bcon bus shelter booklet
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BUILDINGConstruction ii 0324272 LIM PEIDI0324679 LEE SHI YIN0323813 LAW ZHI CHANG0323529 CHIN CHEONG SOON0323008 LEE FEI SYEN0323713 NG JI YANN
PR OJ EC T 1Skeletal Construction Temporary Bus Shelter
CON-PG 0
3 INTRODUCTION 04 DESIGN
CONSIDERATION 05 DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
06
10CONSTRUCTIONPROCESS 14 CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS 26 DESIGN ANALYSIS
33 LOAD TEST 34 RENDERINGS 35 CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES
ORTHOGRAPHICDRAWINGS
-TENTS
In this project, we were to construct a temporary busshelter that is 600mm in height, with a base of400mm x 800 mm. We had to understand anddemonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames andits joints in order to produce a strong and stablestructure. The joints should be constructed to reflectthe actual joints. We were required to clearly defineall the building components including roofs, walls,floors and columns.
After several discussion and tutorials among thetutor and team members, the constructed busshelter was in the scale of 1:5 focused on thestrength and flexibility of chosen materials. The finaloutcome was tested to endure lateral/horizontalforce and the weight of 5 to 6 people.
03.
introduction
i n t r o d u c t i o n
Design development
D E S I G N C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
S T A B I L I T Y
• Skeletal structure to resistvertical and horizontalloads imposed on it
• Stable structure to resistwind loads preventinguplift and overturning
M A T E R I A L S & C O N S T R U C T I O N
• Recycle unused steelfrom formal constructionwhich are readilyavailable
• Selection for material withhigh durability andstrength
S A F E T Y
• Suitable openness toprovide visibility in andout of the shelter,allowing users to seetraffic conditions.
• Considering humanergonomics andsufficient seating toprovide convenience forusers.
W E A T H E RR E S I S T A N C E
• Materials to withstandhot and humid tropicalclimate of Malaysia
• Good air ventilation toprovide users’ thermalcomfort
04.
Design development
D E S I G N d e v e l o p m e n t
I N S P I R A T I O NThe design inspiration came from an original shape of squarepyramid and cuboid, which can be found in everywhere because it’sstable and rigid.
I N I T I A L I D E A SThe design of just straight columns is too common to be found, so we had
decided to make it oblique for the bus shelter. We wanted to make the structure looks like slanting bus shelter.
D E V E L O P M E N TWe improvise our bus shelter structure by building proper joints and skeletal so that our structure could be more stable and safe.
F I N A L O U T C O M EThe final outcome of the bus shelter of our structure consist of inclined
column which is based on axial compression besides bending and distribute the force.
05.
Orthographic drawings
O r t h o g r a p h i c d r a w i n g s
Floor Plan 1:25
4920 mm
2835 mm
06.
Orthographic drawings
4920 mm
3370 m
m
07.
Roof Plan1:25
Orthographic drawings
08.
3800
mm
4920 mm 4920 mm
Front Elevation1:25
Side Elevation1:25
Orthographic drawings
09.
Polycarbonate sheets
Face boards
Roof frame
Roof beam
Metal plate seating
Metal mesh flooring
Base frame
Base plate
Stump
Footing
H column
Metal plate
Supporting element
Metal knee brace
Metal plate seat backing
Exploded axonometric n.t.s
Construction process
10.
C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s
P R E - C O N S T R U C T I O N
The dimensions obtainedfrom the 3D model were scaleddown to 1:5 to ease the finalphysical construction.2
3
A mock-up of 1:20 physicalmodel was made, thenproceeded to a detailed 3Dmodel generated with AutodeskRevit software. The detailed 3Dmodel includes all specificdimensions of the bus shelterwhich was extracted to be usedlater.
1
2
4
F O U N D A T I O N
3 Plywood formworks werecreated according to thedimensions of the model’s padfooting.
4 Concrete mixture wasmixed and poured into theplywood formwork. It was let dryfor a few days before steel baseplate was bolted into it.
1
Construction process
11.
