\/ za,mif;wkdif rD;tvif;a&mifatmufwGif q&mawmf?
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66
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67
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68
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69
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xm;NyD? ighxHrS taMumif;rMum;bJ Mumtif;awmifodkY rxGufvm&ef owif;ykdYckdif;\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm ,aeYusif;yrnfh nDvmcHwGif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef cgwdkif;aexkdif
aom r[mNrdKifawmpcef;rSxGufvmNyD; Mumtif;awmif&GmrS 3zmvkHcefYoma0;rnfh awmpcrf;wGif
&Sdaeonf/ tm½kPfOD;a&mifeDvmonfESihfwpfNydKifeuf Mumtif;awmif&GmxJwGif wnf;ckdaeMuaom
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufpGefYvSLxm;aom au'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd EIdf;vkdufonf/
ppfwyf0kdif;xm;vsuf&SdaMumif; ajymvkdufonf/
taocHau'g&Jabmfrsm;ukd wef;pDNyD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf þjynfolYnDvmcH jzpfajrmufa&;
twGuf toufpGefYvSL&rnfhwm0ef ykckH;ay:a&mufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; usaemf&Sif;jyonf/ toifh&Sdaeaom
wyfzGJUykHpHtwkdif; rdrdwkdYvlpkjzihf rdrdwdkYcsDwufrnfhwm0efukd cGJay;vkdufonf/ usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm;
,leDazmif;tjynhftpkH0wfqifNyD; t*FvdyfrsufESmjzLppfAkdvfrsm;? a*:&cg;ppfom;rsm;ESihf aygufawmNrdKU?
rif;jym;NrdKU? ajrykHNrdKUwkdYrSac:,lxm;aom ykvdyfrsm;jzihf pkpkaygif; 300cefY&Sdrnfh NAdwdoQvufeufukdif
wyfzGJUrsm;u csdef&G,fxm;aom b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;? ½kdifz,faoewfrsm;ukd &ifqkdifwkd;NyD; xGufoGm;Mu
onf/
uefeDbufrSvnf;aumif;? ausmufEGm;bufrSvnf;aumif;? j*[if;cg;bufrSvnf;aumif;?
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolvlxkESihftwl trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&; 'kdYta&;....'kdYta&; ? v,fvkyf
ol v,fykdifa&; 'kdYta&; ....'kdYta&; ...? q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm touf&mausmf&Snfygap...[laom
rkd;NydKvk a<u;aMumfoHrsm;jzihf usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm; acgif;aqmifcsDwufvmMuonf/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom tkH<uaeonfh jynfolvlxkonf rkd;xdvk a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ukd vufoD;
vufarmif;wef;í 'DvIdif;wufovkd wufvmMuonf/ Mumtif;awmifESifh Mumtif;awmif&GmteD;wGif
x,f0gceYfjim;pGm wnfaqmufxm;aom nDvmcHr@yfukd txyfxyf0kdif;xm;aom NAdwdoQppfwyf
ykvdyfwyfrsm; bmrQrwwfEdkif/ ab;z,fay;&\/ tkH<uaom jynfolYvIdif;wHykd;atmufwGif jrKyfepfoGm;
\/
NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm; ab;z,fay;&onfukd BuHKawGU&aom jynfolrsm;onf ykdíykdí tkH<u
vmonf/ ykdíykdípdwf"gwfwuf<uvmonf/ nDvmcHr@yfukd 0kdif;NyD; a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ukd toHtjrihfqkH;
xd a<u;aMumfavonf/ vufarmif;ukd tjrifhqkH;xd jr§ihfvmMuonf/ 8em&Dxkd;awmhrnf/ NAdwdoQ
vufeufukdifrsm; r½kyfodrf;ao;/ q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm jynfolYnDvmcH obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufEkdifrnfh
vrf;r&SdNyD/ usaemfq&mawmfxH ,kHMunf&aom vufa&G;pifwyfom;wpfOD;ukd vTwfvkduf&onf/
q&mawmfobmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf/ NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm; 300cefY&Sd
aeonf/ awmrsm;ukd 0kdif;NyD;arTaESmufEdkifonf/ q&mawmfwkdY awmeufxJodkY qkwfoGm;&efjzpfonf/
usaemfeSihf acgif;aqmifpkrsm; csufcsif;aqG;aEG;um Mumtif;awmifq&mawmfBuD;tm; obmywdtjzpf
wifajr§muf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufMu&\/
Mumtif;awmifq&mawmfBuD; (oufawmf 70cefY&SdaeNyD)tm; yifhzdwf&ef oGm;olu oGm;Mu\/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
70
usaemfwkdY nDvmcHr@yfokdY wef;wef;oGm;NyD; tvHawmfwifrnfhae&mwGif ae&m,lvkdufMu\/ Mumtif;
awmifq&mawmfBuD; <uvmNyD/ usaemfwdkYESihftwl a&m,lavNyD/ NAdwdoQppfwyfESifh ykvdyfwyfrsm;u
0kdif;Munhfaeavav? a<u;aMumfoHrsm;ukd toHukef[pfNyD; tkH<uaeaomjynfolav;aomif;cefYrSm ckefqG
ckefqGjzpfae\/ usaemf &ifw'def;'def;ckefaeonf/ tu,fíom wpfpkHwpfOD;? wpfpkHwpfOD;u teD;uyf
0kdif;Munhfaeaom NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm;xHrS aoewfvkrdygu q&mawmfBuD;ESifhwuG usaemfwkdYESifh
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm; twkH;vkduftcJvkduf aoyGJ0if&rnfjzpf\/ toHcsJUpufr&Sdaomfvnf;
au'g&Jabmfrsm;\vIHYaqmfrIaMumifh tvHwifrnfhae&modkY jynfolav;aomif;cefY tcsdeftenf;i,f
twGif; pka0;vmMuonf/
q&mawmfBuD; tvHawmfukdwif&ef BudK;ukdqGJvkdufonf/ tvHxuf0ufcefYwGif BudK;jywfoGm;\/
BudK;topfvJNyD; tvHawmfukd q&mawmfBuD;ESihf usaemfwkdY0kdif;qGJNyD; xdyfqkH;ta&mufwifvkdufMuonf/
teDa&mifaemufcHwGif t0ga&mifxGufp aea&mifjzmjzihf jyKxm;onfh &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyf\ tvH avvIdif;wGif vl;vGefYae\/ ukd,fpm;vS,f 700ausmfESihf jynfol4aomif;cefY r@yfwGif;
okdYa&mufMuNyD/ rlvtpDtpOfftwkdif; eHeuf 8em&DwGif nDvmcHrzGihfvSpfEkdif/ eHeuf 9em&DcefYrS nDvmcHukd
pwifzGihfvSpfEkdif\/
nDvmcHzGihfvSpfNyD; Mumtif;awmif q&mawmfBuD;u nDvmcHobmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
usaemfu twGif;a&;rSL;(,ck tac: tcrf;em;rSL;) tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ obmywdq&mawmfBuD;
obmywdckHay:wGif a&mufaeygNyD? uefawmhMuyg[k usaemfaMujimvkduf\/
obmywdq&mawmfBuD; oufawmf&ifha&mfaeNyDjzpfí obmywdrdefYcGef;ukd usaemfzwfjyygawmh
rnf[k aMujimNyD; q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtwGuf usaemftoifha&;xm;aom obmywdrdefYcGef;ukd usaemf
toHukef[pfí zwfjyavawmh\/ obmywdrdefYcGef;\ twkdcsKH;aom t"dyÜg,frSm EdkifiHwuma&;&m
rsm;wGif e,fcsJUpepfqkd; bkH;bkH;BuD;vJ usqkH;aejcif;ESihf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf nDñGwfaom
tkH<uaom trsKd;om;nDñGwfrIjzifh toufukd r"merxm;bJ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vufeuf
ukdif ½kef;xGufMu&efjzpfonf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufukd pGefYvSLMu&ef vIHYaqmfjcif;jzpfonf/ obmywdrdefYcGef;?
{nhfcHaumfrDwDOuú| rdefYcGef;rsm; NyD;pD;csdefwGif eHeuf 10em&DausmfcJhNyD/ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? ukd,fpm;vS,f
xrif;pm;r@yfodkY vnf;aumif;? jynfolrsm; jynfolxrif;pm;r@yfodkYvnf;aumif;? oGm;a&mufNyD;
eHeufpm pm;Muyg[k aMujimNyD; nDvmcHukd &yfem;vkduf&awmh\/
usaemf nDvmcHr@yfjyifokdYxGufvm\/ rsufeSmjzLume,fBuD;wpfOD;ESihf rsufESmjzLppfAkdvfrsm;
tygt0if NAdwdoQvufeufukdifwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfzGJUxJwGif usaemfESihf cifrif&if;ESD;olrsm; ygMuonf/
&JXmemtkyfOD;armiftkef;(,ck vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&; tifpydwfawmf) polwkdYudk usaemfESihftwl eHeufpm
pm;&ef zdwfac:onf/ wOD;wa,mufrQ zdwfac:ír&/ BudKuf&mxrif;qkdifwGif 0ifpm;Muyg[kajymNyD;
usaemfxrif;pm;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfay;aomfvnf; olwkdYvufrcHMu/ eHeufpm pm;&efnDvmcH&yfem;xm;
pOf 0kdif;xm;aom NAdwdoQvufeufukdifwyfzGJUrsm;ukd ½kwfodrf;NyD; xGufcGmoGm;Mu\/
NAdwdoQppfwyfu vkdvm;csufrjynhfr0 jzpfoGm;&\/ NAdwdoQppfwyfu Mumtif;awmifnDvmcH
onf 0g&rf;ajy;\nDvmcH? 0g&rf;ajy;rsm;ukd awGUvQifzrf;rnf/ ckcHvQifypfrnf[laom olwkdY&nfrSef;csuf
ratmifjrifcJh/ NAdwdoQppfwyfrSvkdaom 0g&rf;ajy;rsm;onf av;aomif;cefY&Sdrnfh jynfolvlxkrsm;xJwGif
yg0ifvmMuygonf/ tkH<uaom jynfolY'DvIdif;xJukd 0g&rf;ajy;rsm; epfjrKyfaeí NAdwdoQvufeufukdif
rsm; rjrifcJhoavm/ aoG;acsmif;pD;rnfpkd;&drfí a&SmifcGgoGm;oavm/ usaemf rajymwwfyg/ rGef;vGJydkfif;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
71
wGif nDvmcHukd qufvufusif;yonf/
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tqkdukd usaemfwifoGif;aeqJ? qkwfcGmoGm;aom NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm;?
tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm tajrmufjzifhypfonf/ tajrmufusnfqHrsm;onf usaemfwkdY nDvmcHwGif rayguf
uGJ/ usaemfwkdY nDvmcHESihfwpfrkdifcefYa0;rnfh Muyfpifawmifwef;wGif w0kef;0kef;uGJoGm;\/
nOfhOD;,HwGif EkdifiHa&;w&m; a[myGJrsm;tNyD; nvkH;aygufrkd;tvif; ZmwfyGJrsm;? odrfhodrfhoJoJ
usif;yMuonf/ (1)bk&ifcH a':refprdwftpkd;&tzGJUudk zsufodrf;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;tjynfht0ay;a&;?
