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Basic Science in Basic Science in Laparoscopic SurgeryLaparoscopic Surgery
ContentsContents
• Pneumoperitoneum
• Patient positioningPatient positioning
• Laparoscopic instrumentation
• Access into the abdomen
Laparoscopic SurgeryLaparoscopic Surgery
• Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)
• Keyhole SurgeryKeyhole Surgery
• Pinhole Surgery
ContraindicationContraindication
• Uncorrected coagulopathy
• Inability to tolerate laparotomyInability to tolerate laparotomy
• Inability ti tolerate general anesthesia
• Hypovolemic shock
• Uncompensated cardiopulmonary diseaseUncompensated cardiopulmonary disease
PneumopeitoneumPneumopeitoneum
Mechanical effect (Primarily)
• 1. Upward displacement of diaphragm1. Upward displacement of diaphragm– ↑ Intrathoracic pressure
↓ Di h i i– ↓ Diaphragmatic motion
– ↓ Lung volume “↓vital capacity,↓ compliance”
– ↑ Airway pressure“↑ peak ,↑mean airway pressure”
– ↑Work of breathing↑ Work of breathing
PneumopeitoneumPneumopeitoneum
Metabolic effect
• 1. CO2 absorption1. CO2 absorption– Leads to hypercarbia and acidosis
“I h l h i di id l d b il i d“In healthy individuals: corrected by ventilation and body buffering system”
“In COPD:risk to develop hypercarbia
Expired CO2 (ETCO2) levels are unreliable:Expired CO2 (ETCO2) levels are unreliable:
arterial CO2 needed
HypercarbiaHypercarbia
d i i• Moderate increase in PaCO2 15‐30 mmHg produce a hyperdynamic state: SVR, CVP, HR and BP “no effect on CO”
• Marked increase in PaCO2> 30 mmHg: cardio gdepressive predominate, cardiovascular collapse, severe acidosis, fatal dysrhythmiasp , , y y
• Minute ventilation must be increased 20‐30%
HypercarbiaHypercarbia
• Lowering IAP to 10‐12 mmHg
• Alternative gas : HeliumAlternative gas : Helium
• Gasless laparoscopy
• Converted to open surgery
Pneumoperitoneum $ VentilationPneumoperitoneum $ Ventilation
ETCO2ETCO2
Ventilation changeVentilation change
• 1. High inspiratory airway pressure
• 2. Decrease FRC2. Decrease FRC
• 3. Increase V/Q mismatch
Cardiovascular changeCardiovascular change
I iti ll ↑ t d t th bl d• Initially: ↑ venous return due to the blood volume sequestrated in splanchnic vasculature
“Increase mean arterial pressure”“Increase mean arterial pressure”• Later on: ↓venous return, ↑arterial resistance , ↑ CVP↑ CVP
“ Resulted in compensatory ↑HR”“N t ff t h i CO”“Net effect = no change in CO”
• IAP> 20 mmHg: IVC is compressed then venous return is impededreturn is impeded
• IAP> 40 mm Hg, venous return drop precipitously
Pneumoperitoneum $ CardiovascularPneumoperitoneum $ Cardiovascular
Patient PositioningPatient Positioning
d d ( d l b i i )• Head‐down (Trendelenburg position)–↑Central blood volume and pressurep–↑Cardiac output↑Chest wall resistance ↑ dead space– ↑Chest wall resistance, ↑ dead space
• Head‐up–↓Venous return & Cardiac output–↑Femoral venous pressure↑Femoral venous pressure–↑risk of DVT or pulmonary embolism
Pneumoperitoneum $ Ventilation$Pneumoperitoneum $ Ventilation$ Positioningg
Pneumoperitoneum $ Cardiovascular $ p $ $Positioning
ArrhythmiaArrhythmia
• Vagal reflex because of sudden stretching peritoneum with rapid insufflation p pprovoke AV dissociation, nodal rhythm, sinus bradycardia and asystolesinus bradycardia and asystole
• Raise PaCO2: sympathetic response
• Embolism
• Underlying cardiac disease• Underlying cardiac disease
Renal Blood FlowRenal Blood Flow
• Decreased RBF and GFR Increase in renal vascular resistance, reduction in ,glomerular filtration gradient and decrease in CO
• Decreased urine output and insensible fluid losseslosses
R l Bl d Fl $ P l d $Renal Blood Flow $ Pre‐load $ PneumoperitoneumPneumoperitoneum
Lactic AcidosisLactic Acidosis
• Elevation in IAP produces lactic acidosis, probably by severely lowering CO and p y y y gimpairing hepatic clearance of blood lactic acidacid
Intracranial and Intraoccular changeIntracranial and Intraoccular change
l l fl f • Increase cerebral blood flow from hypercarbiayp
• But increase intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure in the cases that intraocular pressure in the cases that have underlying diseases
Metabolic Effect of CO2Metabolic Effect of CO2
Increase in PaCO2
