background information on mali
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Increasing Women’s livelihood Activities through Sustained Vegetable Production in San
Segou, MALI
Sponsored by CIIFAD
(Cornell University)
Background Information on Mali
Size: 1,241,238 square kilometers; 65% is desert or semi desert
It is served by 2 great rivers: Senegal and Niger and their tributaries
Population: 13 MillionsClimate: a. The Sudanic zone: 900 to 1,100 mn of
annual precipitations b. The Sahelian Zone: 200 to 500 mn of precipations c. Saharan Zone: little or no rain
3 Seasons: Rainy Season: June-October Cool dry: November-February Hot Dry Season: March-May
Temperature:About 16 degree Celcius in January; 40 degrees celcius in April
Subsistence crops: millet, maize, sorghum Cash crops: Cotton, rice, peanuts, tabacco, tree
crops
A. Study Context
In Mali low precipitation, drought, desertification and deforestation are factors which undermine agricultural production
Increase periode of food shortages Women engaged in veg. Production to suplement
food crops and for income generation to satisfy other basic needs
Despiste their contribution, Women are constrained to have access to productive assets
West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) adresses both hard and soft components of water.
B.Study objectives
To determine the social and economic characteristics of female veg.producers
To identify and assess the sources of water and women’s access to water and other livelihoods in San
To determine the relationship between women’s vegetable production and their households access to food
To identify the constraints and opportunities related to women’s access to productive resources: water, land, credit, market …)
C.Methodology
Focus groups were involved in semi-structured interview;
Questionnaires were used to determine individual women’s socioconomic characteristics and to assess their income
Observational methods and visual aids were used to assess water sources, plot size and technology used.
a. Study Participants
A. Criteria of sites selection:
Village with high access to
water
Intermediary
villages
Village with low access to water
Tamaro
N'goalani
Nesso
Bambara
Sourountouna Peulh
Sourountouna Bambara
Niasso
Sourountouna Bambara
Bogossoni
Study Participants (Cont)
b. Criteria for Women’s groups selection Groups initiated by women’s themselves Groups initiated by external organizations such as World
Vision) assuming that those initiated by external organizations has a strong internal structure and good bargaining power.
150 women participated in the study (54 for income assessment)
Women’s livelihood activities in San
a. Raining Season: Farming activities: farm laborers in growing cash crops, grow their own fields of cash crops, Collection of wild herbs, fruits and woods.
b.Dry and cool season: Vegetable production
c.Year Round: petty trades, servants for urban households
NB: Women’s engagement in different activities prove their vulnerability to ecologic and socioeconomic factors and show their coping strategy to meet household food security
This chart explains interrelation among socio, natural, financial, physical capitals to achieve sustainability.
Source: Department For International Development D) Diagram 1. Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheets
Vegetable production as Major livelihoodin San: Market oriented and home based Vegetable accross villages
Villages Market-oriented vegetable Vegetable for home consumption
Tamaro Tomatoes, Lettuce //
Sourountouna Peulh Tomato, Lettuce Onion, Okra
Sourountouna Bambara Tomatoes cabbage lettuce Onion, Okra
Dasso Cabbage Hot pepper Onion, Okra
N’goalani Tomatoes, Cabbage, Hot pepper Papaya Lettuce CarrotMelon
Onion, Okra Sweet potato
Nesso Bambarara Tomato, melon, hot pepper Okra, Onion
Niasso Eggplants Onion, Okra
Bogossoni Onion, Okra
Comprison between Home- based vegetable and exotic vegetable
Home based vegetable Exotic vegetable
-Use in the local diet (leafy sauce)-Do not require enough water -Less time to grow (short cycle)-Do not require much labor, -Use fertilizer (animal dung)-Do not attract pest - Grow in year-round basis-Conserve easily: traditional post harverst methods (dried up on sun or open space and sell/exchange against other food)
-Exclusively for income to supplement food crops (school fee, health services or ustansils)-Low veggies consumption-Motivativation (proximity to market such as Tamaro)-Long cycle veggies-Water demanding crops-High capital investment to purchase imported seeds-Use of modern fertilizer (urea)