(2)q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihfwuG 0&rf;ajy;ae&aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; t<uif;rJhvTwfa&;? (3)urÇmh
JNidrf;csrf;a&;/ (4)ajrqDajrcGef ray;a&;/ (5)vufikwfvuf&if; ajrykdifa&;ponhftqkdrsm;ukdqkH;jzwfum
Mumtif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcHatmifjrifpGm NyD;qkH;oGm;\/ nDvmcHatmifjrifonf/ odkYaomf usaemfwkdY
t"du&nfrSef;csufwpfck ratmifjrifcJh&/ jynfolYnDvmcHobmywdtjzpf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtm; usaemf
wdkY rwifajr§mufEdkifcJh&/
tkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xdtkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xdtkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xdtkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xdtkd;csif;xm; tkd;csif;xd
Mumtif;awmifjynfolYnDvmcHu q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihfwuG 0&rf;txkwfcH&aom EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;tm; jynfolYenf; jynfolU[efjzihf 0&ef;vGwf&ef BudK;pm;rIratmifjrifcJh/ ,if;aMumifh nDvmcH
tNyD;wGif te,fe,ft&yf&yfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh usaemfwkdY qufvufaqG;aEG;Muonf/
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihfwuG 0&rf;txkwfcH&aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; vGwfvyfa&;ukd t"duxm;
NyD; Mumtif;awmifnDvmcHqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGife taumiftxnfazmfxkwfMu
&ef wnDwnGwfwnf;oabmwlMuonf/
ukdvkdeDuRefb0okdYodrf;oGif;&ef &nfrSef;csuftjynhft0&Sdaeaom NAdwdoQppfwyfonf jynfolY
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukd wqHjcnfrQavQmhray;ao;/ usaemfwkdY &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyfukdom
zdESdyfonfr[kwf/ &ckdifwkdif; zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdyif yk'fxD;-yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;wyfNyD; axmif'Pfay;
aeqJjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfukd tm;ukd;wBuD;jyKxm;aom &ckdifw&m;olBuD;qkdolrsm;onf &ckdif
EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd riJhruGuf zdESdyfaeqJjzpfonf/
1945-ckESpf? rwfv 14&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmukdMunhfvQif xkdacwforkdif; ½IuGuf
wpfuGufukd awGU&onf/ ]]zqyvOuú|ESihf axmif'Pf18v[laom acgif;pOfatmufwGif þodkYa&;
xm;\/
]]vGefcJhaomvu usaemfwkdY owif;pmwGif azmfjyyg&SdcJhaom &ckdifjynfppfawGNrdKU zqyvOuú|
OD;apmvSjzLESihf twGif;a&;rSL;OD;ausmfZHwkdYtm; &mZowfyk'fr 124-t&vnf;aumif;? umuG,fa&;yk'fr
36^5t&vnf;aumif;? ppfawGNrdKU txl;tmPm& OD;zaxmfOD;½kH;awmfrS axmif'Pf 18vcsrSwfonfukd
rauseyfí &efukef 13-3-47aeY wkdufukwf w&m;0efBuD; OD;at;armif½kH;odkY wifoGif;t,lcH&m yk'frrsm;
BuD;vGef;aomaMumifh 0efBuD;OD;at;armifu qmbOD;? OD;ausmfjrifhwkdYESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;MuaMumif;}}[k
a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Mumtif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcHtNyD; ,if;nDvmcHu qkH;jzwfvkdufonfh q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifh
wuG 0g&rf;ajy;ae&aom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vTGwfa&;? ajrqDajrcGefray;a&; wkdufyGJrsm;onf te,fe,f
t&yf&yfwGif awmrD;avmifouJhodkY wr[kwfcsif; jyefYESHYoGm;onf/ NrdKUe,f? wkdufe,ftoD;oD;wGif
axmifaygif;rsm;pGm jynfolvlxk\awmif;qkdcsufrsm; jzpfvmavonf/
jzKwf-xkwf-ajy;vrf;pOfatmufwGif NAdwdoQe,fcsJU 'vHaus;&GmolBuD;rsm;ukd &GmvkH;uRwfpnf;a0;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
72
rsm;rS jzKwfcsypfNyD;? aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd Ouú|pepfjzifh tpm;xkd;zGJUpnf;Muonf/ jynfolYqEESihf
jynfolYopömukd rapmihfodaom NAdwdoQ'vHaus;&GmolBuD; ajrmufrsm;pGm NrdKUjyrsm;okdY xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif
oGm;&\/
tESpfom&tm;jzihf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihf,SOfNydKifí ppfNydKiftpkd;&tzGJUrsKd;ukd usaemfwkdYaus;&Gmrsm;ukd
tajccHNyD; xlaxmifvmavav? NAddwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfESifh ykvdyfwyfrsm;\ zdESdyfrI jyif;xefvmavav
jzpfvmonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfrsm;uvnf; olvufvSrf;rSDorQwGif usaemfwkdYaus;&GmtkyfcsKyf
a&;tzGJUrsm;ukd NzdKcGihfvmonf/ usaemfwkdY\aus;&GmOuú|rsm;? wkdufe,fOuú|rsm;vnf; rdrdwkdY&yf&Gmukd
pGefYvTwfxGufajy;&onf/
usaemfwdkY A[kdXmecsKyfjyKxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&GmESihf teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;wGif ckdatmif;
aexkdifvm&onf/ þodkY tkd;ypftdrfypfajy;vm&aom Ouú|rsm;txJwGif &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyf wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdapmvSOD;\bcifwkdY tdrfom;rsm;ESihf olYbaxG; OD;omñGefY
OD;wkdY tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;vnf;ygvmonf/ þrdom;pkxJwGif usaemfwkdYqdwf wkdYqdwfpbl;aom
OD;omñGefYOD;\orD; wkdufe,ftrsKd;orD;twGif;a&;rSL; tvSykdif&Sif rapmvnf; ygvmonf/ olwkdYonf
usaemfXmecsKyfpcef;zGifhxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&Gmom; ukdxGef;vS\tdrfa&SU&Sd ukdapmvSOD;tdrfwGif
aexkdifMuonf/
tvSykdif&Sif rapm\b0ukd teD;uyfusaemfavhvmEkdifaom tcGihfta&;&oGm;onf/ olr\
armif ukdapmvSOD;ESifh usaemfvGwfvyfa&;udpörsm;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;? qkd&S,fvpfa&;rsm;ukd ukdapmvSOD;
tdrfwGif tcGihfomwdkif; aqG;aEG;avh&SdMuonf/ þaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif olronf oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;
ukd pl;pl;pkdufpkdufrSwfom;,lavh&Sdonf/ olr\0g0if;pkdajyaomtom;ta&? tcsKd;usaom ukd,fcE¨m
ysKd&G,faomb0aMumifh olrukd usaemfwkdYvlpk 0kdif;ykdf;Muonf/
okdYaomf olronf at;aq;wnfNidrfonf/ jym,djym,mr&Sdd? rsufESmrrsm;? tdrfwGif Am[d&tvkyf
rsm;ukd waeukefwaecrf; rNiD;rjiLvkyfukdifaqmif&Gufonf/ olr\rdbrsm;ESihf oufBuD;rsm;u wOD;OD;ukd
tac:vTwfvQif atmf[pfírac:? tac:cH&olxH ½kdaopGmcsnf;uyfNyD; nifnifomom]]tazu
ac:ygw,f}}[k ajymqkdwwfonf/ olrukd usaemf olr\acsmarmvSyaom ½kyf&nfxuf olr\odrfarGU
aomtrlt&m? rNiD;rjiLwpfaeukef wpfaecrf; aqmif&Gufaom tdrfrIwm0efaMurIrsm;ukd oabmus
vmonf/
xkdxuf olr\ rsKd;cspfjynfcspfpdwfukd ykdrkdav;pm;vm\/ rsKd;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwfjzihf EkdifiHtwGuf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tvkyform; v,form;vlwef;pm;rsm;twGuf tepfemcHEdkifrnfh rdef;rysKd;wpfOD;
[k usaemf,kHMunfvm\/ olrukd tdrfaxmifbufjyK&ef usaemfqkH;jzwfjy|mef;vkdufonf/ &nf;pm;pum;
b,fupí bmajym&rnfukd usaemfrod? qGHUttjzpfae\/ usaemfwwfEdkifaom ukd,ftrlt&mjzihf
olrtm; cspfaMumif; usaejyo\/
usaemf XmecsKyfpcef;csxm;aom tdrfaemufzmvkH0ufcefYwGif vlw&yfausmf teufwl;xmaom
prf;a&wGif;i,fwpfck&Sdonf/ xdka&wGif;i,frSa&ukd teD;tem;tdrfrsm;rS csKd;a&okH;a&tjzpf tokH;jyK
Muonf/ xkda&wGif;i,frSa&ukd ajrtkd;wpftkd;jzifhcyfNyD;? naeqnf;psmwkdif usaemfa&csKd;av&Sd\/
a&rcsKd;rDtem;,lum a&wGif;i,fteD; aq;vdyfvnf; usaemfaomufavh&Sdonf/
waeYaom naeqnf;psmwGiftvSykdif&Sif rapm a&tkd;wpftkd;jzihf usaemfYteD;rS a&wGif;i,fokdY
jzwfavQmufoGm;onf/ tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQr&Sd? olrESihfusaemf ESpfOD;wnf;/ jynfhvQHaoma&tkd;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
73
jzihf olr usaemfhteD;rS jzwfvmonf/ usaemfx&yfvkduf\/ ]]pum;wpfcGef;ajymyg&ap}}[k tpcsDum
usaemfolrukd cspfaeNyD? tdrfaxmifbuftjzpf jy|mef;xm;NyD;? usaemfhtay: rnfokdYaom oabmxm;
ovJ[k 'kd;'kd;a'gufa'guf usaemfar;rdav\/ orikdifusoGm;onf/ rdepftenfi,fMumxd bmrQrajym
bJ &yfaeonf/ usaemfhtwGuf vufeufukdifwkdufyGJwkduf&rnfukd raMumuf? &nf;pm;pum;ajym&onf
rSm wkdufyGJwufyif tcufBuHaeonf/
usaemfacR;pkdYvm\/ &ifw'kdif;'kdif; ckefvm\/ olrxHrS pum;wpfcGef;rQ jyefrMum;? ajrBuD;ukd
acgif;pkdufxm;aomolr\ rsufESmarmhvmonf/ rsufESmwGif NyHK;a&mifoef;vsuf? olr usaemfhtcspfukd
vufcHaMumif; wr[kwfcsif; usaemf em;vnfoGm;onf/ jynfhvQHaom a&tkd;ukd csNyD; olrtm; usaemf
arT;arT;ay;avonf/ tBudrfaygif;&mcsDaxmifcsDí usaemf arT;arT;ay;csifvS\/ odkYaomf &mcsDaxmifcsD
usaemf arT;arT;ray;&uf/
,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
xkdapmvSOD; 0rf;xJwGif tcJa&m*g jzpfay:vmonf/ usaemfwkdY ppfawGNrdKUodkYoGm;NyD; ,if;tcJukd
cGJpdyfuko&ef wkdufwGef;onf/ ukdapmvSOD;[k rodap&/ ukdatmifjrombcif q&m0ef OD;pdefxGef;ESihf
qufoG,fNyD; aqmif&Gufay;rnf/ pdwfcs&jcif;wkdYukd usaemfwkdY wifjyonf/
okdYaomf ukdapmvSOD;\bcif aq;q&mBuD;u oabmrwl? usaemfwkdY bmrQ rww f E k d i f /
vufrIdifcsxm;&onf/ ukdapmvSOD; tcJa&m*g wjznf;jznf;&ifhrmvmonf/ olwtdtdjzihf vl½kyfrayguf
jzpfvmonf/
a&m*gonf ukdapmvSOD;twGuf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅma&m usaemfwkdYa&m olwkdYrdom;pka&m
pdwfraumif;Mu/ wa&G;om;rQ avQmhray;aom ukdapmvSOD;\ bcif aq;q&mBuD;ukdvnf; rnfolrQ
rvGefqef&JMu/ aq;q&mBuD;u olYaq;jzihf aumif;&rnf[k wxpfusqkdxm;onf/
tvSykdif&Sif rapmESihf usaemfwkdY cspfBudKufoGm;MuNyD/ arT;arT;ay;MuNyDqkdaom tcsufrsm;tm;
usaemfaeYpOf 'kdif,m&DrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd usaemfhtvpfckd;MunhfMuojzihf usaemfwkdY au'g&Jabmfrsm; odoGm;
Muonf/ 0kdif;ykd;aeMuolrsm; vufavQmhoGm;Mu\/
usaemfwkdY cspfolESpfOD;vnf; tcGihfta&;&vQif &ovkd qkHMuonf/ awGUMuonf/ arT;arT;ay;
Muonf/ cspfolESpfOD;um; ukdapmvSOD; a&m*gaMumifh pdwfraumif;aMumif;vnf; ajymMuonf/ EkdifiHa&;
&mrsm;vnf; ajymMuonf/ wa,mufukdwa,muftoJpGJaMumif;vnf; ajymMuonf/
rMumvSyg/ ukdapmvSOD; ,if;tcJa&m*gjzihf aoqkH;oGm;ygonf/ ukdapmvSOD;tm; rD;oN*ØK[fu
tav;jyKvkdufMuygonf/ ukdapmvSOD;aoqkH;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif olrwkdYtdrfom;vnf; &GmpGef&Sd aq;orm;
BuD; OD;<uif;usHatmif tddrfwGif ajymif;a&TUaexkdifMuygonf/
usaemfwdkYcspfolESpfOD; wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; toJpGJ cspfMuygonf/ odkYaomf vufvGefajcvGeftqifhokdY
ra&mufatmif ESpfbufESpfOD;pvkH;u wm;jrpfcsKyfxdef;Muygonf/ usaemf olYrdbrsm;xH em;axmuf&ef
usaemhfwm0efjzpfvmygonf/
EkdifiHa&;&mudpörsm;wGif olr\bcifESifhusaemf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdavh &Sdygonf/ olYorD;udpöESifh
em;azmuf&rnfukd usaemf r0Hh&Jyg/ usaemfhtm; om;&if;wrQ cspfcifaom usaemf A[kd&fXmecsKyf
pcef;csxm;aom a':rIHacs\rdcifonf olr\rdom;pkxH oGm;a&mufem;azmuf\/
olrwkdYrdom;pku vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufpGefYvSLvkdaom usaemfhtm; rwm;jrpf? olwkdY
3-ESpf? 4-ESpfxd apmifhrnf[k pum;jyefonf/ a':rIHacs\rdciftdrfonf usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfpcef;?
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
74
,if;tdrfonf usaemfhpm;tdrf? usaemfhtdyfruf/ olrwdkYrdom;pkxHrS pum;&NyD; wkdawmif;aom&ufykdif;
wGif usaemf\pm;tdrftjzpf olrwkdYtdrfukd usaemfajymif;vkdufonf/ þodkYrQom eHeufxrif;pm;csdefESihf
naexrif;pm;csdefwkdYwGif usaemfwkdY cspfolESpfOD; rsufESmcsif;qkdifum ajymvkd&m ajymEkdifMurnf
r[kwfygvm;/
tvkyform;vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJ tkH<urI? ykvdyfESihf tpkd;&trIxrf;aygif;pkH oydwfwkdufyGJrsm;?