S T E E L B A S E F R A M E W O R K
7 8 9
Rectangular hollowsection (RHS) were cut intothe dimensions of the model
5
Bigger RHS werewelded together to form theprimary member of theframe, while RHS withsmaller dimension werewelded together in betweenthe primary member to formthe secondary member.
6
Metal mesh was securedto the frame by welding it tothe RHS framework.
7
8 It was later screwed intothe RHS base frame toincrease stability.
C O L U M N S
9Long scrap steel plateswere welded together toform model’s 1:5 scale Hcolumn.
10The mild H column werecut accordingly to thedimensions of the modelusing a steel cutter chopsaw.
10
5
6
Construction process
12.
11
13 14
11 Steel H column andsteel plates were placed ona bench type dril l ingmachines to dri l l the desiredholes for the installation ofnuts and bolts.
12 The steel H column wasconnected to the concretestump through a base plate byusing bolts and nuts
13 An additional memberwas added behind the threeH columns. Steel plates werewelded to the additionalmembers, then wasconnected to the H columnwith bolts and nuts.
A RHS was weldedvertically to the H columns.A metal plate was weldedon top of the RHS as theseating area.
B E N C H
14 15
R O O F
Steel plates were weldedon top of the H columns.The roof H beams wereconnected to the H columnsthrough the welded steelplates.
16RHS were cut followingthe dimensions of the model.Later the RHS was weldedtogether to form the roofframing.
12 15
16
Construction process
13.
17 4 steel plates were weldedinto the corners of the roofframe, then it was bolted to the Ibeams of the roof.
184 acrylic sheet were arranged together with 3 metalplates placed on top betweeneach acrylic sheet. The acrylicsheet is secured in betweenmetal plates and roof frameusing bolts and nuts.
C O M P L E T E D M O D E L
P O L I S H
19The metals were polishedBy using grinder, and laterbeing painted to preventcorrosion.
1918
17
20
03.
C o n s t r u c t i o n D E TA I L S
Construction DETAILS
14.
Construction DETAILS
15.
50 mm 810 mm 810 mm
80 mm
50 mm
595 mm1720 mm
1000 mm1812 mm
4200 mm
D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L B A S E
P L A T E
S T E E L B A S E F R A M ES T E E L B A S E F R A M E
03.
P L A N V I E W O F S T E E L B A S E F R A M E
Construction DETAILS
16.
• Steel base frame situated above the concrete pad footing. It is the lowest layer of the shelter’s base.
• It serves to connect and carries load from H columns and the metal deck flooring above to the concrete pad footing.
PRIMARY MEMBERSTo connect the front and back concrete pad footing
Dimension of RHS: 150mm x 50mmLength: 1812mm
A
A
B
C B PRIMARY MEMBERSTo connect the concrete pad footing in a single row.
Dimension of RHS: 150mm x 50mmLength: 4200mm
SECONDARY MEMBERSServes as a floor beam to support the load from the metal deck flooring.
Dimension of RHS: 100mm x 50mmLength: 1720mm
C
CONNECTOR
50mm
150mm
5mm
100mm
50mm
5mm
100mm
50mm
5mm
1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
D
H
T
L
F
CF: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm
CONNECTIONS
The RHS are welded together
The steel base frame is welded to the H column and connected by using brackets.
S T E E L B A S E F R A M E
B A C K F R O N T
S T E E L B A S E F R A M E ( R H S )
Construction DETAILS
17.
C o n c r e t e p a d f o o t i n g
PAD FOOTING (BACK)
S I D E E L E V A T I O N O F C O N R E T E P A D F O O T I N G
PAD FOOTING (FRONT)
Width: 50mmLength: 80mmHeight A: 200mmHeight B: 200mm
The size of the back footing is bigger than the front to support the H beam and steel base frame. It transfer the load to the ground.
Length
Width
Height AHeight B
The front concrete footing also serves as the foundation of the bus stop to support the steel base frame.
Width: 50mmLength: 50mmHeight A: 200mmHeight B: 200mm
Length
Width
Height B
Height A
DIMENSIONS
D E T A I L S A N D C O N N E C T I O N S
Metal plateThe steel base plate is bolted into the concrete pad footing and welded to the steel base frame (RHS).
