bamboo space structure double layer bamboo structure during test shear failure of the bamboo joint

Bamboo space structure

Double Layer Bamboo structure during test

Shear failure of the bamboo joint

Bamboo reinforced concrete slabs with permanent shutter forms

Permanent shutter bamboo working as tensile reinforcement

Permanent shutter bamboowith full diaphragm shearconnector

Permanent shutter bamboo slab before testing

Push-Out test

Bamboo reinforced concrete columns and torsion test

Circular column

Square bamboo

Treatedbamboo

Treatedbamboo

Torsion and Flexo-torsin experimental set up

Wall construction using plastered bamboo grid.

PROTECTION OF BAMBOO COMPONENTS

Bamboo is non-durable in its natural state. It provides a ready food source for insects and fungi, and can decay in less than a year in direct ground contact. Protection is therefore essential to ensure the longest possible life for the material, and the building in which it is used.

Protection does not necessarily mean chemical treatment. The first line of defense (post harvesting) is good design.

Protection by design involves 4 basic principles:

• Keeping the bamboo dry• Keeping the bamboo out of ground contact• Ensuring good air circulation• Ensuring good visibility

Large roof overhangs prevent direct wetting of walls in heavy and driving rain, and drainagechannels and/or gutters can be used to discharge water a safe distance from the building.

Preparation of bamboo material.

Some of the craft works.

Construction process of shelter 1.

Elevations of shelter 1.

An experimental house constructed in 1973

A unique Bamboo tree house. Bamboo house with thatch roof.

An experimental house with bamboo strips constructed during 1973.

Roof structure

Promotion of bamboo houses

PREFABRICATED HOUSE

Corrugated sheet

Reference book:

Reduction of energy consumption in the building industry:

• Since energy consumption in the building industry is closely connected to the use of materials, reduced materials use is critical.

The following are additionally important:• Decentralized production reduces

transport and is especially appropriate with local materials.

• Use of highly efficient sources of energy.

-best to avoid electricity and instead use production methods , rotational power being an example.

• Use of local sources of energy. - The shorter the distance between the

power station and the user, the smaller the amount of energy lost in distribution.

• Use of energy-efficient production technologies.

• Use of low-energy products. -Several studies have indicated that the embodied energy in conven tional

buildings can be reduced by 15 to 20% by choosing low energy products (Thormark, 2007).

• Natural drying out of the building. -There is a lot to be gained by

choosing quick drying materials – brick rather than concrete, for example – and by letting the building dry out naturally during the summer season.

• Use of building techniques that favor recycling. Many building materials have used a great deal of energy during manufacture.

Reference book:

The Ecology of Building Materials

The earth’s resources are usually defined as being ‘renewable’ or ‘non-renewable’.

The renewable resources• Are those that can be renewed

or harvested regularly, such as timber for construction from natural resources and are replaced by natural processes and forces of the natural environment.

Non-renewable resources

• are those that cannot be renewed through harvesting,

• e.g. iron ore, or that renew themselves very slowly, e.g. crude oil.

• Many of these are seriously limited – metals and oil are the most exploited, but in certain regions materials such as sand and aggregates are also becoming rare.

None- renewable Resource

• is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more available for future needs.

Renewable resources• such as the movement of water (

hydropower, tidal power and wave power from ocean surface waves), wind (used for wind power), geothermal heat (used for geothermal power); and radiant energy (used for solar power) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted.

Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power that is derived from the force or energy of moving

water, which may be harnessed for useful

purposes.

Tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful

forms of power - mainly electricity.

• Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work — for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). Machinery able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC).

The wave and wind energy

Pelamis prototype machine at EMEC, Scotland in 2004.

Wave and wind energy device Poseidon 37 outside Onsevig, Denmark.

• With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.

• Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean,

and produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation.

Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from

geothermal energy.Larderello Geothermal Station, in Italy

Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland

Solar energy

• Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

• Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.

Two types of solar techniques• Active solar techniques include the use

of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Nellis Solar Power Plant in the United States, one of the largest photovoltaic power plants in North America.

Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany won the 2007 Solar Decathlon in Washington, D.C. with this

passive house designed specifically for the humid and hot subtropical climate

Greenhouses like these in the Westland municipality of the Netherlands grow vegetables, fruits and flowers

Applications of solar technology

• Architecture and urban planning-Sunlight has influenced building design since

the beginning of architectural history- solar lighting, heating and ventilation

systems in an integrated solar design package

- Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

Passive solar building design

• In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

Passive solar building design - Elements of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain application

Solar lighting -Day lighting features such as this oculus at the top of the Pantheon, in Rome, Italy have

been in use since antiquity

Water heating - Solar hot water and Solar combisystem. Solar water heaters facing the Sun

to maximize gain.

Heating, cooling and ventilation - Solar heating, Thermal mass, Solar chimney, and

Solar air conditioning. of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, built in 1939,

used seasonal thermal storage for year-round heating.

Small scale solar powered sewerage treatment plant

Sustainable urban design and innovation: Photovoltaic ombrière SUDI is an autonomous and mobile station that

replenishes energy for electric vehicles using solar energy

More innovations:The Solar Bowl in Auroville, India, concentrates sunlight on a movable receiver to produce steam for cooking

Concentrated solar power-working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.

Solar vehicles Australia hosts the World Solar Challenge where solar cars like the Nuna3 race through a 3,021 km (1,877 mi) course from Darwin to Adelaide.

Helios UAV in solar powered flight.- The solar-electric Helios Prototype flying wing is shown over the Pacific Ocean during its first test flight on solar power from the U.S. Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauai, Hawaii, July 14, 2001.

Clean technology -

• includes recycling, renewable energy (wind power, solar power, biomass, hydropower, biofuels), information technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, lighting, Greywater, and many other appliances that are now more energy efficient

A project that is developed with concern for climate change mitigation (such as a Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism project) is also known as a carbon project.

• Silicon Valley- is a term which refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations.

Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and

adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.

A view of downtown San Jose, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Silicon Valley”

Reference book:

TRANSMATERIAL

• Unlike the artist, who interacts directly with his or her palette, the architect is one-step removed from the physical substance that makes architecture.

• Breeds ignorance about what materials are available despite the wide variety available.

Assignment: Research images of the following components of building

materials:• ULTRAPERFORMING• MULTIDIMENSIONAL• REPURPOSED• RECOMBINANT• INTELLIGENT• TRANSFORMATIONAL• INTERFACIAL

Reference book:

Reference book:

TRANSMATERIAL

-A catalog of materials, products and processes that are redefining our physical environment

Edited by Blaine Brownell | nbbj

Thank you for listening….

LYMartin

16.09.11