bharat aur samkaleen vishva (6) - किसान और काश्तकार
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
1/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 117
fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj
fiNysnksv;k;ksa esa vki ouksa vkSj pjkxkgksaosQ ckjsesa iwe[ksrh djusokyksa] pjokgksa vkSj tutkrh; lewgksa osQ ckjsesa Hkh i
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
2/22
118 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
ksr d
igyh twu 1830 dh ?kVuk gSA baXySaM osQ mkj&if'peh {ks=k osQ ,d fdlkuusvpkud ik;k fd mlosQ ckM+sesajkr dksvkx yxuslsiqvky lfgr lkjk
[kfygku tydj jk[k gksx;k gSA ckn osQ eghuksaesabl rjg dh ?kVuk, dbZnwljsfkyksaesaHkh ntZdh xbA dghaflI+kZQ iqvky ty tkrh vkSj dgharksiwjk dk iwjk I+kQkeZ gkmQl gh Lokgk gkstkrk FkkA fiQj 28 vxLr 1830 osQfnu baXySaM osQ bZLV osaQV esaeknwjksaus,d Fkzsf'kax e'khu dksrksM+dj u"Vdj fn;kA blosQ ckn nkslky rd naxksadk nkSj pyk ftlesarksM+&iQksM+dh;s?kVuk,iwjsnf{k.kh baXySaM esaiSQy xbA bl nkSjku yxHkx 387 Fkzsf'kaxe'khusarksM+h xbA fdlkuksadkskedh Hkjsi=k feyusyxsfd osbu e'khuksadk bLrseky djuk candj nsaD;ksafd buosQ dkj.k esgurd'kksadh jkskh fNuxbZgSA ;knkrj [krksaij ^oSQIVsu fLoax* uke osQ fdlh vkneh osQ nLr[kr
gksrsFksA kehankjksadks;g [krjk lrkusyxk fd dghagfFk;kjcan fxjksg jkresamu ij Hkh geyku cksy nsaA bl pDdj esacgqr lkjskehankjksausrksviuh e'khusa[kqn gh rksM+MkyhaA tokc esaljdkj usl[r dkjZokbZdhA ftuyksxksaij 'kd Fkk fdos naxsesafyIr gSamUgsaI+kQkSju fxj+rkj dj fy;k x;kA1976 yksxksaij eqdnekpyk] 9 dksiQklh nh xbZvkSj 505 dksns'k fudkykfn;k x;k ftuesals450 dksvkWLVsfy;k Hkst fn;k x;kA yxHkx 644 yksxksadkscanh cuk;k x;kA
bu [krksaesa ekStwn ^oSQIVsu fLoax* ,d feFkdh; uke FkkA rks fLoax osQuke ij naxsdjusokys vkf[kj FksdkSu\ osFkzsf'kax e'khuksa dksrksM+usij
D;ksa vkeknk Fks\ osfdl ckr dk fojksk dj jgsFks\ bu lokyksa dk tokctkuusosQ fy, gesa vBkjgoha vkSj mUuhloha lnh osQ nkSjku baXySaM dh[ksrh esavk, cnykodksns[kuk gksxkA
1-1 [kqys[ksrksa vkSj dkWeUl dk nkSj
vBkjgoha lnh osQ vafre o"kksvkSj mUuhloha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh nkSj esabaXySaM osQ nsgkrh bykdksaesa ukVdh; cnyko gq,A igys baXySaM dk xzkeh.k{ks=k dkI+kQh [kqyk&[kqyk gqvk djrk FkkA u rkskehu HkwLokfe;ksa dh futh