ajrqDajrcGefray;a&;ESihf v,form;xktkH<urIrsm;? ysOf;rem;? v,fa0;? &ckdifjynfwkdYwGif vufeufpGJukdif
ckcHawmfvSefrIrsm;? zqyvtzGJU? Auyqkd&S,fvpfygwDESihf tvHeDwkdY\EkdifiHa&;xkd;ESufrIrsm;wkdYukd rcHr&yf
Ekdifojzihf rsufESmjzLbk&ifcH a':refprdwfajy;&NyD/ bk&ifcH twkdifyifcH qmay:xGef;? qmxGef;atmifausmf
tpkd;&tzGJU jyKwfoGm;&NyD/ bk&ifcH qmtdyfcsftD&efY (H.E. Rancer) a&mufvmonf/
1946-ck pufwifbmv 26-&ufwGif bk&ifcHtwkdifyifcH trIaqmifaumifpD tpkd;t&tzGJUwGif
zqyvtzGJUyg0ifaqmif&Gufonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u 'k-obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ocifjru
jynfxJa&; 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; acgif;aqmifMuygonf/
aumufuspfpOf;vJ&mwGif o&zlaqmif;aomNAdwdoQe,fcsJU\ vufukdif'kwf ppfAkdvfppfom;
wpf&mausmfygaomppfwyfonf 1946-ck Ekd0ifbmvwGif Mumtif;awmif&GmokdY OD;wnfcsDwufvm\/
aerGef;wnfhtcsdefcefY&SdavNyD/ Mumtif;awmif&GmteD;wpf0kdufwGif wm0efcsxm;aomt&yfuif;rsm;
teuf ausmufiEGm;&Gmt&yfom;uif;u ppfoabFm 3-pif;tjynhfygaom NAdwdoQppfom;rsm;
ausmufiEGm;&Gmqdyfurf;okdY wufaeMuNyD[k owif;vmykdYonf/
usaemfwkdYtm;vkH; vlwpfa,mufrusef pm&Gufwpf&Guf usnfqHwpfawmihfrcseff odrf;qnf;NyD;
Mumtif;awmif&GmrS xGufoGm;Mu\/ &Gmta&SU 2-zmvkHcefYa0;rnfh awmifukef;wpfukef;ay:wGif usaemf
wkd Y em;aevkdufMuonf/ Mumtif;awmif&Gm wnf&mt&yfrS rD;ckd;rD;vQHrsm; rkd;aumif;uifodk Y
wufaeonf/ NAdwdoQppfwyfrSrD;½IdUaeNyD[k usaemfwkdY,lqMu\/
usaemfwkdYaernfh awmpcef;odkY ajymxm;cJh&m twdtusodaeaom Mumtif;awmif&Gmuvyf
pnf; acgif;aqmif OD;,ufao;atmif rsufpdrsufESmysufpGmjzihf nae 2-em&DcefYwGif usaemfwdkYxHa&muf
vmonf/
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rD;½IdUckdif;í awmykef;"m;jyXmecsKyfukd rD;½IdU&onf[k NAdwdoQppfbufe,fbuf tBuD;tuJrsm; ajymoGm;
aMumif;wkdYukd olajymjy\/ usaemfwkdY rDSckdtm;xm;&mvnf;jzpf? rdbaqGrsKd;obG,fvnf;jzpfaeaom
Mumtif;awmif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; vk,ufrD;½IdUcH&onfukd od&vQif csufcsif;usaemfwkdY a'golykefxoGm;
Muonf/
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&ef vufiif;awmif;qkdvmMu\/ usaemfwkdY\ ypf-ajy;ajymufusm; ppfy&d,m,ft& usifhokH;vQif
rD;½IdUNyD; xGufcGmvmrnfh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfukd usaemfwkdY tustqkH;rsm;atmif NcHKckdwkdufyGJ? ypf-
ajy; wkdufyGJrsm; jyKvkyfoGm;Ekdifonf/ okdYaomf ,ck AkdvfcsKyftrIaqmifaumifpD tpkd;&jzpfaeNyD/
AkdvfcsKyfwkdYu usaemfwdkYXmecsKyf Mumtif;awmifukd rD;½IdUckdif;rnfukd usaemfwkdY r,kHMunf/ usaemf
usnfqHwpfawmihfrQypfcGihfrjyK/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdY ocifjrwkdYESihf awGUqkHNyD; ajz&Sif;,lrnf[k usaemfwm0ef,l
vkduf&\/ uufpfbD(NAdwdoQ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf) acwfESifh qmay:xGef;wkdY tpkd;&acwfuyif
Mumtif;awmif? jynfolYnDvmcHusif;yaom Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd usaemfwdkY XmecsKyfwnfaqmufxm;
ygvsufESihf xkdpOfu rD;r½IdUchJ/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
75
,ck AkdvfcsKyfwkdY trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&zGJUNyD;rS wrifwum &GmvkH;uRwf rD;½IdUvk,ufrIjyKonfukd
usaemftcJraus? ,kwfrmaumufuspfpOf;vJaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUopfEkdifiHa&; ajcxkd;rIaMumifh igwkdYaoG;
rcGJEkdifNyDukd oifoddoifhvSNyD/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdYu usaemfwdkY XmecsKyfMumtif;awmif&Gmtm; rD;½IdUvk,ufckdif;
rnf[k wqHjcnfrQ usaemfr,kHMunf/
ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
usaemfwdkY awmpcef;rSxGufvmMuonf/ rD;½IdUrcH&aom Mumtif;awmifbkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif
usaemfwdkY XmecsKyfukd zGihfvSpf\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUu usaemfwkdYtygt0if awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ukd
vufrcH&JatmifESihf rMumao;rDu &mxl;vufcHcJhaom AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdYtm; tMunfñkdysuf
atmif Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd wrifwum rD;½IdUavNyD/
okdYaomf e,fcsJUNAdwdoQ\ tBuHtpnf ratmifjrif? Mumtif;awmif&Gm rD;½IdUcH&jcif;aMumifh
&ckdifwjynfvkH;u NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd atmhESvkH;emvmatmif usaemfwkdY vIHYaqmfonf/
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom aus;&Gmrsm;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd ykdíykdí pufqkwf&GGHU&SmvmMuonf/
aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolvlxkrsm;? Mumtif;awmif&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ukd *½kPmoufvm
Muonf/ ulnDvmMuonf/ Mumtif;awmifESifh teD;tem; aus;&Gmrsm;rS ½kd;om;aom v,form;rsm;?
rdrd&ifaoG;om;ysKdrsm;ukd vufqGJNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; wGef;vSef&ef usaemfwkdY wyfzGJUrsm;xJ oGif;vmMu
onf/
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom awmfvSefa&;wyfom;opfrsm;ukd usaemfwkdY &&Sdavawmh\/ usaemfwkdY
XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif rD;½IdUvk,ufcH&NyD; rMumjrifhrD q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtm; vTwfNyD[laomowif;ESihf
twl aMujimcsufrsm; yvlysHovkdysHvmonf/ &ckdifwpfjynfvkH; tkwftkwfaomif;aomif;jzpfaeMu\/
1946-ck 'DZifbmv21&uf paeaeYxkwfa0aom ol&d,owif;pmwGif q&mawmfvGwfonfhudpöESifh
ywfoufí atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;onf/
(1)OD;pdEÅmESihf ¤if;\aemufvkdufwynhfwkdYonf ,ckaMujimcsufukd xkwfonfhaeYrSpí wpfv
twGif;teD;qkH;&GmolBuD;? ykvdyfuif;*wf (odkYr[kwf) Xmem(okdYr[kwf) e,fykdif0efaxmuf? NrdKUykdif
(odkYr[kwf) 'kwd,NrdKUykdifxH rdrdwdkYvufwGif;&Sd vufeufrsm;ESihfwuG rdrdwdkYukd,fukd rdrdwkdYtvkdtavsmuf
0ifa&muftyfESH&rnf/
(2) OD;pdEÅmtm; tpkd;&rif;wkdYu ½kH;wifw&m;pGJqkdjcif; tvsif;jyKrnfr[kwf/ ¤if;enf;wl OD;pdEÅm
\aemufvkduf wynhfrsm; rnfolrqkd rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdifvlowfrI? vlaorI (odkYr[kwf) BuD;av;aom
'Pf&m&aprIwkdYudk ukd,fxdvufa&mufrusL;vGefvQif ¤if;wkdYtm;vnf; tpkd;&½kH;wGif w&m;pGJqkdjcif;
wpkHw&mjyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf ponfwkdYjzpfaMumif; a&;om;azmfjyyg&SdcJhonf/
þaMujimcsufukd usaemfwkdY oabmvnf;rus? oabmvnf;rayguf? uufpfbD(NAdwdoQppftkyf
csKyfa&;) acwfuyif rdrdwdkYpGJukdifxm;aom vufeufrsm;? cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;? tm;vkH;ukd tyfESHvQif
ao'Pftjypf&Sdonfhwkdif ao'Pfray;[k aMujimajymqkdum usaemfwdkYtm; vufeufcs&ef txyfxyf
vIHYaqmfcJhMuNyD/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd awmfvSef&ef qEtmoDojyif;xefaom usaemfwkdYvufeufrcs
cJhMu/
&GmvkH;uRwfrD;½IdUcH&onf/ &GmvkH;uRwfvk,ufcH&onf/ &GmvkH;uRwfrk'def;usihfcH&onf/ okdYaomf
usaemfwkdY vufeufrcs/ ,ck AkdvfcsKyfwkdY trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&uvnf; rdrdwdkYvufwGif;&Sd vufeuf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
76
tm;vkH;ESihfwuG rdrdwkdYukd,fukdrdrdwkdY tvkdtavsmuf0ifa&muftyfESH&rnfqkdcsufukd usaemfwkdY wa&G;om;
rQ vufrcHMu/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY acgif;aqmifrsm; ta&;ay:pnf;a0;Muonf/ Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY
ylylaEG;aEG;vk,ufcH&aom jyóemukdwifjya&;ESihf vufeufrcsbJ q&mawmfwkdYtm; 0g&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;
wkdYukd aqG;aEG;&ef ukdarmifpdefvS( ,ck ausmif;q&m) ESihf OD;armifarmifwkdYukd ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
&efukefokdYvTwf&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/
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a&;rSK;) OD;ausmfNidrf; (qkd&S,fvpfygwDXmecsKyfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;) wkdYxH ay;pmrsm;ukdvnf; q&mawmfESihf
usaemf vufrSwfa&;xkd;MuNyD; oifhavsmfaom aiGaMu;ukday;um ukdarmifpdefvSvufxJtyfvkdufonf/
&efukefokdY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfvkdufonf/ &ufowåESpfywftwGif; jyefvm&ef taotcsm
q&mawmfESifhusaemf xyfwvJvJ rSmMum;ajymqkdvkdufonf/ ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh usaemfwkdY rSmp&m
ajymp&mrsm;ukd acgif;csif;½kdufNyD;avNyD/ udkarmifpdefvSwkdY &efukefoGm;&ef r[mNrdKifawmpcef;rS rqkdif;r0Hh
bJ xGufcGmoGm;Mu\/
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NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfESihf ykvdyfwyfrsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;ukd &GmvkH;uRwfrD;½IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usihf
jyKaeMuonf/ xifovkdzrf;qD;NyD; vlrqefpGm nOf;qJaeonf/ xifovkd axmif'Pfao'Pfay;ae
onf/ odkYaomf tkH<uaeaom &ckdifjynfolvlxk wpfvufrrQaemufrwGefY? trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
NAdwdoQe,fcsJU pepfqkd;ukd tzufzufrSqefYusifonf/ ajrcGefajrqDcray;? vufikwfvuf&if; ajrykdifa&;
pepfjzifh v,f,mpkdufysKd;xGef,ufMuonf/
NAdwdoQ'vH&GmolBuD;rsm;ukd jzKwfNyD; aus;&Gmrsm;ukd rdrdwkdYa&G;aumufaom aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJUjzihf tkyfcsKyfMuonf/ ajratmufvufeufukdif wyfzGJUrsm;ukdvnf; tajccHusus zGJUpnf;xlaxmif
Muonf/ tmPmeDe,fajrrsm;wGif Zmrdwmajr&SifBuD;ykdif {uaxmifaygif; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
v,fajrrsm;ukd vufikwfvuf&if; v,form;rsm;? qif;&Jom;v,form;rsm;ESihf ajrrJh,mrJh v,f,m
tvkyform;rsm;tm; a0iSjzefYjzL; ay;vsuf&SdaeavNyD/
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0g&rf;½kwfodrf;a&; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;onf &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmif;qkdcsuftqifhxd a&muf&Sdae\/ awmckd
0g&rf;ajy;ae&aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;MoZmwduúr &Sdaom q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmxH ocifjr( AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wkdYESifhtwl vkyfBuHcHoGm;&aom tmZmenfocifjr) vnf; a&mufonf/
udkbapm (0efBuD;a[mif;ESihf ,ck oHtrwfBuD;) ukdomxGef;wkdYvnf; rMumcPa&mufonf/
ukdñkdxGef; (0efBuD;a[mif;ESihf ,ck oHtrwfBuD;) vnf; tNrJvkdvkd a&mufonf/ zqyvXmecsKyf
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdAaqG (0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;ESifh umuG,fa&;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;AaqG) q&mawmf
xHa&mufrnf/ olYtm; BudKqkda&;ESihf w&m;a[myGJusif;ya&;ukd q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY zkwfylrD;wkduf
pDpOf&awmh\/
usaemfwkdY XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd rD;½IdU½kHjzihf bmwpfckrQ wefjyefwkHYjyefrIvufeufjzifh
ckcHrIr&aomtcg aumufuspfpOf;vJaom NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyfonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmif
aom trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&ESihf usaemfwkdY xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifjzpfvmapa&;twGufvnf;aumif;?
q&mawmfwkdY Oya'twGif;odkY r0ifvmEkdifapa&;twGufvnf;aumif;? q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtm; ½kH;wif
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
77
w&m;rpGJ? wpfvtwGif; rdrdwdkY vufeufrsm;ESihfwuG rdrdwdkYukd,fukd tyfESHMu&ef aMujimcsufxkwfxm;
NyD;jzpfygvsufESihf Mumtif;awmifteD;tem;&Sd &Gmrsm;ukd &GmvkH;uRwfrD;½IdUvk,ufrk'def;usifhjcif;rsm;ukd
xyfqifhjyKvkyfvmMu\/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY ckdatmif;aexkdifrnfxifaom awmawmifrsm;ukdvnf; a&armifjrpf&Sd
ppfoabFmrsm;rS acgufwkHYacgufjyefckwfarmif;&if; tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfonf/ ukef;wyfrSvnf;
okH;vufr tajrmufrsm;jzihf tESHYtpyf ypfcwfonf/ NAdwdoQppfwyf ykvdyfwyfrsm;u q&mawmfESif
usaemfwkdYtm; awmeif;arTaESmuf&SmazGvsuf&Sdae\/ &yf&Gmrsm;ESifh tvSrf;a0;uGmaom awmeufxJwGif
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY tiwftjywfcHumn ckdatmif;ae&\/
ukdarmifpdefvSESihf OD;armifarmifwkdYtm; &efukefokdY ukd,fpm;vS,fvTwfí &ufowåESpfywfyif
rjynhfrSDwpfnaom n 10em&DcefYwGif a&SUwef;uif;pcef;wpfae&mwGif qlnHqlnHjzpfaeonf/ wa&;
warS;tdyf&ef vSJavsmif;aeaom usaemfcsufcsif;xNyD; qlnHaeaom a&SUwrf;uif;pcrf;okdY vmcJhonf/
rarQmfvifhbJ udkarmifpdefvSukd cGqkH&Gmom; vrf;jywpfOD;ESihf yufyif;ygawGU&onf/ ola&m
usaemfyg 0rf;omrqkH; jzpfoGm;Mu\/ q&mawmf? ukdarmifpdefvSESihf usaemfwkdY 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;yGJudk
csufcsif; usif;yMu\/ ukdarmifpdefvSu olawGUBuHKaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd wifjyonf/
olwkdY&efukefNrdKUodkY a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; zqyv XmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;? OD;AaqG?
