b.5.b examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plant; and animal cells such...

B.5.B

Examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plant; and Animal

cells such as blood, muscle, and epithelium.

Cell Specialization Cell Specialization- It All “Stems”

From A Stem Cell. During The Growth of Individual It Will

Differentiate Into Various Types of Cells Due To Their Specializations.

At The Beginning Of The Development Of An Embryo, It Decides On What Cell Its Going To Be because of the instructions in DNA.

Red Blood Cells They Lose Their

Nuclei They Fill Up A Special

Oxygen-Carrying Molecule, Hemoglobin.

Red Blood Cells Begin Their Journey In The Lungs, Where They Pick up Oxygen From The Air you Breathe.

Epithelial Cells Epithelia Are

Formed Of Cells That Line The Cavities In The Body And Cover Flat Serves LIKE YOUR SKIN.

Neurons A Neuron Is a Nerve

Cell. Neurons Have

Specialized Projections Called Dendrites And Axons.

Dendrites Bring Information To The Cell Body And Axons Take Information Away From The Cell Body.

Muscle Cells Muscle Is A Very Specialized Tissue

That Has Both The Ability To Contract And The Ability To Conduct Electrical Impulses.

3 Types Are; Smooth Involuntary Muscle Voluntary Skeletal Muscle Involuntary Cardiac Muscle

Plant Functions The Cuticle is The

Cover That Prevents Water Loss.

Stomata Allows Carbon Dioxide To Come in And Allow Oxygen To Come Out.

Leaf cells are specialized for photosynthesis

Question #33

Which Cell is Specialized For Transporting Oxygen?

A- Nerve Cell B- Red Blood Cells C- Root Cell D- Stem Cell

Question #34

What Does a Cuticle Prevent?

A- Oxygen Loss B- Elongated Cells C- Water Loss D- Weak Stem

Question #35

What is A Example Of A Muscle Cell?

A- Involuntary Cardiac Muscle B- Voluntary Skeletal Muscle C- Smooth Involuntary Muscle D- All Of The Above

36. The cell that make up your muscle tissues are specialized in that they have a lot of ________________ to fuel the movement of those cells.

A. Lysosomes B. Mitochondria C. Golgi apparatus D. Chloroplast

37. The cells of that make up muscles and nerves look very different because

A. They serve different functions B. They have no connections with each

other C. They both are used to do the same

jobs D. They are both found inside of you.

38. Plant cells have specialized tubes that carry water in one direction calledA. PhloemB. RootsC. XylemD. Collenchymas

39. When cells specialize to do different functions that is calledA. DifferentiationB. BoredomC. ClonesD. Genetic differences

40 Cell differentiation is critical during embryonic development. The process of cell differentiationresults in the production of many types of cells, including germ, somatic, and stem cells. Cell differentiation is most directly regulated by —A ATPB DNAC lipidsD sugars

B.9A

The comparison of the structures and functions

of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic

acids.

Polymer Monomer Function Elements Shape and example

Carbohydrate Monosacchride or sugar

Cellulose- walls of plant cellsChitin- in the cell walls of fungiEnergy source- energy released by the respiration of glucose is used to make ATP.

CHO Shape- Circles

FructoseGlucoseSucrose

Lipids Fatty acid and glycerol

Phospholipids are very important in the cell membrane structure. The protective wax cuticle on the outside of leaves energy storage.

CHO Shape- Lines

Fats

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Transmit and store heredity instructions for proteins.

CHOP -Shape-LinesDNA, RNA

Protein Amino acids Enzymes( specific biological catalyst) Carrier proteins in membraneshormones( insulin)

CHON Shape-Lines

Peptide bondsHormonesEnzymes

Nucleotide

NucleotideSugar

Phosphate

Base

DNA nucleotides are made up of…

Sugar

Phosphate

Base

Deoxyribose sugar

AdenineGuanineCytosineThymine

When the nucleotides

are assembled,

adenine pairs with thymine. Cytosine pairs with guanine.

The Double Helix…

…was determined

to be a twisted

ladder of nucleotide

bases.

• DNA RAP

RNA StructureBases- A, U, G, CFunction:

Functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA.

Made from the DNA template molecule.

• Single strand

ATP Structure

• Transfer chemical energy from one molecule to another( e.g. ATP) food.

Question #41:-Based on what you have learned, which

statement is true?A. RNA has two strands while DNA has

one.B. ATP has one strand while DNA has

two.C. DNA has two strands while RNA has

one.D. RNA has two strands while ATP has

one.

