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BACTERIAL DISEASEBACTERIAL DISEASE

BACTERIABACTERIA

• Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce own foodfood

• Require 400 to 600X magnificationRequire 400 to 600X magnification

• Flagella to swimFlagella to swim

BACTERIABACTERIA

PATHOGENPATHOGEN

• Pseudomonas, XanthomonasPseudomonas, Xanthomonas, , Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium, and and ErwiniaErwinia

BACTERIABACTERIA

LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE

• Dormant in plant material or soilDormant in plant material or soil

• Reproduce by mother cell dividing in halfReproduce by mother cell dividing in half– 2 daughter cells2 daughter cells

BACTERIABACTERIA

• Halo around bacterial leaf spotHalo around bacterial leaf spot

BACTERIABACTERIA

INFECTIONINFECTION

• Do not produce spores (there are Do not produce spores (there are exceptions)exceptions)

• Pathogen appears as Pathogen appears as oozeooze

BACTERIABACTERIA

INFECTIONINFECTION

• Enter plant through natural openings or Enter plant through natural openings or woundswounds

BACTERIABACTERIA

CONTROLCONTROL

• Prevent injuries and introductionPrevent injuries and introduction

• Copper containing fungicides Copper containing fungicides – Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate and lime)Bordeaux mixture (Copper sulfate and lime)– KocideKocide

FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT

HOST: Rose family (pear, apples, quince…)HOST: Rose family (pear, apples, quince…)

• Bradford pearBradford pear

FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• "Scorched" branches"Scorched" branches– Shepherd’s crookShepherd’s crook

FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT

INFECTIONINFECTION

• Enter through flowersEnter through flowers

• "Ooze" at cankers"Ooze" at cankers

FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT

CONTROLCONTROL

• Resistant cultivarsResistant cultivars

• Pruning and sanitizingPruning and sanitizing

Fire BlightFire Blight

Fire BlightFire Blight

Fire BlightFire Blight

Fire BlightFire Blight

Bacterial Leaf SpotBacterial Leaf Spot

• IvyIvy

VIRUSVIRUS

VIRUSVIRUS

• True obligate parasitesTrue obligate parasites

• Outside living cells act like Outside living cells act like chemical substanceschemical substances

• Cannot be cultured on Cannot be cultured on artificial mediaartificial media

• Virions: virus particles, Virions: virus particles, seen only with a electron seen only with a electron microscopemicroscope

VIRUSVIRUS

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• Mosaic / mottlingMosaic / mottling

• Loss of vigorLoss of vigor

• Distorted growthDistorted growth

VIRUSVIRUS

INFECTIONINFECTION

• Infected for lifeInfected for life

• Commonly transmitted by insectsCommonly transmitted by insects– Thrips…Thrips…

VIRUSVIRUS

VIRUSVIRUS

INFECTIONINFECTION

• Rarely kill plant in short amount of timeRarely kill plant in short amount of time

• Predispose plantsPredispose plants

VIRUSVIRUS

CONTROLCONTROL

• Avoid transmitting by plant partsAvoid transmitting by plant parts

• Reduce vectorsReduce vectors

• ResistanceResistance

Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease

• Severe damage to citrus industrySevere damage to citrus industry

Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease

• Vectored by Asian citrus psyllidVectored by Asian citrus psyllid

Citrus Greening DiseaseCitrus Greening Disease

• Fruit inedible and juice undrinkableFruit inedible and juice undrinkable

CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLECAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• Sporadic leaves and flowersSporadic leaves and flowers

• Not stable year to year Not stable year to year

• Flowers lose color, variegatedFlowers lose color, variegated

CAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLECAMELLIA YELLOW MOTTLE

CONTROLCONTROL

• Avoid contaminated stockAvoid contaminated stock

• Remove plant, if undesirable Remove plant, if undesirable

Canna Virus Canna Virus

• Vein streakingVein streaking

• Weakened plantsWeakened plants

• Lack of floweringLack of flowering

Canna VirusCanna Virus

• Aphids suspected vectorAphids suspected vector

• No resistant varietiesNo resistant varieties

Nonviral VariegationNonviral Variegation

• Genetic mutation is heritableGenetic mutation is heritable

• Some cells stop producing chlorophyllSome cells stop producing chlorophyll

Viral VariegationViral Variegation

Firepower NandinaFirepower Nandina

• Propagated in South CarolinaPropagated in South Carolina

• Infected with two viruses Infected with two viruses – Cucumber mosaic virusCucumber mosaic virus – Nandina mosaic virusNandina mosaic virus

Hosta VirusHosta Virus

Hosta VirusHosta Virus

NEMATODESNEMATODES

NEMATODESNEMATODES

• Unsegmented roundwormsUnsegmented roundworms

• Can be found in every form of plant and Can be found in every form of plant and animalanimal

• Most are considered beneficialMost are considered beneficial

NEMATODESNEMATODES

SPECIESSPECIES

• Sting, Root knot, Cyst, and othersSting, Root knot, Cyst, and others

NEMATODESNEMATODES

SPECIESSPECIES

• There are beneficial species attacking There are beneficial species attacking insectsinsects

NEMATODESNEMATODES

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• StuntingStunting

• YellowingYellowing

• Wilting Wilting

• Stubby rootsStubby roots

NEMATODESNEMATODES

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• Only Root Knot and Cyst nematodes Only Root Knot and Cyst nematodes cause ID symptomscause ID symptoms

• ID by labID by lab

NEMATODESNEMATODES

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• CystCyst nematodes nematodes

NEMATODESNEMATODES

DAMAGEDAMAGE

• Severely damage rootsSeverely damage roots

NEMATODESNEMATODES

DAMAGEDAMAGE

• Foliar nematodesFoliar nematodes

NEMATODESNEMATODES

CONTROLCONTROL

• FumigationFumigation

• Biological controlsBiological controls– Chitin, fungalChitin, fungal

• NematicidesNematicides

GALLSGALLS

GALLSGALLS

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• Distortions or swellingsDistortions or swellings

• Leaves, flowers, branches, or trunkLeaves, flowers, branches, or trunk

GALLSGALLS

Insect-causingInsect-causing

• Harbor the eggs and larvaHarbor the eggs and larva

• Larval secretions induce abnormal growthLarval secretions induce abnormal growth– Hyperplasia Hyperplasia

• Protection and foodProtection and food

GALLSGALLS

BacteriaBacteria

• Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium Agrobacterium tumefacienstumefaciens))

• Gall at root crown (often)Gall at root crown (often)

• Can kill young plantsCan kill young plants

• http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/resources/pests-and-problems/diseases/bacterial-galls.aspxbacterial-galls.aspx

Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary

Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary

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Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary

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Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary

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Bacterial Gall on RosemaryBacterial Gall on Rosemary

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Crown gallCrown gall

• Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens))

GALLSGALLS

Crown gall (Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciensAgrobacterium tumefaciens))

GALLSGALLS

CONTROLCONTROL

• Prune out gallsPrune out galls

• Purchase healthy stockPurchase healthy stock

Leaf GallLeaf Gall

PATHOGEN: FungalPATHOGEN: Fungal

HOST: Azalea and SassanquaHOST: Azalea and Sassanqua

GALLSGALLS

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

• Individual leaves thick and fleshyIndividual leaves thick and fleshy

• Early springEarly spring

GALLSGALLS

CONTROLCONTROL

• Hand pickHand pick

• Rarely chemicalRarely chemical