jynfxJa&;0efBuD; ocifjrwkdYESifh oGm;awGUonf/ usaemfwkdY XmecsKyf Mumtif;awmif&Gm rD;½IdUvk,uf
rk'def;usihfcH&jcif;ESihf rD;½IdUMuaom NAdwdoQppfbufESihf NrdKUjybuft&m&Sdrsm;u AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY
rD;½IdUckdif;í rD;½IdU&aMumif; 0g'jzefYoGm;jcif;wkdYukd olwkdYwifjyMuonf/
q&mawmfwkdYtm; vufeufrcs&bJ 0&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;udpöukdvnf; olwkdYawmif;qkdMuonf/
ocifjraetdrfwGif ocifjr? OD;AaqG? ukdñkdxGef;ESihf olwkdY n 2em&Dxd 'l;wkdufaqG;aEG;Muaomfvnf;
wdusaomtajzr&/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH w,fvDzkef;qufMu&\/ aemufwpfaeY rGef;wnfhykdif;wGif
AkdvfcsKyfESihf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&ef w,fvDzkef;jzifh csdef;vdkfufMu\/
aemufwpfaeY rGef;wnfhykdif;wGif ocifjr? OD;AaqG? OD;ñkdxGef; (0efBuD;a[mif;ESifh ,ck oHtrwf
BuD;) ? OD;omxGef; (,ck oHtrwfBuD;) ESihf olwdkYwm0gvdrf;vrf;? AkdvfcsKyftdrf(,ck AkdvfcsKyfjywkdufwnf
xm;aomaetdrf) odkY oGm;Muonf/ AkdvfcsKyfu aumfzDjzihf {nhfcHNyD; rsufESmpkHnD&Jabmfpdwf tjynhfjzihf
yGihfvif;pGmaqG;aEG;Muonf/
uufpfbD(NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;) acwfuyif XmecsKyfwnf&mjyKxm;aom Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd
AkdvfcsKyfwkdY trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&wufNyD;rS rD;½IdUvk,uf rk'def;usihfcH&jcif;ESifhwuG rD;½IdUaom ppfbufk
NrdKUjybuf t&m&Sdrsm;u AkdvfcsKyfwkdYu awmykef;"m;jyXmecsKyfukd rD;½IdUckdif;í rD;½IdU&aMumif;ajymoGm;jcif;wkdY
ukd olwifjy&m AkdvfcsKyfu a'gorcsKyfwnf;EkdifbJ ]]'DaumifawGukd bmaMumifhwkdufrxkwfovJ}}[kar;
um rD;½IdUvk,ufwJh e,fcsJUaumifawGukd y,fy,fe,fe,fwkdufxkwfarmif;ESifa&;ukd AkdvfcsKyftm;yg;w&
ajymjyjcif;ukdvnf; oltao;pdwf&Sif;jy\/
q&mawmfwkdY vufeufrtyf&bJ 0&rf;½kyfodrf;a&;ESihf t<uif;rJhvTwfa&;ukd olwkdYwifjy&m?
AkdvfcsKyfu pwdavmufvufeuftyfNyD; Oya'wGif; 0ifvma&;? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS vGwfvyfa&;ukd
tEkenf;a&m? tMurf;enf;yg okH;oifhovkdokH;NyD; t&,la&;twGuf vufwGJaqmif&GufMua&;wkdYudkvnf;
AkdvfcsKyf&Sif;vif;jyvkdufjcif;ukd olwifjyonf/ olu q&mawmfwkdYvufeuf wpfvufrQrtyfbJ t<uif;rJh
vTwfa&;a&; xyfwvJwifjy&m? AkdvffcsKyfu 'kdYvufxJ oabFm 2-pD;cefYrQ vufeufrsm;&Sdonf/
vkdtyfvQif cGJay;rnf[kajymaMumif;ukdvnf; olqufvufajymjy\/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
78
,if;tjyif olwkdY&efukefu rxGufvmrSDuyif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; ocifjrudk,fwkdif ppfwyfrsm;
½kyfodrf;xm;&ef aMu;eef;½kduftaMumif;Mum;xm;cJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,aeYxd Mumtif;awmif wkdufe,f
wGif ppfwyfykvdyfrsm; arTaESmufvsuf&Sdao;onfukd oltHhMoaMumif;? olESihfukdñkdxGef; a&SUajy;tjzpf
vmMuaMumif;? ,ck ukdñkdxGef; ppfawGNrdKUwGif ocifjrESihf OD;AaqGwkdYtm; apmifh&if;ae&pfaMumif;/
ukdñkdxGef;ESihf OD;AaqGwkdY ajrmif;abGodkY a&mufMurnf/ q&mawmfESihf aqG;aEG;&ef OD;AaqG qEtmoDo
&SdaMumif;wkdYudk ol&Snfvsm;pGmwifjyoGm;onf/
,if;aMumifh vufeufrsm; tyfa&; rtyfa&;ukd aemifaqG;aEG;rnf/ q&mawmfESihf OD;AaqGwkdY
awGUqkH&a&;twGuf ajrmif;abGokdY usaemfvkdufoGm;rnf/ OD;AaqGtm; Mumtif;awmifwkdY rD;½IdUcH&rIukd
vnf; ukd,fawGUavhvmEkdifa&;ESihf EkdifiHa&;a[myGJwpf&yf usif;ya&;wkdYudk jyKvkyfMu&ef usaemfajymqkd
vkdufonf/ tm;vkH;qE´wlnDMuí wm0eftoD;oD;cGJa0,lMu\/
wa&;rQrtdyfvkduf&aom ukdarmifpdefvSSESihf usaemf tm½kPfOD; a&mifjcnfvmcsdefuyif? awmBuD;
rsufrnf;xJrS prf;w0g;0g; owdBuD;pGmjzifh xGufvmMu\/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD;obm0 ausmufawmifrsm;rS
'vdrffhacGusrnfxuf ae&mra&G;awGUEkdifonfh NAdwdoQvufeufukdifrsm;ukd ykdíowdxm;&onf/
,aeYtpkd;&\ toGifvu©PmESpfrsKd;jzpfae\/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; 'kwd,obmywdtjzpf
aqmif&Gufaom trIaqmifaumifpD tpkd;&[líxdyfykdif;rS AkdvffcsKyfwkdYu &Sdae\/ okdYaomf wkdif;rif;BuD;
ta&;ykdif? c½kdif&mZ0wf0ef polwkdYrSm tm;vkH;vkdvkd rsufESmjzLt&m&Sdrsm;csnf; jzpfae\/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u jrefrmjynfodrf; NAdwdoQppfwyfwGif tmPmt&SdqkH;aom
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyf (Field Security Service)ukd ukdifcJhonfh ar*smtqifh&Sdolonf ppfwHqdyf Mu,fESihf
ppf,lepfazmif;ukd cRwfNyD; t&yf0wfjzihf ,aeYtpdk;&\ c½kdif&mZ0wf0ef (D.S. P)jzpfaeonf/
ume,fESihf vufzwifheifhume,f vkyfcJhMuaom ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf ,cktpkd;&\
wkdif;rif;BuD;? c½kdif0ef polrsm; jzpfaeMu&NyD/ ,aeYolwkdY ppf,leDazmif; 0wfqifrxm;aomfvnf;
NAdwdoQppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwfuyif olwkdYonf q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY\urÇmh&efolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;tjyif þ,kwfrmaom NAdwdoQppfbufESihf NrdKUjybuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf AkdvfcsKyfwkdY
zqyvtzGJUu trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&tzGJUwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufNyD;rS usaemfwkd Y XmecsKyf
Mumtif;awmif&Gmukd rD;½IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usifhrIrsm; wrifwumjyKMu\/ usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdY
wqHjcnfrQ iJhn§mjcif;rjyK? q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmtm; ½kH;wifw&m;rpGJ[k tpkd;&tzGJUu aMujimcsuf xkwfa0
xm;ygvsufESihf jynfxJa&;0efBuD;u ppfwyfrsm; ½kyfodrf;xm;&ef aMu;eef;jzihf taMumif;Mum;NyD;ygvsuf
ESihf ,ck Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,f&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;ukd rD;½IdU? vk,uf? rk'def;usihfrIrsm; aomufaomufvJvJ
wrifwumjyKaeNyD/
tajrmufrsm; ypfcwfum q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYtm; awmeif;arTaESmuf&SmazGaeNyD/ usaemfwkdY
tm; NAdwdoQppfwyfrS awGUvQif ypfowfaumif; ypfowfrnfjzpfae&m usaemfwdkYESpfOD; oGm;½kd;oGm;pOf
vrf;rS roGm;Mu&/ NAdwdoQppfwyf? ykvdyfwyfwkdYESihfa0;uGmaom ab;uif;aomvrf;ukd xGifum awmif
txyfxyf awmtxyfxyfukd azmufxGif;NyD; auGUum jzwfumvmcJhMu&\/
waeukefwaecrf;BuD;rm;pGm yifyef;qif;&JcHjum rem;raevmcJhMuaom usaemfwkdY ESpfOD;aevkH;
uG,faysmufrS ajrmif;abGodkY a&muf&SdoGm;Mu\/ ukdAaqGESifh udkñkdxGef;wkdYukd ukdarmifpdefvS\zcif
q&mBuD; OD;aomMumatmif tdrfwGif tqifoifhawGU&onf/ Mumtif;awmifodkY ul;wkdYykdY&ef vlwOD;
ESihfavSwpD;ukd tylwjyif; &SmazG&if; naepmpm;Mu\/ vlwOD;ESifh avSwpif;&ygonf/
odkYaomf avStayguf? 'Da&vnf; qefaeonf/ wnOfhvkH; r&yfrem; tvSnhfus avS0rf;rS
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
79
qm;iefa&rsm;ukd cGufpkyfwpfckjzifh jyufxkwfae&\/ ukdAaqG? ukdñkdxGef;? ukduHBuD;ESihfusaemf wa&;rQ
rtdyfvkduf&/ rkd;pifpifvif;onfhwkdif Mumtif;awmifodk Yra&muf? uef;eDacsmif;0em;okd Yom
a&mufMuonf/ usoifhaiGukd avSorm;tm;ay;NyD; uef;eDacsmif;0rSurf;okdYwufum csif;trsKd;om;rsm;
\ cGqkH&GmodkYajcvsifavQmuf&onf/ cGqkH&GmwGif csif;trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifk OD;armifwkd;ukd olYtdrfwGif
tqifoifh awGU&onf/
Mumtif;awmife,fwGif NAdwdoQppfwyfrsm; vkH;0r&SdNyDukd od&\/ (aemifod&onfrSm jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;ocifjr ppfawGa&mufNyD; ppfwyfrsm;ukd ½kyfodrf;ckdif;í ½kyfodrf;oGm;aMumif; od&onf)/ olYtdrfwGif
Muufwpfaumifukd jyKwfum MuufjyKwf[if;&nfESihf usaemfwkdYpm;Muonf/ jyif;xefaomaeyl&Sdefatmuf
wGif Mumtif;awmifodkY usaemfwdkY ajcvsifavQmufvmMu\/ Mumtif;awmifodkY a&mufvQifa&mufcsif;
ukdAaqGESifhusaemfwkdY a&mufaeaMumif;ukd q&mawmfxH usaemftaMumif;Mum;vkdufonf/
naeqnf;qmcsdefwGif Mumtif;awmif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;&Sd usaemfwkdYXmecsKyfjyKxm;aom
ae&mwGif q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm? ukdAaqG? ukdñkdxGef;? udkuHBuD;ESifh usaemfwkdY ½kd;om;yGifhvif;pGm 'll;wkdufaqG;
aEG;Muygonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd t"dutajccHxm;um tvkyform; v,form;ta&;ESifh
qkd&S,fvpfa&;&m? EkdifiHwuma&;&mrsm;ukd tjrifcsif;zvS,fMuygonf/
q&mawmftm; pwdavmufvufeuftyfNyD; awmckd0&rf;ajy;b0rS Oya'wGif;odkY0ifvma&;?
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUxHrS tEkenf;jzifhjzpfap? tMurf;enf;jzihfjzpfap vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif vufwGJa&;
twGufvnf; ukdAaqGwkdY zdwfac:ygonf/ q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmxHvmMuaom EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
ESihf aqG;aEG;yGJ[lorQwGif usaemfrygaomaqG;aEG;yGJ[lí r&Sdoavmufyifjzpfonf/
vmorQaomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vufeufukdif wyfzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;xm;onfh q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY\ vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;ukd tjypfrajymMu½kHru ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJUrsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
t"dutm;xm;&rnfh tzGJUjzpfonf/ tmPmeDe,fajrxlaxmifNyD; v,fajra0iSay;jcif;onf
awmfvSefa&;\ t"du0if½kd;jzpfonf[líyif csD;usL;axmyemjyKygao;onf/ ukdAaqGtm; EkdifiHa&;
w&m;yGJusif;y&ef pDpOfxm;aMumif;ukd usaemfwdkYwifjy&m oloabmwlojzifh EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[myGJ
usif;ya&;ESifh vlxkcsDwufvma&;twGuf vIHYaqmf&ef zkwfylrD;wkduf aqmif&Guf&av\/
q&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyDq&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyDq&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyDq&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyDq&mawmfvGwfNyD? usaemfvGwfNyD
rD;½IdUcH&íjymykHjzpfaeaom Mumtif;awmif&Gmukdvnf; ukdAaqG ukd,fawGUjrif&NyD/ ¤if;&GmESifhwuG
rD;½IdUvk,uf rk'def;usihfcH&aom teD;tem;aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESihfvnf; ukdAaqG 'l;wkdufaqG;
aEG;&NyD/ rGef;wnfh 12em&DcefYwGif Mumtif;awmiffq&mawmfBuD;u obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
usaemfutwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif&Gufaom jynfolwpfaomif;cefYwufonfh
tpnf;ta0;wGif ukdAaqG EkdifiHa&;w&m; a[majymoGm;\/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUppfwyf\ zdESdyfrIukd ukdawGU
od&SdaomukdAaqGonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESihf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukdvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHwum
a&;&mwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? 2-em&DMumrQtus,fw0ifh ajyma[moGm;ygonf/ ukdAaqG? ukdñkdxGef;ESifhtwl
toifhpDpOfxm;aomavSjzihf usaemfajrmif;abGodkY vkdufvm\/ c&D;Murf;ESifcJh&jcif;ESihf ukd,fa&mpdwfyg
yifyrf;aom ukdAaqG ajrmif;abGwGif zsm;em;oGm;onf/
rlvpDpOfxm;onfhtwkdif; pufbD;jzifh NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUodkY oGm;Muum NrdKUa[mif;wGif jynfxJa&;
0efBuD; ocifjrESifhqkHMua&;ukd y,fzsufvkduf&\/ ukdAaqGzsm;emaeí roGm;vmEkdifjzpfaeojzifh
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
80
ajrmif;abGodkY ocifjroabFm vSnhf0ifac:a&;ukd ukdñkdxGef; pma&;NyD; ykdYckdif;vkduf&onf/ jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;ocifjr trf*sDbDppfoabFmjzihf ajrmif;abGodkYvmonf/ ocifjr ppfoabFmESifhtwl ukdAaqG?