Question #42:-Which biomolecule is made up of

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen?

A. Nucleic AcidB. ProteinC. Carbohydrates D. Lipids

Question #43:-The Nitrogen Bases that make up RNA

are what?A. A with T and G with CB. U with T and G with CC. A with G and C with TD. A with U and G with C

44

45 Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers. These polymers are formed by dehydrationsynthesis. Which statement correctly identifies a difference in the structure of proteins andpolysaccharides?F Only polysaccharides are comprised of repeating units of cytosine, adenine, guanine,and thymine.G Only proteins are formed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds.H Only polysaccharides can be folded and twisted to very specific shapes.J Only proteins can be large molecules with thousands of subunits.

46. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are biomolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following? A Polymers of smaller subunitsB Sequences of sugars C Lipids of large molecules D Nucleotides of DNA

47.

B.6.A

Identify components of DNA, and describe how

information for specifying the traits of an organism is

carried in the DNA

• It is the nitrogen base pairs that code for our genetic traits.

• DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism.

• Your DNA forms Chromosome- and within each chromosome are thousands of genes that code for your traits.

Types of Cells• Somatic cells, which are

anything but sex cells have 46 chromosomes.

• Gametes which are sperm and egg cells, contain half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells. They have 23 chromosomes.

B.6.B

• Recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms.

• In all living organisms, the instructions for reproducing and operating the individual is encoded in a chemical language with four letters– A, C, T, and G, the initials of four chemicals. Combinations of three of these letters specify each of the amino acids that the cell uses in building proteins.

• every species on Earth carries a genetic code that is, for all intents and purposes, identical and universal. This is used to claim that we all share a common ancestor

Questions:

• 48.What base pair goes with A?

• A. C• B. G• C. D• D. T

• 49.Who built the first DNA model?

• A. Rosaline Franklin• B. Gregor Mendel• C. Watson & Crick• D. Barrack Obama

• 50.What kind of cell is a gamete?

• A. sex cell• B. white blood cell• C. red blood cell• D. brain cell

51

52 Characteristics such as a widow’s peak or attached earlobes are determined by the geneticcode. Which components of DNA are referred to as the genetic code?F Phosphate groupsG Nitrogenous basesH Deoxyribose sugarsJ Hydrogen bonds

53 How does DNA in cells determine an organism’s complex traits?A DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism.B DNA separates into long single strands that make up each part of an organism.C DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order to grow.D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an organism.

54 The fact that a strain of yeast with a certain defective gene can use the human version of thegene to repair itself is evidence that yeast and humans —A depend on the same food supplyB share a genetic codeC both have eukaryotic cellsD have identical genomes

Gene video

Transcription and Translation

Step 1: Transcription DNARNA

1.Inside the nucleus an enzyme unzips DNA

2. RNA bases A, U, C, and G pair up writing a single stranded messenger that will leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome

Step 2: Translation RNA Protein

3. where it is read 3 letters at a time called a codon.

4. tRNA brings a specific amino acid to match up with the mRNA and links together with other amino acids using peptide bonds to form the protein, this is called translation.

Protein Synthesis

DNA Sequence! Write mRNA and code for amino acids

1. ATG AAA AAC AAG

Transcription-mRNA!

1. ATG AAA AAC AAG• UAC UUU UUG UUC

GGGAUACGU

Glycine

Isoleucine

Arginine

Using the CODON CHART

is like the process of

translation. You take a sequence of RNA and turn

it into a set of AMINO ACIDS.

Translation-Amino Acids!

• ATG AAA AAC AAG• UAC UUU UUG UUC

Proteins

• Once the protein is made it serves many functions

• Help build cell parts• It can be an enzyme used to speed

up chemical reactions.• It can be a hormone to tell you to

grow.

55.Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed?A ACTAAGB TCUTTGC GAAUCUD UCCTGA

56.The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur?A The protein will be missing the first amino acid.B The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different.C The mRNA will become attached to a ribosome.D The production of the protein will be stopped.

57. If one side of a DNA molecule contains the following sequence of nucleotides, AGTCCG,

the complementary sequence on the other side would be:

A)GCCTGA B) AGTCCG C) TCAGGC D) CTGAAT

58.

59.

60. Which cellular process takes place in the ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmicreticulum?A The breakdown of waste materialB The conversion of radiant energy to glucoseC The synthesis of new proteinsD The replication of nucleic acids