Comparison of average incomes for home-based crops grown by village women's groups
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
S.Bambara S.Peulh Diasso N'Goalani Nesso Niasso Bogosoni
Village women's groups
Av
era
ge
in
co
me
in
CF
As
Onion
Potato
Okra
Assessment of home based vegetable income
2. Assessment of exotic vegetable income
Comparison of average incomes for market -oriented crops by village women's groups
0
30,000
60,000
90,000
120,000
150,000
180,000
210,000
Crops
Inco
mes
Tamaro SB N'goalani Nesso B Niasso Dasso
3. Constraints and opportunities of women’s access to resources. Summary of Land and Water Constraints Regarding the
Number of Group Members
Groups size Traditional wells
Improved wells
Tamaro 20 2 0
Souoruntouna Bambara
30 1 1
Sourountouna Peulh
60 3 1
Dasso 110 3 1
Nesso Bambara
105 3 0
N’goalani 60 2 1
Niasso 20 2 0
Bogossoni 110 3 0
Constraints/Opportunities related to Land and Water (cont)
• Land: Mode of acquisition
a. Allocated by the traditional autority
b. Borrow land
c. Voluntary community members• Adhesion fee is 500-1000 CFA/plot/person• Wells
a. Women contribute to pay fee to dig well
Opportunities/constraints
Credit: Existence of micro-credits implemented by PDR, and
SDV Women are cautious on engaging in credit because of
lack of collateral The negative connotation related to it. It means ‘juru’ or
‘puting a rock round the neck’ in local language.Access to credit N %No credit 27 50Own credit 16 30Revolving funds 8 14
Total number 51 100
Contraints/opportunities
Market Distant market and lack of adequate means of transport Unability of market to absob all veggies because they are
grown and ripe the same time and sell in the same markets (San)
b. Women’s household level of Consumption
No production: 14.80%Consume all: 3.70%Consume half and sell half: 55.60%Sell all: 26%This show that women tend to sell more than they
consume directly at home. NB:This does not imply households do not benefit from
veg, they indirectly benefit from income to buy other food, drugs and school materials.
Consequences of ressources constraints on Vegetable producers
1.Health:
Water scarcity and long feching hours require lot of energy for those who kept on working: backache, loss weight, fatigue. San women are poorly nourished, they eat whatever left after men and children. This negatively affect health of pregnant and lactating women.
2.Partipation:
It depends on water availability. eg: Women in N’Goalani have more yield/income than those of SB
Women’s age: A retired from household chores devoted much time to those responsible for household chores
3.Plot size
New adhesion progressively reduced plot size of others (Tamaro)
c. Women vegetable Production and Food security.
All sample villages are food insecured because they lack assets to produce food and low income to purchase food.
except N’Goalani because of existence of rich irrigated rich soil favorable for rice, cotton and peanuts cultivation which represent the source of income for men
Groups’ organisation level Existence of boutique villageois, Existence of cereal banks to be used
during food shortages Large size of garden plotAs a result, they have a relatively higher
purchasing power comparing to other villages.
Conclusion
Women’s household consumption increases as their production decreases. The lower the women’s yields, the more vegetable they consume. Conversely, the higher production, the greater they likely for bringing to market
How would women consume if productive assets were made effectively available to them to get higher production? Or Does higher production necessarily translate into household vegetable production?
Study Recommendation
Social cultural: 1. Improve men and women’s educational level so that men could be
flexible in the application of cultural norms regarding distribution of resources
Economic and Technical1. Reinforce capacity of groups to better organize the international
structure of their organizations2. Promote the drip irrigation for water conservation and preserve soil
moisture 3. Promote research of cropping systems for year- round vegetable
production and availability4. Improve rural infrastructures (transport, roads) and adresse the
software aspects of maintaining water equipments. 5. Develop post harvest technologies: consevation, storage6. Disseminate information or advocacy for consumption of vegetables
on health.
THANK YOU!
QUESTIONS?
Hadji Diakite hadji_d@yahoo.fr
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