laifk Fkh vkSj u gh mldhckM+kcanhdh xbZFkhA fdlku viusxko osQvklikl dh kehu ij I+kQly mxkrsFksA lky dh 'kq#vkr esa,d lHkkcqykbZtkrh Fkh ftlesa xko osQ gj O;fDr dks kehu osQ VqdM+svkoafVrdj fn, tkrs FksA kehu osQ ;sVqdM+s leku :i lsmitkmQ ugha gksrs FksvkSj dbZ txg fc[kjsgksrsFksA dksf'k'k ;g gksrh Fkh fd gj fdlku dksvPNh vkSj [kjkc] nksuksa rjg dh kehu feysA [ksrh dh bl kehu osQ ijslk>k kehu gksrh FkhAdkWeUldh bl lk>k kehu ij lkjs xzkeh.kksadkgd gksrk FkkA ;gkosviuseos'kh vkSj HksM+&cdfj;kpjkrsFks] tykou dh
1 baXySaM esa vkkqfud [ksrh dh 'kq#vkr
;skedh Hkjs[krdkI+kQh cM+siSekusij Hksts tkrs FksAdbZckj bu [krksadh Hkk"kk dkiQh 'kkyhu gksrh Fkhtcfd dbZckj cgqr dM+h Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;ktkrk FkkA o qQN i=k cgqr NksVs gksrs FksA n s[ksa ,duewuk %
Jhekuge vkidks;g crkuk pkgrsgSafd vxj vkiusviuh Fkzsf'kax e'khu [kqn ugharksM+h rksge viusyksxksa dksHkst dj ;g dke djk,xsA
lc yksxksadh vksj ls
fLoax
b-ts- gkWClckWe vkSj tkWtZ:ns] oSQIVsu fLoaxlsA
u, 'kCn
ckM+kcanh% ikjaifjd [kqyh kehuksaij futhckM+yxkus dh ,sfrgkfld izfozQ;kA
dkWeUl% ikjaifjd lektksaesalk>k] lkeqnkf;dty&taxy&kehuA
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
3/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 119
ksr [k
fLoax dh vksj lsl[r Hkk"kk esaHkstsx, [kr dk ,duewuk %
Jheku]
vkidk uke CySd cqd esa ntZCySd gkV~Zl dh lwphesaj[kk x;k gSA vki vkSj vki tSlsvU; yksxksa dkslykg nh tkrh gS --- fd viuk bjknk crk,A
vki gj volj ij turk osQ fojkskh jgsgksA vkidkstSlk djuk pkfg, Fkk vHkh rd vkiusoSlk fd;kugha gSA
fLoax
fp=k 1 & oSQIVsu fLoax vkanksyu (1830&32) osQ nkSjku baXySaM dh fofHkUu dkmafV;ksaesarksM+h xbZFkzsf'kax e'khusa-b Z- ts- gkWClckWe rFkk tkWtZ:nsdh iqLrdoSQIVsu fLoax ij vkkkfjrA
rksM+h xbZ e'khuksadh la[;kfLoax vkanksyu osQ izHkko okyk {ks=k
ydfM+;kchursFksvkSj [kkusosQ fy, dan&ewy&iQy bdV~Bk djrsFksA taxyesaosf'kdkj djrsvkSj ufn;ksa] rky&ryS;ksaesaeNyh idM+rsA xjhcksaosQ fy,rks;g lk>k kehu fkank jgusdk cqfu;knh lkku FkhA blh kehu osQ cy ijosyksx viuh vk; esadeh dksiwjk djrs] viustkuojksadksikyrsA tc fdlhlky I+kQly pkSiV gkstkrh rks;gh kehu mUgsaladV lsmckjrh FkhA
baXySaM osQ oqQN fgLlksaesa[kqys[ksrksavkSj eqDr vkSj lk>h kehu dh ;gvFkZO;oLFkk lksygoha'krkCnh lsgh cnyusyxh FkhA lksygohalnh esatcu osQ nke fo'o ckkkj esapk kehulsvyx gkstk,A lk>k kehu ij >ksifM+;kMky dj jgusokysxzkeh.kksadksmUgksausfudky ckgj fd;k vkSj ckM+kcan [ksrksaesamudk izos'k fuf"k dj fn;k x;kA ;g ckM+kcanh dh 'kq#vkr FkhA