H column is welded to the metal plate which is bolted into the concrete pad footing.
5 mm thick Metal plate
H column
J boltMetal plate
H column
Concrete Pad Footing
The usage of J bolt enhance the stability to support the slanted H beam.
J BOLT WASHER
NH
DWH
WH
ND
W.Diameter: 30mmW.Height: 6mmN.Diameter:. 25mmN.Height: 20mm
1. J BOLT 2. H BEAM
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
The steel base plate is welded to the H column in order to connect the columns with the foundation. It also serves to distribute the concentrated load imposed by the columns above so that it does not exceed the bearing pressure towards the concrete pad footing.
D
TB
D: 50mmB: 152mmT: 25mm
Construction DETAILS
18.
2721 mm
2688 mm
2660 mm
10 ̊
1715 mm
3281 mm
1715 mm
D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L S T R U C T U R E
Side Elevation1:25
Front Elevation1:25
S l a n t e d s t e e l s t r u c t u r e
A
B
Construction DETAILS
19.
S l a n t e d s t e e l s t r u c t u r eP E R S P E C T I V E V I E W O F B U S S T O P
The main load of the bus stop is carried by the I beams and the Hcolumns. The load from the beams and columns is transferred to thefloor which is supported by the concrete pad footing. RHS was addedin between the H columns to withstand the load transferred.
D I M E N S I O N S
F
CD
H
T
L
F: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
3. H COLUMN1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
2. RHS (RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
100mm
50mm
5mm
Length of RHS: 4030mm
H COLUMN
I BEAM
A steel plate is welded to the H column. The end plate of the H column is connected with the I beam using 8 bolts and nuts to increase the stability and prevent it from slipping.
A metal bracing is added in between the I beam and H column to reinforced the stability of the structure and distribute the load applied from the roof.
C O N N E C T I O N S O F H C O L U M N
RHS was added behind the H columns to increase the stability of the H columns.
DETAIL A
DETAIL B
I BEAM
H COLUMN
RHS
H COLUMN
D I M E N S I O N
Floor Plan1:25
Construction DETAILS
20.
B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n g
1852 mm
600 mm
1852 mm
4200 mm
1810 mm
450 mm
450 mm
88 mm
Front Elevation1:25
Bench thickness: 75mm
Construction DETAILS
21.
D I M E N S I O N O F B E N C H & W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n gD I M E N S I O N
The seat is bolted to the RHS.
Metal bar is welded to the H column it is welded to the RHS.
The bench seating is attached to the H
column. A metal plate is welded to the H
column and 2 RHS is welded to the metal
plates.
RHS
H COLUMN
100mm
50mm5mm
Construction DETAILS
22.
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
F
CD
H
T
L
F: 30mm C: 34.64mmH: 12.88mm D: 20mm
1. H COLUMN 2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
3. RHS
(RECTANGULAR
HOLLOW
SECTIONS)
D E T A I L D R A W I N G A N D C O N N E C T I O N O F B E N C H
D I M E N S I O N S
BENCH
P E R S P E C T I V E O F W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
The metal mesh flooring is placed on top the steel base frame and welded onto it.
WIRE MESH FLOORNG
STEEL BASE FRAME
B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n g
Construction DETAILS
23.
D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F
Roof Plan1:25
1050 mm
4200 mm
2846 mm
Distance between bolt 243mm
r o o f
Construction DETAILS
24.
D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F F R A M E
Roof Frame1:25
4200 mm
1000 mm
1813 mm
r o o f
ROOF FRAME
H COLUMN
I BEAM
RHS
The RHS are welded together to form a roof frame.
Construction DETAILS
25.
r o o fC O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
1. H COLUMN 3. RHS OF ROOF FRAME
100mm
50mm
5mm
D
H
T
L
F
CF: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm
2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
D I M E N S I O N S
Steel plate is welded under the roof frame so it can be bolted to the H beam under it.
The size of RHS used smaller than the base frame and having same dimension for both primary and secondary frame structure as it does not have a lot of loads on it.
1
2 3
4FACE BOARD
ROOF FRAME
C O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F F R A M E A N D I B E A M
The polycarbonate roof is placed on top of the roof frame.
