basic genetics

Basic Genetics

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View video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxKFdQo10rE

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▪Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as “particles”▪Mendel did not know that the “particles” were actually Chromosomes & DNA

Particulate Inheritance

Genetic Terminology

▪Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring (a genetically determined characteristic or condition)

▪Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring

▪Genetics - study of heredity

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Types of Genetic Crosses

▪ Monohybrid cross - cross involving a single traite.g. flower color

▪ Dihybrid cross - cross involving two traits e.g. flower color & plant height

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Punnett Square

Used to help solve genetics problems

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Genetic Terms

▪Alleles – forms or versions of a gene▪ The Gene is for pea color and the alleles

are green and yellow ▪ Usually two or more alleles for a

particular gene

▪Dominant – the dominant trait is expressed as long as one dominant allele is present (R)

▪Recessive – trait is only expressed when there are two copies of the recessive allele (r)

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More Terminology

▪Genotype - gene combination for a trait, the alleles an individual has (RR, Rr, rr)

▪Phenotype - the physical expression of the genotype (red, white)

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Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers

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Genotype of alleles:R = red flowerr = yellow flower

All genes occur in pairs, so 2 alleles affect a characteristic

Possible combinations are:

Genotypes RR Rr rr

Phenotypes RED RED YELLOW

Genotypes can be…

▪ Homozygous - Having the same alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous chromosomes (RR or rr)  

▪ Heterozygous – Having different alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous chromosomes     (Rr); also called hybrid

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Monohybrid

Crosses

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P1 Monohybrid Cross → F1

• Trait: Seed Shape• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled• Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds• RR x rr

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R

R

rr

Rr

RrRr

Rr

Genotype: Rr

Phenotype: Round

GenotypicRatio: All alike

PhenotypicRatio: All alike

P1 Monohybrid Cross Review

▪ Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive

▪ Offspring (F1 generation) are all Heterozygous (hybrids)

▪ Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is 1, the genotypes are the same, the phenotypes are the same.

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F1 Monohybrid Cross → F2

• Trait: Seed Shape• Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled• Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds• Rr x Rr

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R

r

rR

RR

rrRr

Rr

Genotype: RR, Rr, rr

Phenotype: Round & wrinkled

G.Ratio: 1:2:1

P.Ratio: 3:1

F1 Monohybrid Cross Review

▪ Heterozygous x heterozygous▪ Offspring (F2 generation):25%

Homozygous dominant RR50% Heterozygous Rr25% Homozygous Recessive rr

▪ Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1▪ Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1

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Mendel’s Laws

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Law of Dominance

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In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.

All the offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait.

RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)

Law of Segregation

•During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other.

•Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

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Applying the Law of Segregation

•Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another.

•This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.

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Law of Independent Assortment

Dihybrid Cross

• A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits.

• Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formationo How to calculate number of gametes:

2n (n = # of heterozygote traits)

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Dihybrid Cross

• Traits: Seed shape & Seed color• Alleles: R round

r wrinkled Y yellow y green

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RrYy x RrYy

RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

All possible gamete combinations

Dihybrid Cross

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RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY

ry

Dihybrid Cross

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RRYY

RRYy

RrYY

RrYy

RRYy

RRyy

RrYy

Rryy

RrYY

RrYy

rrYY

rrYy

RrYy

Rryy

rrYy

rryy

Round/Yellow: 9

Round/green: 3

wrinkled/Yellow: 3

wrinkled/green: 1

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

RY Ry rY ry

RY

Ry

rY

ry

Summary of Mendel’s laws

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LAWPARENT CROSS

OFFSPRING

DOMINANCE TT x tt tall x short

100% Tt tall

SEGREGATIONTt x Tt

tall x tall75% tall

25% short

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

RrGg x RrGg round & green

x round & green

9/16 round seeds & green pods 3/16 round seeds & yellow pods

3/16 wrinkled seeds & green pods

1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow pods