basic organic nomenclature and functional groups ( chapter 16 )
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Basic Organic Nomenclatureand Functional Groups
(Chapter 16)
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen•Alkanes contain only single bonds•Alkenes contain at least one double bond•Alkynes contain at least one triple bond
General Formulas:•Alkanes = CnH2n+2
•Alkenes = CnH2n
•Alkynes = CnH2n-2
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:Two part names:• Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in
the chain• Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne
Memorize these prefixes, in order:
1 – Meth2 – Eth3 – Prop4 – But5 – Pent
6 – Hex7 – Hept8 – Oct9 – Non10 – Dec
Meth + ane, ene, yne
Methane:
Methene: does not exist
Methyne: does not exist
Eth + ane, ene, yne
Ethane:
Ethene:
Ethyne:
Prop + ane, ene, yne
Propane:
Propene:
Propyne:
But + ane, ene, yne
Butane:
Butene:
Butyne:
Pent + ane, ene, yne
Pentane:
Pentene:
Pentyne:
Hex + ane, ene, yne
Hexane:
Hexene:
Hexyne:
Hept + ane, ene, yne
Heptane:
Heptene:
Heptyne:
Oct + ane, ene, yne
Octane:
Octene:
Octyne:
Non + ane, ene, yne
Nonane:
Nonene:
Nonyne:
Dec + ane, ene, yne
Decane:
Decene:
Decyne:
Functional Groups:• Common groups of elements added to
hydrocarbons that change their chemistry• Can be added on the end or interior•Names are changed to reflect the functional
group(s)
Cyclo-hydrocarbons• Carbons are in a ring• lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens
Cyclohexane: Cyclohexene:
1, 3, 5 cyclohexene :Or benzene or phenyl
Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group•Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be•Name ends in “ol”
Ethanol:
Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain•N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1
chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains• The suffix “amine” is added• If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being
attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen• If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed
number is used
Methanamine:
Butan-2-amine:
N-methylethanamine:
Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide• The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain• The suffix “ioc acid” is added• Can have one on each end of a chain, but
naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches)
Ethanioc Acid:(Acetic Acid)
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