A metal plate is placed on top and in between 2 roof panels and screwed to the roof frame below to lock the polycarbonate sheets in place.
Polycarbonate roof thickness: 12mm
C O N N E C T I O N O F P O L Y C A R B O N A T E R O O F
METAL PLATE
4. FACE BOARD (thickness 3mm)
4200mm
309mm
309mm
2833mm
Face boards are added to the side of the roof frame to cover up the H beam under it so that it is visually pleasure to the public.
D e s i g n a n a ly s i s
Design analysis
26.
A C C E S S I B I L I T Y A N D U S E R S ’ E X P E R I E N C E
The temporary bus shelter was designed with maximum openness to ease the circulation for theusers. The bus shelter was designed to be placed in a city center.The wide opening at the front and side of the bus shelter eases the business of city life.
The height of the roof, the bench, as well as the interior space was designed with considerationof anthropometry and human ergonomics which follows the basic measurement of human body.Our design was not only users friendly, but also simple and complements the modern lifestyle inthe city.
Ac
ce
ss
ibilit
y a
nd
us
er
s’ e
xp
er
ien
ce
27.
Design analysis
H U M I D I T Y A N D C O R R O S I O N
R A I N
The transparency of the roof allows natural lighting into the bus shelter, as well as provides a slight shading to the users. It prevents direct sunlight penetration into the structure and illuminates the interior.
S U N L I G H T
Treated carbon steel and stainless steel was used due to its ability to withstand humidity. To prevent rain water clogging in the shelter, metal mesh was used as the base flooring to allow rainwater to flow out.
V E N T I L A T I O N
The openness of the bus shelter allows natural ventilation at all sides of the shelter. The usage of metal mesh instead of metal plate as the
flooring enhances natural ventilation from the ground. Wind movement is at its maximum to reduce stuffiness and lower the humidity level.
Painting over mild steel
Rainwater flow out
DE
SIG
N A
NA
LYS
IS
The bus shelter was designed to protect its users from rain. The slanted roof was tilted at a 10° angle to ensure rainwater was
channelled smoothly to the back of the shelter.
Heat
Rainwater
28.
Design analysisSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Metal frame structure consists of primary structural elements and secondary structural elements to support the floor and roof which are connected to the metal frame structures. The metal frame structure is to withstand vertical forces and lateral forces, such as live load, gravity and wind.
P R I M A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S S E C O N D A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S
Beam
Columns
Foundation
Primary structural elements are the main supports of the structure. It is used to support the members under
compressive force.
Secondary structural elements increases the stability of the whole structure and enable it to withstand
more loads.
Roof frame
Metal Knee
brace
Base frame
ST
RU
CT
UR
AL E
LEM
EN
TS
29.
Design analysis
L O A D S Y S T E M : O N E - W A Y S Y S T E M
The load transfer mechanism of the structure for transferring the loads to the ground acts
in one direction only.
Concentrated Load
Concentrated Load
Concentrated Load
Concentrated Load
Concentrated Load
Concentrated Load
One w
ay load distribution
LOADS & FORCES
LOA
DS
AN
D F
OR
CE
S
30.
Design analysisL I V E L O A D
Live load are the forces applied by non-permanent objects such as human and animals. The intensity of the force
towards the bus shelter varies according to the number and weight of non- permanent objects at the bus shelter.
Loads
Precipitation
Human weight
Loads
LOA
DS
AN
D F
OR
CE
S
S T A T I C L O A D / D E A D L O A D
The weight of the structure permanent elements such as the roof and the beam cause a force applies
towards the structure column for its entire l ifespan.
Loads
Weight of structural elements
EXTERNAL FORCESThere are 3 external forces which are the dead load, l ive load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.
LOA
DS
AN
D F
OR
CE
SEXTERNAL FORCES
There are 3 external forces which are the dead load, l ive load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.
31.
Design analysisW I N D L O A D
The wind force acts on both primary structural elements such as columns and secondary structural elements such
as polycarbonate sheet on the roof.