ukdñkdxGef;? ukdMumvSatmif (MuLaajymufusm;wyfzGJYacgif;aqmif)ukdazmfoif( ,ck &ckdifjynfe,f
w&m;olBuD;tzGJU0if)ESihfusaemfwkdY ppfawGodkYvkdufoGm;Mu\/ wpfvrf;vkH; trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;rS
qkd&S,fvpfa&;xd a'gifhpkHbufpkH aqG;aEG;Muonf/
q&mawmfwkdY pwdavmuf vufeuftyfa&;jyKrnfqkdvQif wpfpkHwpf&mraESmifh,Sufa&;twGuf
&ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;rStp ppfbufESihfNrdKUjybuft&m&Sdrsm;ukd olajymxm;cJhrnf[k jynfxJa&;0efBuD; ocifjr
av;eufpGmuwdjyK\/
ppfawGNrdKUwGif usaemfwdkY tcsdefjzKef;rcH? q&mawmfxH usaemfwkdY 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmMuonf/
(1)q&mawmfwkYd pwdavmuf vufeuftyfa&;- rtyfa&;/ (2)trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ukd tEkenf;jzihf
jzpfap? tMurf;enf;jzihfjzpfap? zqyvXmecsKyfESihf vufwGJaqmif&Gufa&;-raqmif&Gufa&;[laom
jyóemrsm;ukd t"dutajccHaqG;aEG;Ekdifa&;twGuf us,fjyefYaom pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;yGJukd usif;y&ef
usaemfwkdY pDpOfcJhMuonfhtwkdif; ajrmufykdif;wkdif;rS AkdvfpdefxGef;atmif? Akdvfbom? Akdvf[m&DjzL? taemuf
wkdif;rS OD;avomatmif? OD;Akdvfatmif? OD;pdefausmfOD;? OD;OD;pHvS? AkdvfausmfZH&TD; awmifykdif;wkdif;rS
AkdvfvGef;omatmif? OD;a&Tom? ukdatmifjrom? &rf;NAJuRef;rS OD;a&Tatmif? OD;xGef;jzL polrsm;ukdvnf;
ac:,lxm;avNyD/ &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyfOuú| OD;bkd;OD;ESih fwuG
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; pkHvifaeNyD/ &ckdifjynfvli,frsm;tpnf;t½kH; acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
tm;vkH;wufa&mufMuNyD/
r[mNrdKifawmpcef;wpfae&mwGif us,fjyefYaompnf;a0;yGJukd pwifusif;yonf/ q&mawmfu
obmywdtjzpfvnf;aumif;? usaemfu twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonf/ tpDtpOf
twkdif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom trIaqmifaumifpDtpkd;&tzGJU\ q&mawmfudpöESihf
ywfoufíaMujimcsufukd usaemfwvkH;wyg'rusef zwfjyvkdufonf/
(1) OD;pdEÅmESihf ¤if;\aemufvkdufwynhfwkdYonf ,ckaMujimcsufukd xkwfjyefonfhaeYrSpí wv
twGif; teD;qkH;&GmolBuD;? ykvdyfuif;*gwf(odkYr[kwf) Xmem(odkYr[kwf) e,fykdif0efaxmuf? NrdKU0ef
(odkYr[kwf) 'kwd,NrdKUykdifxH rdrdwdkYvufwGif;&Sd vufeufrsm;ESihfwuG rdrdwdkYukd,fukd rdrdwdkYtvkdtavsmuf
0ifa&muftyfESH&rnf/
(2) OD;pdEÅmtm; tpkd;&rif;wkdYu ½kH;wifw&m;pGJjcif; tvsOf;jyKrnfr[kwf? ¤if;enf;wl OD;pdEÅm\
aemufvkduf wynhfrsm; rnfolrqkd rdrdwdkYukd,fwkdifvlowfrI? vlaorI(okYdr[kwf) BuD;av;aom 'Pf&m
&aprIwkdYukd ukd,fxdvufa&mufrusL;vGefvQif ¤if;oltm;vnf; w&m;½kH;wGif w&m;pGJqkdjcif; wpfpkHwpf&m
jyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k azmfjyyg&SdcJhaomaMujimcsufukd usaemfbwfjy\/
þaMujimcsufESihfywfoufí &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif
t,ltqESpfrsKd;uGJvmonf/ acgif;aqmifpkwpfcsKdUu q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmukdom ½kH;wifw&m;rpGJ[kyg&Sd
onf/ tjcm;ol 0&rf;ajy;EkdfifiHa&;orm;rsm;ukd ½kH;wifw&m;rpGJ[k qkdrxm;/ Oya'wGif;a&mufvmvQif
zrf;qD;n§if;qJjcif;cHMu&rnf/
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
85
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armif;wef;NyD; a[majymonf/ ,ck q&mawmfwkdYESihftwl usaemfrvkduf&? q&mawmfESifh &Jabmfrsm;tm;
rsufpdwqkH;rjrif&aomtcg aES;auG;aomajcvSrf;jzihf Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY usaemfjyefvmonf/
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epforkdif;) pmtkyfxJ epfjrKyfxm;&av\/ aeYykdif;wGif pDyDtuf,lbD pmtkyfxJepfjr§Kyf? nOfhykdif;wGif
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Mumtif;awmif&GmodkY jyefa&mufMuygonf/
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ukda0ausmf) ESihfvli,frsm;tultnDaMumihf rGef;vGJ 12em&DausmfavmufwGif EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[majym
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86
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wygwDMoZmcs? wOD;ukdwOD;tjyif;txef ykwfcwfjzpfaecsdef q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYu NAdwdoQe,feJUukd
vufeufjzihf wkdufa&;twGuf *kdPf;*eygwDra&G; usaemfwkdY nDñGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk zGJUpnf;rnf[k
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csDwufvmMuonf/
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csxm;vkdufonf/
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qkdrem &if;ESD;aom ukdvSarmifu usaemfhukd tyluyfygonf/ olESifhXmecsKyfrSay;vkdufaom aiGig;axmif
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vufeufwpfcsKdUukd tyfyg/ ,ck usaemfwkdYtyfcJhaom aoewfrsm;rSm wpfvufrQ raumif;r[kwf[k
ajymav\/ aoewfcJ,rf;rD;ausmufudpöudk usaemfwpfOD;wnf;oabmjzihf raqmif&GufEkdif/ q&mawmf
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xyfjznhfa&;? avhusihfay;a&;rsm;ukdvnf; qE´wlnDrI&onfxd &Jabmfpdwftjynhft0jzifh oabmwl
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tNrJwrf; bkdifusaeaom usaemfwdkY aiGaMu;w&Tif&Tif/
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aygif;ESihf vbuf&nfaomufNyD;aeMuavNyD/ ukdvSarmifu vufeufaumif;wpfcsKdUukd tyfNyD; raeYu
olay;vSLcJhaomaiGjzifh vufeufcJ,rf;rsm; tpm;xkd;0,f,la&;ukd q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;ay;&ef
usaemhtm; wkdufwGef;\/ q&mawmftm; aqG;aEG;wifjyay;rnf[k usaemfwm0ef,lvkdufonf/
q&mawmfqGrf;bkef;ay;NyD; q&mawmfESifh usaemfwkdY jym;acsmif;&GmrS ajrmufbuft&yf
ajrmif;abGodkY vmMuonf/ ukdvSarmifESifh ukdñkdxGef; awmifbuft&yf rif;jym;odkY jyefoGm;Muonf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
87
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BudKqkdaeMuonf/ rGef;wnfh 1em&DcefYwGif EdkifiHa&;a[majymyGJ usif;yygonf/ waomif;ausmfrQ&Sdrnfh
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vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOfukd nDnmaomif;zsaxmufcHMu\/
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vufeuftpm;xkd;0,fa&;udpöukd q&mawmftm; usaemfESpfOD;csif; aqG;aEG;jyonf/ q&mawmfu
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ukdarmifpdefvS zcif q&mBuD; OD;aomMumatmifESifh wuG ukdarmifpdefvS? ukdoef;pdefwkdYu vkdavao;
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BudKqkdjcif;ukd cH,l&&Sd\/ rGef;wnfh 12em&DausmfcefYwGif EkdifiHa&;a[majymyGJukd pwifusif;yygonf/
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om;nDñGwfa&;wnfaqmufa&;wkdYukd usaemfwkdY t"duxm;NyD; a[majymMuygonf/
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vG,fxm;onfh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;ukd tqifoifhawGU&\/ nOfhtcsdefwGif NAdwdoQe,ffcsJU
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
88
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q&mawmfESihfusaemf rdrdwm0efcGJa0,lxm;onfhtwkdif; a[majymMuonf/ tqkdrsm;wifoGif;
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ausmf (NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESihf zufqpf*syefukd vufeufukdifawmfvSefcJhaom uG,fvGefol awmfvSefa&;
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
90
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usaemfwkdY wnDwñGwfwnf; qE´wlnDoGm;Muygonf/
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92
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93
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um;ukd &yfckdif;onf/
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94
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95
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96
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NrdKUe,for0g,r) wkdY a&G;aumufyGJ avQmufvTTmwifaeMujcif;ESihf BuHKBudKufoGm;&onf/ tcsdefawmfawmf
Mumapmifhaomfvnf; usaemfhtvSnhfra&mufojzihf c½kdif0efxHtwif;0ifí OD;ausmfNidrf;pmukd xkd;tyf&m
rsufESmjzLc½kdif0efrpöwma*strf*sDzef(uufpfbDacwf 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD; Mr. J.M. G. Fann)ESihf usaemf
bkabmufuscJh&\/ &ckdfifwdkif;wGif rpöwmtvftrf;vdpf(uwfpfbDacwf AkdvfrSL;BuD; Mr. L. M. Less)u
&ckdifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdaeonf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
100
0g,mvufpuftpkH qkH;½IH;cJh&onfrSty wpkHw&mtaESmuft,Sufr&SdbJ rw&m;oif; aMujim
xm;aom tvHeDygwDukd,fpm;vS,f OD;pkd;ñGefYtygt0if usaemfwkdYig;OD; Mumtif;awmifodkY acsmarmpGm
a&muf&SdoGm;Mu\/
q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmtygt0if &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf &ckdif
jynf vli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH;acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd tvHeDygwDudk,fpm;vS,f OD;pkd;ñGefYu olwkdYygwD\
vrf;pOfESifh vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd wifjyonf/ ocifpkd;ESihfwuG? olwkdYonf *kd&S,fwkYd\ vSnhfpm;rIcH&NyD;
ba&muf'g0g'ukd vufcHrdcJhaMumif;/ ,ck ba&muf'g0g' y,fzsufEkdifNyDjzpfaMumif;/ &efukefNrdKUwGif
tdfrfcef;wkdufyGJ? tdrfajrwkdufyGJrsm;ESihfwuG? NAdwdoQjAL½kdua&pD puf,EÅ,m;\t"du0if½kd;jzpfaom
twGif;0efrsm;½kH; 0kdif;wkdufyGJ qifETJcJhjcif;rsm;ukdvnf; tao;pdwf&Sif;jyonf/ qkdAD,uf,leD,H\ ]]oydwf
ckH olykefx}}vrf;pOfukdvnf; xnfhoGif;ajymjyonf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf c½kdif20 ausmfwGif ajratmufvufeufukdiftzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;NyD;
avNyD/ olwkdYykefuefx<uvQifvnf; usaemfwkdYaemufrSvkdufNyD; olykefxay;yg/ usaemfwkdY olykefxvQif
vnf; olwkdY c½kdif 20ausmfrS olykefxay;rnf[k pdefac:avonf/ tmPmeDtajccH XmecsKyfwnfxm;
aom Mumtif;awmif&GmwGif olYukd okH;&ufcefY usaemfxm;NyD; q&mawmfwkdYESihf awGUqkHNyD;vQifNyD;csif;
olYtm; ukdbkd;EG,fu awmifukwfNrdKUrS ya'gif;oGm;rnf armfawmfum;ay:ta&muf ykdYay;apygonf/
usaemfacgif;aqmifvmojzihf ppfawGNrdKUwGif wpkHw&mab;'ku©rxdcJhaomfvnf; tjyefwGif
ppfawGNrdKUrS ac:,l&efroifhavsmfojzihf Mumtif;awmifrSawmifukwfNrdKUbufodkY avSjzifhoGm;Mu&ef
pDpOf&onf/ ukdpkd;ñGefYESihf ukdbkd;EG,fwkdY avSi,fwpD;jzihf awmifukwfbufodkY xGufoGm;Muygonf/
avSokdYrqif;rD ukdpkd;ñGefYtwGuf vkHNcHKatmif pDpOfa&;ESihf awmifukwfNrdKUwGif usaemfwdkYtm; apmifhqkdif;
ae&ef ukdbkd;EG,ftm; usaemfwD;wkd;rSmvkdufygonf/
oHwGJolykefoHwGJolykefoHwGJolykefoHwGJolykefoHwGJolykef
ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcHusif;y&ef rem;rae tylwjyif; vkyfukddifaeMuqJ 1947ckESpf azazmf
0g&DvwGif &ckdifjynfawmifykdif; oHwGJc½kdifrS olykefrD;pwifawmufavmifvsuf&SdaeNyD/ oHwGJolykefrD;udpöukd
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifh usaemf tzufzufrS avhvmqef;ppfMuonf/ oHwGJolykefonf usaemfwkdYESihf
bmrQrqkdif/ usaemfwkdkYESihf tquftoG,fvnf; r&Sd/ oHwGJolykefjzpfay:vmjcif;onf t"duw&m;cH
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;? 'kwd,w&m;cHonf qefpyg;rsm;ukd csKdomaomaps;EIef;owfrSwfNyD; a&mif;csray;
bJ iwfjywfaeaom v,form;rsm;tm; zdESdyfaom oHwGJta&;ykdif[k usaemfwkdY EkdifiHa&;owåKcsMuonf/
oHwGJc½kdif olykefrsm; csKd;ESdrfcH&vQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS ½kef;xGufvkdaom awmfvSefa&;tif
tm;pkwpf&yf csKd;ESdrfcH&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