1. Absorption of CO2 from the peritoneal cavity1. Absorption of CO2 from the peritoneal cavity2. V/Q mismatch3 I i d CO ti it ( COPD3. Impaired CO2 e x cretion capacity (e.g., COPD,
cyanotic CHD)
CO2 EmboliCO2 Emboli
• Presenting signs– Hypotensionyp
– Jugular vein distension
– TachycardiaTachycardia
– Mill Wheel Murmur
CO2 EmboliCO2 Emboli
E l ( 0 5 l/k f b li)• Early (< 0.5ml/kg of emboli):– TEE CO2 bubbling in right heart
l hi d i h di l d l– splashing sound with precordial doppler– millwheel murmur
h i hi h i i P CO2– hypoxemia, high increasing PaCO2, – high ΔPaCO2‐ETCO2L ( 2 l/k f b li)• Late (>2ml/kg of emboli):– increase CVP, PAP
h i h h i– hypotension, arrhythmia– cardiac arrest
CO2 EmboliCO2 Emboli
CO2 EmboliCO2 Emboli
• Treatment– Evacuate pneumoperitoneump p
– Left lateral decubitus , head down position
Introduce central venous catheter– Introduce central venous catheter
Laparoscopic EquipmentLaparoscopic Equipment
• Laparoscopes
• Video TowerVideo Tower
• Gas Supply
• Suction Device
• Equipment TableEquipment Table
LaparoscopesLaparoscopes
LaparoscopesLaparoscopes
• Deliver light from a light source
• Conduct image to eyepieceConduct image to eyepiece
LaparoscopesLaparoscopes
Video TowerVideo Tower
Light source
Light cable
Imaging systemsImaging systems
• Camera Head Unit
• Camera Control Unit
Gas SupplyGas Supply
• Gas tank
• GasGas– CO2
R dil il bl• Readily available
• Ine x pensive
N b i• Not support combustion
– N2O
– Helium
InsufflatorInsufflator
Control the flow of gas– Control the flow of gas from the cylinder to the abdomenthe abdomen
– High flow insufflatord lcan deliver 10 or more
liters of gas per mintued dand rate can adjust
from low to high
InsufflatorInsufflator
• Control panel– Indication system listing y gthe preset abdominal pressurep
– The current abdominal pressurepressure
– The flow rate of the gas
A f d– Amount of gas used
Gas SupplyGas Supply• A sterile line takes gas from the sufflatorA sterile line takes gas from the sufflatorto the patient (Luer lock or push on tube
S li h filt i l• Some line have a filter in place
Suction DevicesSuction Devices
• Multiple suction devices are needed– Anesthesiologistg
– Nasogastric tube
Laparoscopic instruments– Laparoscopic instruments
Video TowerVideo Tower
• Video monitor
FORMATSFORMATS
ResolutionResolution
640640
1280
1920
DefinitionDefinition
Full HDFull HD
Full HDFull HD
Full HDFull HD
• 16:9 ratio for natural vision
• 16:9 ratio provides lateral ex tension of field of16:9 ratio provides lateral ex tension of field of vision
G l b illi• Great color brilliance
• 1920 x 1080 offers 7 times the SD resolution at 480 lines
Cl diff ti ti f ti t t• Clear differentiation of tissue structures
Impeded viewImpeded view
Pressure Flow Cause
Low High LeakLow High
Low Low
Leak
Empty
High Low
High High
Rela x ation/ Occlusion
Multifactorial/ mulfunction
Energy SourceEnergy Source
• Electrosurgery– Monopolar cauteryp y
– Bipolar cautery
Ult i• Ultrasonic
Injury from Energy SourceInjury from Energy Source
• Direct Coupling
Injury from Energy SourceInjury from Energy Source
• Indirect Coupling
Ultrasonic CoagulationUltrasonic Coagulation
• Relies on mechanical energy to produce effects
Operating Room Set upOperating Room Set‐up
• Patient positioning
• Video‐endoscopic equipmentVideo endoscopic equipment
• Ancillary equipment
• Personnel
Patient PositioningPatient Positioning
• Supine
• Lateral DecubitusLateral Decubitus
• Lithotomy
SupineSupine
• Arms out– Upper abdomenpp
– Incisional hernia
SupineSupine
• Tucking arms– Pelvis and lower abdomen
Patient PositioningPatient Positioning
• Tendelenberg
• Reverse TendelenbergReverse Tendelenberg
DVT PreventionDVT Prevention
PersonnelPersonnel
PersonnelPersonnel
Primary AccessPrimary Access
• Open
“Hasson”Hasson
Primary AccessPrimary Access
• Direct vision
Primary AccessPrimary Access
• Veress Needle
Direct vs Veress (RCT)Direct vs Veress (RCT)
Current Laparoscopic SurgeryCurrent Laparoscopic Surgery
• LC
• CBD exploration• Adrenalectomy
• TraumaCBD exploration
• Anti‐reflux surgery• Trauma
• Large and small bowel• Achalasia
• Hernia (inguinal ventral)• Appendectomy
• Gastric surgeryHernia (inguinal, ventral)
• Peptic ulcer operation• Gastric surgery
• Morbid obesity• Splenectomy • (endoscopic thyroid Sx)
ConclusionConclusion
ConclusionConclusion
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