Wind force acts on columns
Wind flows through
Wind force acts on roof
The inclined column of the bus shelter is strongly anchored to the ground using concrete pad footing. The usage of J-bolts prevents uplifting and overturning of the bus shelter.
The openness design of the bus shelter reduces wind force, itprovides maximum natural ventilation throughout the shelter.
32.
Design analysisM
AT
ER
IALIT
Y
C A R B O N S T E E L
It is widely used in construction industry as it is cheap in price and notbrittle.
Characteristics of carbon steel:• Tough• Ductile• Malleable• Good tensile strength• Poor resistance to corrosion
S T A I N L E S S S T E E L
Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron with a minimum of 10.5% Chromium which prevents rusting.
Characteristics of stainless steel:• Aesthetic appearance• Great strength• High corrosion resistance• Fire and heat resistance
P O L Y C A R B O N A T ES H E E T S
R O O F I N G
Polycarbonate roof is known for its strength in withstanding force and
are virtually unbreakable.
Characteristics of polycarbonate roof:• Lightweight• Durable• Fire resistance• Modern view
C O N C R E T E
The concrete pad footing is used for vertical support and
helps to transfer loads to earth. It is simple to be built
and cost effective.
MATERIALITY
L o a d t e s t
33.
Load testTest subject: 6 l itres water bottle (6kg each)Unit: 3 water bottlesTotal load: 18kgRepresentation: Live load imposed onto the wire mesh flooring. Test result: Successful. The wire mesh flooring is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.
W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
B E N C H
Test subject : 500ml water bottle (0.5kg each)Unit : 6 water bottlesTotal load: 3kgRepresentation: Live load imposed onto the bench. Test result : Successful. The bench is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.
Test subject : 500ml water bottle (0.5kg each)Unit : 3 water bottlesTotal load: 1.5kgRepresentat ion: Live load imposed onto the wire mesh flooring.Test result : Successful. The roof beam is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.
R O O F
34.
RENDERING
Throughout this project, we are able to learn more as we involve ourselves in a larger scale construction.
There are a lot of factors such as weather resistance, safety and stability of the structure that we should consider at the early stage before going into the construction stage to ensure that the bus
shelter constructed is able to meet the user’s requirements and achieve user’s comfort.
We conducted a detail research on the connections between each elements to assure the stability of the bus shelters. After our research, we consult our tutor, Mr. Edwin for his advice in order to come out
with a better solution.
Materiality, loads and forces aspect are also considered to make sure that the bus shelter can withstand the live load and dead load in it.
In conclusion, different small elements has to work well with each other in order to produce a stable structure. Hence, every details in construction process should be take into concern.
35.
CONCLUSION
C O N C L U S I O N
36.
Load test• Brakefield, K. (n.d.). How is a Girder Different From a Beam? Retrieved
October 11, 2017, from http://blog.swantonweld.com/how-is-a-girder-different-from-a-beam
• BRITISH STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATIONMaking the Most of Stainless Steel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.bssa.org.uk/about_stainless_steel.php
• DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS. (2014, November 11). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/design-of-reinforced-concrete-foundations/7325/
• Ed, S. Q. (2013, March 28). Footing. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.abis.com.au/footing
• Faerina MNasir Follow. (2012, November 22). Building Sem 2 (EMT 157). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/faerinamnasir/building-sem-2-emt-157
• Khaled Eid, Head of Dpt Follow. (2014, November 28). Design of column base plates anchor bolt. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/KhaledEid/design-of-column-base-plates-anchor-bolt
• McGee, M., & Fritsky, L. (2017, September 20). What is a Bearing Plate? Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-bearing-plate.htm#
• Properties of Mild Steel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.laser-cutting-online.com/properties-of-mild-steel.html
• Shahul130103 Follow. (2016, March 08). Basic structural system in architecture. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/shahul130103/basic-structural-system-in-architecture
• Simple connections. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.steelconstruction.info/Simple_connections
• Www.thatweb.co, T. W. (n.d.). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Polycarbonate Roofing26 May 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/
W E B S I T E
C O N C L U S I O N
B O O K
• Blanc, A. (1993). Architecture and construction in steel. London: Spon.
• Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction il lustrated. New York,NY: Wiley
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