okdYESihf oHwGJolykefukd tm;wufoa&mulnD&rnf/ oHwGJolykefudpöudk q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESifhusaemf
ajz&Sif;ulnD&rnf/ oHwGJodkY oGm;Murnf[kqkH;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmfESihfusaemf ppfawGokdY
vmMu\/ xkH;pHtwkdif;yif usaemfhOD;av; yGJpm;BuD; OD;xGef;atmifausmf wm0ef,lNyD; auR;arG;jyKpkay;
ygonf/ ppfawGNrdKU au'g&Jabmf udkvSxGef;ausmfwkdYESihf usaemfwkdYonf nvkH;ayguf trsKd;om;vGwfvyf
a&;wkdufyGJa&;&mrsm;ukd tus,fw0ifh&ifzGihfaqG;aEG;Mu&ygonf/ eHeuf 6em&DcefYwGif tm&uHzvkd
wD;,m; oabFmqdyfodkY armfawmfum;rsm;jzihf q&mawmfESihf usaemfwdkY okwfajcwifa&mufMu\/
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwdkYtwGuf ae&m,lxm;aom oabFm oD;oefYcef; (Cabin)wGif usaemfwkdYypönf;
rsm;ESihf OD;xGef;atmifausmftdrfrSay;vkdufaom pm;aomufp&mrsm;ukd pkykHxm;vkdufygonf/ vkdufykdYMu
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
101
aom&Jabmfrsm;ukd EIwfquf&if; oHwGJNrdKUodkY a&SU½IxGufvmaom rD;oabFmu usaemfwkdYtm; o,f,loGm;
awmh\/
usaemf&yfwnfr&Ekdifatmif tdyfcsifvmonf/ oabFmpma&;cef;wkdY0ifNyD; usaemftdyfvkduf\/
usaemftdyf&mrSxNyD; xrif;pm;aomufonf/ oabFmay:wGif [kdavQmuf 'DavQmuf usaemfvkdufvH
Munhf½Ionf/ q,faygif;rsm;pGmaom ppfom;rsm;ESihf ppfAkdvfwkdYudkawGUonf/ olwkdYoHwGJolykefukd ESdrfeif;
&efoGm;Mujcif;[k od&\/ oHwGJc½kdifwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ba&mufk'g0g' vufrcHEkdifícGJxGuf
vmaom udkomxGef;atmif? ukdcspfodef;? ukdodef;ñGefYwkdYu Mu,feDajymufusm;trnfjzihf vufeufpGJudkfif
wkdufzsufaeMuNyD/
OD;odef;azjrihftkyfpk tEkdif&a&;twGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'kwd,tBudrf uGef*&ufwGif
ukdausmf&if (oHwGJNrdKU Zmwdd&yfom;? uG,fvGefol ygarmu©csKyf OD;ausmf&if) u acgif;aqmifNyD; tEkdif&,l
cJhonf/ okdYygvsuf oHwGJc½kdif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf ukdausmf&ifESifh ryl;aygif;cJhMu/ þMu,feDajymufusm;
onf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihf usaemfwkdYESihfyg wpkHw&mqufoG,frIvnf;r&SdMu/
q&mawmfESihfusaemfwdkY wkd;wkd;BudwfBudwfaqG;aEG;onf/ oabFmay:wGifygvmaomppfwyfonf
oHwGJolykefMu,feDajymufusm;rsm;ukd ESdrfeif;okwfoif&ef oGm;Muolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ Mu,feDajymufusm;
ESihf usaemfwkdY bmwpfckrQrywfouf/ odkYaomf þtiftm;pk csKd;ESdrfokwfoifcH&jcif;onf awmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkwpf&yf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUqefYusifaom tiftm;pkwpf&yfusqkH;rIyifjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh Mu,feD
ajymufusm;bufrS usaemfwkdY &yfwnf&rnf/
oabFmjzihf ygvmaom ppfAkdvfukd aomuf&if;pm;&if; usaemfzsm;a,mif;rnfukd q&mawmfESifh
usaemf oabmwlMu\/ oabFmpma&;cef;wGif ppfawGau'g &Jabmfrsm;u usaemfhtwGuf
xnfhay;vkdufaom EkdifiHjcm;0DpuDt&ufygvmonf/ oabFmpma&;xHusaemfoGm;NyD; naepmtwGuf
Muufom;aMumfrsm;jzihf pDpOfum oabFmay: ygvmonfh tBuD;qkH; ppfbuft&m&Sd vufaumuf0wf
xd vufjzwfxm;&aom uyÜwdef(AkdfvfBuD;) ukdyg pm;aomufa&;twGuf zdwfac:,l&ef wkdufwGef;onf/
naeykdif;wGif rD;oabFm ajrykHqdyfurf;wGif ,aeYwaeYwmtwGuf &yfem;vkduf\/ oabFm
pma&; OD;armifvSausmf? (,ck tNidrf;pm;,lNyD; ppfawGtkd;wef;&yfwGif aexkdifonf)/ uyÜwdefESihfusaemf
oabFmpma&;cef;wGif Muufom;aMumfpm;vkduf? t&ufaomufvkdufjzifh t*Fvdyfvkda&m? Armvkdyg
a&maESmNyD; pum;ajymaumif;aeMuonf/ uyÜwdefu olwdkYwyf oHwGJc½kdif vlqkd;"m;jyrsm;ukd ESdrfeif;okwf
oif&efoGm;aMumif;okdY pum;a&mufoGm;&m? usaemfu oHwGJc½kdifjzpf&yfrsm;ukd &Sif;jyonf/ oHwGJc½kdifwGif
vufeufukdif ckcHaeolrsm;onf vlqkd;"m;jyrsm;r[kwf? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;? zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;om jzpfMuonf/
oHwGJc½kdifwGif qefpyg;rsm; &Sm;yg;oGm;onf/ qefpyg;rsm;ukd tpkd;&u csKdomaom aps;EIef;jzihf
a&mif;csay;&ef jynfolrsm;u qE´jyawmif;qdkMuonf/ rvdr®maom oHwGJc½dkif ta&;ykdif(c½kdif0ef)
OD;bpdefonf csKdomaomaps;EIef;jzihf qefpyg;rsm;udkxkwfra&mif;? vufeuftm;ukd;jzihf ESdrfeif;onf/
,if;aMumifh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;OD;aqmifNyD; qefvkyGGJrsm; ay:aygufvm&onf/ vufeufjzifh zdESdyfrIukd
vufeufjzihf ckcHrIjzpfvm&onf/ uyÜwdefwdkY csif;awmif [mume,fwGifvnf; qefpyg;&Sm;bl;ygrnf/
iwfaeaomvlrsm;u qefpyg;rsm;ukdvkdí awmif;qkdMuvQif vufeufjzihf csKd;ESdrfypfygrnfvm;? qefpyg;
ukdoufomaomaps;EIef;jzifha&mif;rnfvm;? iwfaeaomolrsm;ukd oufomaomaps;EIef;jzihf qefpyg;
a&mif;rnfomjzpfrnf[k usaemfwD;acguf&Sif;jyajymqkdvkdufonf/ [mumcsif;trsKd;om; uyÜwdefonf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
102
olwdkY [mume,fwGifvnf; qefpyg;&Sm;yg;onfh ESpfrsKd;ESifhBuHKbl;aMumif;? iwfaeíqefpyg;awmif;ol
rsm;ukd vufeufjzihf rcsKd;ESdrfoifhaMumif;/ okdYaomf w&m;Oya'ESihf qefYusifpGm qefpyg;rsm;ukdrvktyf
aMumif;ukd oljyefajymonf/ usaemf tm;wufoa&mjzpfvm\/ ykdíykdítajymaumif;vm\/ iwfjywf
NyD; pm;p&mvnf;r&Sd? acwfynmvnf;rwwfaom aus;&Gmom;rsm;taejzifh Oya'ukd wrifcsKd;azmufvkd
aom qE&Sdrnfr[kwf/ tpkd;&u oufomaomaps;EIef;jzihf qefpyg;xkwfra&mif;í vkyfukdifrdjcif;om
jzpfrnf[k usaemfolYtm; &Sif;jyavonf/
olu 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; olwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhJ&aom NrdKUjyrsm; taMumif;? olwm0efxrf;
aqmif&if; zufqpf*syefESihfwkdufyGJwGif 'Pf&m&ívufaumuf0wfxd vufwpfzufjzwfcH&aMumif;wkdYukd
tm;yg;w&ajymjyonf/
ol\jzpf&yfrsm;onf wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfNyD; olvnf;tajymaumif;ojzihf olYpum;xJwGif
usaemfepfjr§KyfoGm;&onf/ usaemfvnf; zufqpf*syefukd usaemfwkdY awmfvSefcJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;xJrS
rSwfom;bG,f&mrsm;ukd olUtm;ajymjyonf/
usaemfwkdY ppfAkdvfESpfOD; wOD;u ppf,leDazmif;0wfNyD; ppfvpm,lum ppfrIxrf;aeaom uyÜwdef
wpfOD;u ta&;BuHKvQif ppfwvif;ajrjyifwGif &ifudk ajruwkwfvkyfNyD; wkdufyGJ0ifwwfaom apwemh
0efxrf; ppfAkdvf/ eHeufapmapmrD;oabFm ajrykHqdyfrS cGmvkduf\/ ausmufjzLodkY a&SU½Ickwfarmif;ae\/
yifv,fjyif avñ§if;rsm;ukd vwfqwfpGm ½I½Iduf&\/
yGihfopfp aea&mifjcnfatmufwGif &ckdif½kd;rawmifwef;BuD; Ekd;pjyKavNyD/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
rkd;wdrfrkd;om;ESifh ½kd;rawmifBuD; qufoG,faeqJ? pdrf;vJhñkdjymaeaom ½kd;rawmifwef;BuD;onf rsufpd
wqkH;MunhfrqkH;/ ESpfpOfrdk;&moDqkdufwkdif; &ckdif½kd;rwavQmuf acsmif;i,f? ajrmif;i,frsm;rS acsmif;BuD;
ajrmif;BuD;odkYpD;NyD;/ yifv,fokdY rkd;a&*gvHaygif; odef;oef;csDí tcsnf;tESD; pD;qif;oGm;&onf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; &ckdif½kd;rrS ESpfpOf tv[ó pD;qif;oGm;aom rkd;a&rsm;ukd ckdifrm
BuHhckdifaom qnfajrmif;rsm;jzihf wkwfaESmifxm;vkdufvQif &ckdifv,form;rsm; wESpfokH;oD;pm;txd
vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf/ wESpfokH;oD;pm;pepf xGef;um;vmvQif &ckdifv,f,mpepfonf uRJ-EGm;-xGefwkH;rS
pufrIxGefwkH;b0odkY ul;ajymif;vmrnf/ rvGJombJ pkaygif;v,f,m pufrIpepfxGef;um;vm&rnf/
ponfwkdYudkawG;awm&if;? yifv,favukd t0½I½Iduf&if;? &ckdif½dk;rawmifukd trSwfrxif pkdufMunhfae
pOf oabFmpma&; OD;armifvSausmf vmac:onf/ OD;armifvSausmf\oabFmpma&;cef;wGif [mum
csif;trsKd;om; uyÜwddef? OD;armifvSausmfESihf usaemft&uf0kdif;zGJUMu\/
[kdajym'Dajym t&ufwjrjraomufMu&if; oHwGJolykefjyóemodkY a&mufMu\/ oHwGJc½kdifwGif
vlqkd;"m;jyrsm; aomif;usef;aejcif;r[kwf? tiwfjyóemukd tpkd;&vufxJ qefpyg;rsm; zlvkHpGm&Sdyg
vQufESihf rvdr®maomoHwGJc½kdif ta&;ykdifaMumifh qefvkyGJjzpf&onf/ qefvkyGJukd taMumif;jyNyD;
ta&;ykdifu ykvdyfwyfrsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufESdrfeif;onf/
rvdr®maomta&;ykdif\vufeufjzihf tMurf;zufESdrfeif;rIukd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESihf v,form;
rsm;u &&mvufeufjzihf ckcHwGef;vSefMuonf/
,if;aMumifh oHwGJc½kdifwGif vuf&Sdjzpfaeaomjyóemonf þjyóemukdajz&Sif;&ef usaemfESihf
twl &ckdifjynf? jrefrmjynfwkdYwGif xif&Sm;ausmfapmaom q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmonfvnf; þrD;oabFmjzihf
ygvmaMumif;ukd usaemf 'kd;'kd;a'gufa'guf &Sif;jyvkduf\/ [mumcsif;trsKd;om; uyÜwdeftHhMooGm;onf/
q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY oHwGJc½kdifjyóemukd at;aq;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;&ef oGm;onfukd
olESpfNcdKufaMumif;? vufeufjzifh wpfzufESifhwpfzuf wkdufckdufjcif;xuf at;aq;aomenf;jzihf ajz&Sif;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
103
jcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfaMumif;ukd uyÜwdefajymjyNyD;? wqufwnf;yif q&mawmf OD;pdEÅmESihf olawGU
vkdaMumif; awmif;qkd\/ q&mawmfESihfawGUa&;ukd usaemfpDpOfay;rnf/
olwkdYwyf a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; oHwGJc½kdifta&;ykdifu ppfwkdufckdif;&ef ñTefMum;trdefYay;vQif
b,fvkdvkyfrvJ[k usaemfar;vkdufonf/
a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; olwkdYudk ppfwkdufckduf&ef trdefYay;vQif olzDqefrnf/ trdefYukd remcH[k
uyÜwdefu &J&ifhpGm jyefajym\/
usaemftwkdif;rod tm;wufoa&m jzpfoGm;onf/ EkdifiHa&;jyóemukd EkdifiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;jcif;
omtrSefqkH; jzpfonfr[kwfvm;/
q&mawmfqGrf;pm;tNyD; q&mawmfaexkdifaom oD;oefYtcef;odkY uyÜwdefESihf usaemfa&mufoGm;
onf/ q&mawmftm; uyÜwdefESihfrdwfqufay;um usaemfESihf uyÜwdefwkdY rwfjzpfcJhjcif;ESihfwuG? uyÜwdef
u olwkdYppfwyf oHwGJodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ppfwkdufckdif;&ef ñTefMum;trdefYay;vQif þtrdefYukd
olremcH zDqefrnf[kajymjcif;txd usaemf q&mawmftm; tMurf;zsOf;ajymjy\/
q&mawmfuvnf; oHwGJc½k difwGif vlqkd;-"m;jyrsm; qlylaomif;usef;aejcif;r[kwf/
tiwfjyóemu pwifcJhaom EkdifiHa&;jyóemjzpfí olukd,fwkdifat;aq;aomenf;jzihf ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;
twGuf oHwGJodkY oGm;aejcif;wkdYudk ajymjyonf/
uyÜwdefu ykdíykdíoabmaygufvmonf/ oHwGJodkYa&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ppfwkdufckduf&ef
trdefYay;vQif olremcH? trdefYudkzDqefrnf[k &J0HhpGmuwday;\/ olwdkY csif;awmifwef; [mume,fwGif
vnf; wcgwav qefpyg;&Sm;yg;rI jyóem&Sdavonf/ tpkd;&u oufomaomaps;EIef;owfrSwfNyD;
wifykdYa&mif;csjcif;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;onf/
oHwGJc½kdifqlylvmrIonf tkyfcsKyfa&;ryg;eyfaom oHwGJta&;ykdifaMumifhomjzpfonf/ q&mawmf
wkdYajz&Sif;ay;vQif atmifjrifrnf[k ol,kHMunfonf[kvnf; uyÜwdefuajymjy\/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
NAdwdoQaMu;pm; ppfwyfxJwGif ppfrIxrf;aeaom ppfAkdvfrsm;xJrS EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif&Sdaom þvkd
uyÜwdefrsKd;ukd awGU&rnf[k usaemfrarQmfvifh/ olt&ufwefckd;aMumifh ajymaeovm;[líum; usaemf
oHo,jzpfaeao;onf/
oHwGJa&mufonfxd OD;armifvSausmf? uyÜwdefeSihf usaemfaomufazmfaomufzuf? ajymazmf
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olykefrsm; vufeuftenf;i,fpGefYNyD; Oya'wGif;odkY 0ifvmMurnf/ ,if;okdYOya'wGif;okdY 0ifvmolrsm;
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wl awmckd0&rf;ajy;cJh&aom olrsm;\trnfrsm;ESihfwuG ae&yfvdyfpmrsm;ukd olYvufxJ usaemfay;
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qufvufaqG;aEG;Muygonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJatmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;cJhavNyD/ udkvSxGef;ausmfonf q&mawmf
OD;pdEÅmESihfusaemfwkdY ygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ ppfawGNrdKUwGif; ukd,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmif
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ESihf rif;BuD;OD;armifausmfukd *a[qufay;vkdufonf/ usaemfwkdYESpfOD; &Tifvef;aomESvkH;om;jzihf olYtdrfrS
xGufvmMu\/ ppfawGNrdKU au'g&Jabmfrsm;eSifh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd txyfxyfaqG;aEG;NyD;avNyD/
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vnf; NyD;avNyD/ usaemfwkdY XmecsKyfwnf&m Mumtif;awmifodkY usaemf 'kef;pkdif;jyefvmavawmh\/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
108
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ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHatmifyGJ&a&;twGuf q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihf usaemfwkdY rem;rae 'kef;pkdif;
aqmif&GufaeMu&onf/ vlaygif; 6-aomif;ausmfwufa&mufrnfh r@yfuem;ESihf vlaygif; 6-aomif;
ausmf okH;&ufwkdifwkdif pm;aomufa&;rSpNyD;? usef;rma&;xd wm0ef,l&rnfh udpöt&yf&yfwkdYukd aeYrtm;
nrtm;bJ pDrHcefYcGJaeMu&ygonf/
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jynfjyKvTwfawmftrwfavmif;rsm; a&G;cs,faeMuaMumif;? usaemfESihfolYukd trwfavmif;tjzpf yg0if
aqmif&Guf&ef? ukdAaqGqEjyif;xefpGm jzpfvsuf&SdaMumif;wkdYukd ukdarmifpdefvSpmwGif azmfjyxm;onhfjyif
trwfavmif;tjzpfyg0ifa&;? ryg0ifa&;rSm q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihf usaemfhtqkH;tjzwfay: rlwnfae
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rsm;yg0ifonfh pmwpfapmif ukdarmifpdefvSxHrS usaemfhxHa&mufvmonf/ tvm;wlpmrsKd; ppfawGNrdKU
ukvSxGef;ausmfxHrSvnf; usaemfhxHa&muf&Sd\/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? ukdAaqGwkdYxH
q&mawmfESifh usaemfwdkYtm; ausmufiEGm;&GmwGif awGUqkHEkdifaMumif; pmjyefvkdufonf/ q&mawmfESihf
wuG vkyfazmfukdifbufrsm;ukdvnf; usaemfa&G;aumufyGJr0ifaMumif;ukd usaemfjywfom;pGmwifjyxm;
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1947ck rwfvwGif jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? ukdAaqGESihf AkdvfrSL;atmifwkdY ausmufiEGm;okdY
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ukdAaqGajymíNyD;vQif NyD;csif; q&mawmfajym&ef apmifhraeawmhbJ? pdwfjref EIwfjrefaom
usaemfupíajymavonf/ ukdAaqGonf tpkd;&tzGJU 0efBuD;&mxl;r,lbJ EkdifiHa&;pnf;½kH;a&;wkdYukd
aZmufcsvkyfvkdí zqyvXmecsKyfwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifaeovkd? usaemf
vnf; þvkdEkdifiHa&;ESihf pnf;½kH;a&;paom wm0efrsm;ukdom xrf;aqmifvkdygonf/
a&G;aumufyGJ r0ifvkdyg/ ukdarmifpdefvSxHrSvnf; usaemfhxH pma&mufaeonf/ olvnf; a&G;
aumufyGJ0if&ef qEr&Sdyg/ ,if;aMumifh a&G;aumufyGJ0ifvkdolrsm; &SdMu 0ifMuyg? ulnDygrnf? usaemfwkdY
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukd awmfvSef&eftoifh&Sdae&m trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtm; awmfvSef
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ajymqkdwifjyvkduf\/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
109
jrefrmhtvif; OD;wif? AkdvfrSL;atmifwkdYuvnf; wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTGwfawmf\ tESpfom& toGif
o@mefrsm;ukd &Sif;jyMuygonf/ a&G;aumufyG J0if&ef wkdufwGef;Muygonf/ usaemfwdk YxHrS
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ a&G;aumufyGJ0ifvkdolr&Sd/ a&G;aumufyGJr0ifonfrSm zqyvESihf qkd&S,fvpfygwDukd
twkdufcHjyKaeMuaom tjcm;ygwDrsm;u a<u;aMumfonhf-
]]a&G;aumufyGJ oydwfarSmuf...olykef....olykef...x...x}}a<u;aMumfoHudk ykdufaxG;
xm;í olykefx&ef a&G;aumufyGJukd oydwfarSmufjcif;vnf; r[kwfMuyg/ a&G;aumufyGJ0ifvQif ½IH;rnf
qkd;ír0ifjcif;vnf; r[kwfMuyg/ usaemfwkdYa&G;aumufyGJ0ifvQif q&mawmfOD;pdEÅm\ EkdifiHa&;MoZm
wduúrESifhwuG &ckdifjynf jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfESihfvli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH;\EkdifiHa&;t&Sdeft0g
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? usaemfwkdYukd,fwkdifvnf; yk*¾dKvfa&;&m t&Sdeft0g&Sdaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
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vnf;aumif;? ckdifrmaom ajratmufawmfvSefa&; vufeufukdiftzGJUrsm;ESihf tmPmeDe,fajrus,fjyefY
pGmxlaxmifEkdifNyDjzpfívnf;aumif;?usaemfwkdY vG,fvifhwula&G;aumufcH&rnfukd usaemfwkdY odygonf/
odkYaomf irkdufom; usaemfwkdY wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfokdY r0ifMu? NAdwdoQe,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;om
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rruf/ aowGif;aoaygufxJ wkd;0ifaeMu\/
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zqyv XmecsKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;AaqG)tm; ukduHBuD;ukd ykvdyftifpydawåmf(&JrSL;) armifpdef
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vsuf &SdygvsufESifh xkdvufeufodrf;rIwkdYjzihf rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;jcif;ESihfwuG &ckdifwkdif;rif;BuD;
OD;armifausmfu trIjzpfpOftwGif; tmrcHjzihf aexkdifcGifhjyKrnf[k *wday;xm;onfhwkdif ,aeYxd
tmrcHr&ao;jcif;wkdYukdajymjyNyD;? ukduHBuD;vGwfa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;&ef tm;ukd;wBuD; usaemf
ajymqkdwifjyvkdufygonf/ ukdAaqGtm; tyluyfvkdufygonf/
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&ckdifjynf acwforkdif;ukd a&;vQif vkdvm;onfjzpfap? rvkdvm;onfjzpfap? ajrykHwyfaygif;pk
nDvmcHukd ra&;om;ír&Ekdifay/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHxajrmufa&;twGuf &ckdifacgif;aqmifrsm;
txyfxyftvDvD pnf;a0;aqG;aEG;Mu&onf/ acgif;csif;½kduf&onf/ tylwjyif; rD;ylzkwfwkduf aqG;aEG;
&onfvnf; &Sdonf/ at;aq;pGmajymqkdMuonfvnf;&Sdonf/ oabmwlcsufwpfck&&ef tjyif;txef
jiif;ckH&onfvnf; &Sdonf/ cufcJrnfxifaom jyóem&yfwkdYudk rdepfydkif;twGif; tm;vkH;oabmwl
vufcHoGm;onfvnf;&Sdonf/ tjrifcsif;rwlaom ygwDtzGJUtpnf; toD;oD;rSvmMuaom acgif;aqmif
rsm;\ qE´ukd ñ§dEIdif;&onfrSm rvG,ful/
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jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf? &ckdifjynf vli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH;? &ckdifjynfawmifolv,form;rsm;
tzGJUcsKyfESihf ykvdyfor*¾? pma&;pmcsDor*¾paom vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;\qE´ukd ñ§dEIdif;,lae&\/
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&JabmftzGJU? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (&ckdifwkdif;)wkdYrS ukdausmfjr(,ckawmckd Auy A[kdaumfrDwD)
ukarmifwl(aoqkH;oGm;aom Auy&ckdifjynfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;) ukdñkdxGef; (0efBuD;a[mif;?
,ckoHtrwfBuD;) ukdMumvSatmif (xkdpOfu &ckdifwkdif; jynfolY&JabmftzGJU acgif;aqmif)? ukdbapm
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
110
(0efBuD;a[mif;? oHtrwfBuD;) ukdomxGef; (,ck oHtrwfBuD;) ukdb[ef (awmckd Auya&epfaoqkH;)?
ukdbkd;EG,f(,ck aqmufvkyfa&;aumfykda&;&Sif; trIxrf;) ESihf usaemfwdkYzufrS OD;bkd;OD; (&ckdifjynf jynfolY
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf Ouú|)ESihfusaemfwkdY tNrJvkdvkd awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mu&\/ ñIdEIdif;Mu&\/ ajrykH
wyfaygif;pkjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeaom ygwDtzGJUtpnf;tm;vkH;u oabmwlvuf0,f
xm;&Sdonfh NAdwdoQe,fcsJUukdvkdeDuRefb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vufeufpGJukdifawmfvSefa&;enf;jzihf
tvGwf½kef;xGufrnf[laom vrf;pOfonf tm;vkH;oabmwlvufcHxm;aom vrf;pOfjzpfaeonf/
,if;vrf;pOfESihf qDavsmfaomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfa&;ESihfvkyfief;pOfrsm;? vkyfenf;rsm; csrSwf
a&;ukd a'gifhpkHjiif;ckH? aqG;aEG;Mu ñ§dEIdif;,lMujzihf wjznf;jznf;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd &&SdvmMu\/
aqG;aEG;ñ§dEIdif;aeMuaom ygwDtzGJUrsm;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTGwfawmf wufa&muf
rnfholrsm;jzpfonfh udkñkdxGef; polrsm;vnf; yg0ifae&m xkdolrsm;u wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif
olwkdY\toHonf wyfaygif;pktoHjzpf&rnf/ wyfaygif;pkHrSEIwfxGuf&ef qkH;jzwfvQif tcsdefra&G;
EIwfxGufrnf[kvnf; jrifhrkd&fawmifwrQ BuD;rm;aom uwdpum;ukdvnf; txyfxyfajymMu\/
ay;Mu\/
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aeylrkd;&Gmrqkd vlaygif; 6aomif;cefYaeEkdifatmif "edrkd;NyD; tckdiftrm wnfaqmufxm;onf/ r@yfwGif;
&Sd w&m;a[mpifjrifhyifvQif vlaygif; 50cefY aexkdifEkdifaom puúLyef;rsm;jzihf rGrf;rHxm;onfh &mZyv’if
wpfrsKd;jzpfaeonf/ r@yfuem; aqmufvkyf&mwGif apwemh0efxrf;pepfjzihf v,form;rsm;u tcrJh
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qefukdawmifvkdykHxm;onfh odkavSmifXme? xif;rsm;ukdawmifvkdykHxm;onfh okdavSmifXme?
ig;ajcmuf tmvl; [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;ukd awmifvkdykHxm;aomXme ponfjzihf awmifvkdokH;XmeykHxm;&
onf/ qefrsm;? xif;rsm; aiGwjym;rS ray;&/ awmifolv,form;rsm;u wuf<uaom apwemjzihf
vma&mufay;ykdYMuonf/ ig;ajcmuf? tmvl; ? [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;ukd 0,f&onf/ þaiGvnf; aomif;csD
ukefonf/ ajrykHwyfaygif;pk nDvmcHr@yfuem; aqmufvkyfa&;rSpNyD; tzufzufrS tyifyef;cH tepfem
cHMuolrsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;x<uaeaom Mumtif;awmifwkdufe,fom;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ ukd,fa&m
pdwfa&m tyifyef;cH&olrsm;xJwGif ukdausmfarmifOD;ESihf usaemfxdyfwef;rS ygrnfxifygonf/
&ckdifjynfygwDtzGJUtpnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;\qEwlnDrIjzihf ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHusif;ya&;
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vkHcsnfwpfxnfESihf EIwfcrf;qkd;aq;awmifhwpfawmifhukd MunfEl;ESpfNcdKufaom ESvkH;om;jzifh usaemfay;
tyfvkduf\/ usaemfhcspfolonf ½kd;om;aomawmifolv,form; orD;ysKdwpfOD;jzpfonf/ EIwfcrf;eD
atmif EIwfcrf;qkd;aq;awmifhjzihf qkd;ay;&onfukd rodívm;rajymwwf/ csnfrQifqkd;aq;eDukd cGufi,f
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111
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117
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120
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usaemfwkdY zGJUpnf;xm;aom wyfzGJUrsm;\aoewfajymif;0 usaemfwdkYbufodkY vSnfhvmEkdifonf/
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vlxkqE´jyyGJenf;jzihfom q&mawmfwkdYvGwfa&;ukd r&yfrem; usaemfwkdY aqmif&GufMu\/
q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmwkdY tzrf;cH&onfhudpöESihfywfoufí 1947ck arv 14&ufaeYxkwfa0aom
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121
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122
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ajrykHNrdKUteD;rSm brf;&ygw,f/ trSefrSm OD;pdEÅmukd zqyvtpkd;&u jyefvTwfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
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123
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127
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onf &ckdifjynfwGif yxrqkH; *syefawmfvSefa&;ukd aqmif&GufvmaMumif;? vlqkd;'jyr[kwfaMumif;?
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awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
128
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onf/
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129
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130
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usif;ycJhaom &ckdiftrsKd;om;nDvmcH uGefYz&ifhukd BuD;rSL;cJhonf/
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135
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owif;pmwGif a&;om;yg&Sdygonf/
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txl;owif;axmufonf &ckdifjynfe,fudpöESihfywfoufí? &ckdiftrsKd;om;ukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJUcsKyfacgif;
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136
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vrf;ravQmuf&}}[laom acgif;pD;BuD;ESihf wqufwnf;a&;om;xm;onfrSm ]]vGefcJhaom rwfv 29&uf
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rsm;u azmfjyxm;aMumif;}}[k yg&Sdonf/ ,if;udpöESihfywfoufí yJcl;e,fwGif vl5a,mufxufykdrpk&
atmif trdefYxkwfxm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
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137
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arv 3&ufxkwfwGif ]]a[mifaumifbPfukd pD;oGm;aom bm;rm;*sDrif;ukd rdNyD}}acgif;pD;atmufwGif
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atmufwGif yJcl;e,folykefrIESihfywfoufí tiff;pdefaxmifBuD;twGif; tzrf;qD;cHae&aom &Jabmfrsm;
teuf &Jabmf 40onf arv 10&ufupNyD; tpmiwfcH qE´jyMujcif;ukd a&;om;xm;\/
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138
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vnf;aumif;? (29)&ufaeYxkwfwGif ]]u&ifoD;jcm;e,fay;yg}}acgif;pOfjzifh anmifwkH;NrdKUe,f
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143
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144
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158
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159
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xm;aom acwfrSDvufeufrsm;jzifh NrdKUjyaygif;rsm;pGmukd tykdifpD;Muaom jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUrsm;ESihf
awmckdArmhwyfrawmfrsm;ukd rnfolY&efol[k owfrSwfMuygoenf;/
1947 ck {NyDvrS atmufwkdbmvtwGif; (6vtwGif;) &ckdifjynf\tajctaeonf aZmufxkd;
arSmufckHjzpfoGm;&onf/ 1947-{NyDv 1-&ufaeYwGif pwifusif;yaom ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHu
&ckdifjynf uHMur®mukd wrsKd;wrnfajymif;vJzefwD;cJh\/ þajrykHwyfaygif;pkHnDvmcHrwkdifrDu Auy
ay:vpf jAL½kd0ifb0rSjzKwfxkwfowfvrf;pOfwGif paw;cHoGm;&aom &Jabmfbwif (rpöwm*kd&S,f)
ukd,fwkdif OD;aqmifNyD; OD;ynmoD[? ukdausmfjrwkdYESifhtwl &ckdifwkdif; zqyvXmecsKyfESihf &ckdifwkdif;
AuyXmecsKyfwkdYukd jyaw;&GmwGif pwifzGifhcJhMuonf/
jyaw;&GmrS 2-zmvkHuGm avmif;&Snfacsmif;&GmwGif usaemfxm;cJhaom &JabmfapmxGef;OD; towf
cH&NyD;? qkd&S,fvpftqkdaumufrsm;[k pGyfpGJcH&aom usaemfwkdYvnf; toufrao½kHomusefonf/ EkdifiH
a&;t& trsKd;rsKd;pGyfpGJESdrfeif;cHcJh&onf/ XmecsKyf zqyvrS Auyukd xkwfypfNyD;aemuf &ckdifwkdif;
AuywkdY EkdifiHa&;MoZmvnf; usqif;vmMuonf/ XmecsKyf zqyvESihf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif qkd&S,fvpfwkdY
EkdifiHa&MoZmESihf tmPmBuD;xGm;vmMu\/
qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif ocifjr (tmZmenf ocifjr) ukdAaqG(zqyvXmecsKyf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;rSL;ESihf umuG,fa&;0efBuD;ESihf 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;) wkdY ukd,fwkdif? q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmESihf usaemfwkdY
xH q&mawmfawmckd 0&rf;ajy;csdefuyif tacgufacgufa&mufMuonf/ qkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u
q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdYtm; ,kHMunftm;ukd;Muonf/
vufz0g;ay:wifNyD; wzl;zl;rIwfxm;onf/ ajr§mufpm;xm;onf/ q&mawmfESihfusaemfwkdY vkdcsif
vQif &mxl;tcGihfxl;onf vufwurf;wGif zl;yGihfa0qmae\/ jynfolYem,uq&mawmf OD;pdEÅmESihf
usaemfwkdY udk,fwkdifvnf; aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmus,fjyefYaom &ckdifawmifolv,form;xkESihf &ckdif
vkyfom;jynfolvlxktm; ckdifrmpGmpnf;½kH;xm;EkdifcJhMuNyD/ &maygif;tawmftoihfvufeufukdif
ajratmufawmfvSefa&;tzGJUrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;xlaxmifEdkifcJhMuNyD/ oaumifhom; usaemfwkdY &mxl;tcGihfxl;
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
162
ukd qGwfcl;r,lMu/ 'ku©qif;&Jukdom qGwfcl;,lMu\/ aowGif;aoaygufukdom wkd;0ifMu\/
rnfonfhNcdrf;ajcmufrI? jzm;a,mif;rI? tMuyfukdifrIrQrygbJ? pdwfwloabmwl ajrykHwyfaygif;pk
nDvmcHukd &ckdifjynf&Sd &cdkifwkdif; Auy? &ckdifwkdif; y&wz? &ckdifwkdif; ykvdyfor*¾? ygwDtzGJUtpnf;
aygif;pkHESifhtwl q&mawmfESihf usaemfwkdY yg0ifusif;ycJhMuonf/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDa&;?
qkd&S,fvpfa&;wkdYudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif vuf0J0g'Drsm;\ pkaygif;acgif;aqmifrIukd ,lum trsKd;om;nD
ñGwfa&;ESihf &ckdifjynfolrsm; rdrduHMur®mukd rdrdzefwD;a&;ukd ajrykHwyfaygif;pku t"dutajccHvrf;pOf
tjzpf xm;Muygonf/
trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ajrqDajrcGefray;a&;? vufikwfvuf&if; v,fykdifa&;rSpNyD;
½kH;*gwfrsm;ukd &mxl;jzifh 0kdif;a&;okdY wkd;csJUoGm;um NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;ukd vufeufpGJukdif wkdufzsufoGm;
a&;xd jr§ifhwifoGm;&ef vkyfief;pOfrsm; csrSwfMuygonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepfqkd;atmufrS trsKd;om;vGwf
vyfa&;ukd vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzihf &,lrSomvQif usyfjynhfwif;jynhf vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k
,kHMunfMuygonf/
ajrykHwyfaygif;pknDvmcHvrf;pOfukd woa0rwdrf; q&mawmfOD;pdEÅmvkdufem\/ &rf;NAJNrdKUwGif
½kH;*gwf0kdif;vlxkwkdufyGJqifonf/ rw&m;zrf;qD;xm;aom ausmufjzLc½kdifacgif;aqmif ukdbkd;EG,f
ukdb[efESihf &yf&Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vTwf&efta&;qkdonf/ 1947-ck arvwGif q&mawmfwkdYtm;
rsufESmjzL ausmufjzLc½kdkif &mZ0wf0ef rpöwmpaumhu zrf;qD;onf/
q&mawmfwkdY vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jynfolvlxkqEjyyGJrsm;ukd NrdKUjyrsm;wGif txyfxyftvDvD
qifETJMu\/ q&mawmfwkdY vTwfvkqJqJwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY vkyfBuHcH&í tarSmifxkacwfokdY
a&mufoGm;&NyD/ rif;jyjynfolYqE´jyyGJukd aoewfjzihf ypfowfvkdufNyD/ &ckdifwkdif; AuyESif h
usaemfwkdYvufeufjzihf tMurf;bufrIukd vufeufjzifh ckcHwGef;vSefa&;jzifh pwifMu&awmh\/ NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUrsufESmjzL ppfAkdvfrsm;OD;pD;aom ppfwyfESihf &ifqkdifwkdufckdufMu&onf/ rMumvSygacs/ AkdvfrSL;
ausmfaZmacgif;aqmif Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;(1)? wyf&if;(2) wyf&if;(3) csif;wyf&if; trSwf(5)?
bm;rm;½kdifz,fwyf&if;? Armjynfaomif;usef;ol ESdrfeif;a&;wyf&if;(3)ponfh acwfrSDvufeufrsKd;pkH
pGJukdifxm;aom ppfynmuRrf;usifaom axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom Armhwyf&if;rsm;ESihf armif;usKd;
armif;ysuf ½kdifz,faoewfrsm;ukd pGJudkifxm;onfh waxmifcefYrQ&Sdonfh ppfynmruRrf;usifaom
usaemfwkdY ajymufusm;rsm; &ifqkdifMu&ygonf/ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? pnf;½kH;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm;jzihf
tbufbufrS xkd;ppfqifjcif;ukd cHcJh&ygonf/ rMumvSygacs/ &ckdifwkdif; Auyrsm;u q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[ AkdvffrSL;ausmfaZmwkdYESifh em;vnfrI,lNyD;/ jAL½kdu&ufxHwGif vufeufrcs/ OD;ynmoD[xH
vufeufcsvkdufaMumif; aMujimcsufxkwfum vufeufcsoGm;Muygonf/ EkdifiHa&; pnf;½kH;a&;rsm;jzihf
usaemfwkdYtm; olwkdYxkd;ppfqifMuygonf/
rMumvSygacs/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif olajymrnfhtoHonf wyfaygif;csKyf\toHjzpf&yg
rnf/ EIwfxGufckdif;vQif tcsdefra&G;EIwfxGufygrnf[k jrifhrdkd&fawmifuJhodkY ckdifNrJonfh uwdpum;ukd
txyfxyfuwday;cJhaom ukdñkdxGef;onf 0efBuD;&mxl; vufcHoGm;onf/ &ckdifwkdif; y&wzrsm;ukd
acwfrSDvufeufwyfqifNyD; usaemfwdkYtm; usLyifckwf usLikwfrusefatmif ppfa&;t& ESdrfeif;onf?
EkdifiHa&;? pnf;½kH;a&;? vlrIa&;wkdYjzifh xkd;ppfqif\/
usaemfwdkYb0 aZmufxkd;ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;onf/ 1947-ckESpf {NyDvrwkdifrSDu usaemfwkdY b0
onf &mxl;tcGihfxl;rsm; vufwurf;wGif a0qmpGm zl;yGifhaeaomb0? tck tqrwefBuD;rm;aom
acwfrDSvufeufrsm; pGJukdifxm;aom ppfynmuRrf;usifaom trsKd;rsKd;trnfwyfxm;aom wyfzGJUrsm;ESihf
awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f bkHaygufomausmf
163
twl &ckdifwkdif; Auy? &ckdifwkdif; y&wzwkdY\ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? pnf;½kH;a&;? vlrIa&;xkd;ppfrsm;ukd
tvl;tvJcHae&aomb0? ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifusaeaom nOfhoef;aumif,H rkefwkdif;atmufwGif
aoG;yifv,fxJ? usaemfwkdY epfarsmMu&NyD/ ul;cwfMu&NyD/ okdYaomf rMumrD vif;tm½kPfoef;awmhrnf/
avScGufcsnf;usef usaemfwkdY tvHrvSJ/
&ckdifjynfolrsm;\ toufay; axmufcHrIESif EkdifiHa&;,kHMunffcsufrsm; tjynhft0&Sdí usaemfwkdY
tvHrvSJ/ trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif vuf0J0g'Drsm;tm; tajcwnfaom? us,fjyefYonfh
trsKd;om; nDñGwfa&;ukd rwnfaqmufEkdifvQif? tmPm&Sdaomvlwef;pm;rsm;u tmPmrJh tñ§Of;qJcH
vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufcsKd;ESdrfjcif;jyKvmvQif vufeufpGJukdifawmfvSefrIrsm;? aygufuGJxGufvmrnf
ukd usaemfwkdY arQmfrSef;Muonf/ ,kHMunfMuonf/ usaemfwkdY arQmfrSef;,kHMunfonfhtwkdif; 1948-49
ckESpfrsm;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? autif'Dtkd? tvHeD&JabmfjzL awmckwyfrawmfponfrsm;?
vufeufpGJukdif aygufuGJxGufvmMu\/ ,aeYxd vlYoufwrf;acwf wacwf (ESpfaygif; 25ESpf)
ausmfvGefcJhNyD/ jynfh0aomjynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;ukd r&ao;? ypönf;rJh? tmPmrJh? rSDckd&mrJh jzpfaeMuaom
usaemftygt0if jynfolrsm;um; aomif;Murf;olrsm;\ eD;&m'g;ukd aMumuf&vQuf/
bkHaygufomausmfbkHaygufomausmfbkHaygufomausmfbkHaygufomausmfbkHaygufomausmf
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