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ e;rd ckM+kcanh vkanksyu dh j+rkj dkiQhkheh jghA 'kq: esa fxus&pqusHkwLokfe;ksaus viuh igy ij gh ckM+kcanh dhFkhA blosQ ihNsjkT; ;k ppZdk gkFk ughaFkkA ysfdu vBkjgohalnh osQnwljsfgLlsesa ckM+kcanh vkanksyu baXySaM osQ iwjsnsgkr esaiQSy x;k vkSjblusbaXySaM osQ Hkwn`'; dks vkewy cnydj j[k fn;kA 1750 ls1850osQ chp 60 yk[k ,dM+kehu ij ckM+sayxkbZ xbZaA fczVsu dh laln uslf; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, bu ckM+ksadks oSkrk iznku djusosQ fy, 4] 000dkuwu ikfjr fd,A
ukWjI+kQksd
lI+kQksd
osaQV
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
4/22
120 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
1-2 vukt dh c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
5/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 121
1-3 ckM+kcanh dk ;qxbaXySaM osQ bfrgkl esa1780 dk n'kd igys osQ fdlh Hkh nkSj ls ;knkukVdh; fn[kkbZnsrk gSA bllsigys vdlj ;g gksrk Fkk fd vkcknhc
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
6/22
122 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
I+kQlyksals kehu dh iSnkokj c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
7/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 123
f;kdyki
ksr ?k
ksr x
ckM+kcanh osQ dkj.k lkoZtfud kehu ij vfkdkjlekIr gksus ls ,d fdlku us LFkkuh; kehankj dks;g i=k fy[kk Fkk %
^vxj dksbZxjhc vkneh lkoZtfud kehu lsvkidh
,d HksM+ys ysrks dkuwu mlosQ f[kykI+kQ [kM+k gkstk,xkA ysfdu vxj vki lSdM+ksaxjhcksadh HksM+&cdfj;ksaosQ pjusdh kehu Nhu ysrsgSa rksdkuwu oqQN ughadjrkA vxj xjhc vkneh vkils dksbZphk Nhu ysrksmldksiQklh nsnh tkrh gStcfd vxj vki mlO;fDr dh vkthfodk Nhu ysarksvkiosQ f[kykiQdksbZdkjZokbZugha dh tkrh---A xjhc bl ckr dksfdl rjg le>sa--- fd dkuwu mudh igqp ls ckgjgSvkSj ljdkj muosQ fy,oqQN ughadjrh*\
ts- ,e- uhlu] dkWeulZ% dkWeu jkbV~l] ,uDyksklZ
,.M lks'ky psat] 1700&1820 (1993) ls m`rA
blosQ foijhr cgqr lsys[kdksausckM+kcanh osQ ykHkksadhHkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dh gSA
^[kqys[ksrksavkSj ckM+kcanh dhkehu osQ chp dksbZrqyukugha dh tk ldrhA ckM+kcanhdh O;oLFkk fuf'pr :ils[kqys[ksrksalscsgrj gSA [kqys[ksrksaosQ ekeysesa[ksfrgj
kathjksaesa tdM+k jgrk gSA ogfeV~Vh ;k ewY;ksa esa dksbZcnyko ughayk ldrkA mldh gkyr ml ?kksM+s tSlhgksrh gS tks vU; ?kksM+ksa osQ lkFk cakk gksrk gSA ;kuh ogmulsvyx gksdj oqQN ughadj ldrk vkSj muosQ chpgh owQn&iQkan dj ldrk gS*A
tkWu fefMYVu] vBkgjoha'krkCnh osQ ,d ys[kdA
ksr x vkSj ?k dksi
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
8/22
124 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
vkb, vc tjk vVykafVd osQ ikj vesfjdk pysaA vkb, ns[ksa fd ;gkvkkqfud [ksrh dk fodkl oSQlsgqvk] fdl rjg vesfjdk nqfu;k dh jksVh
dh Vksdjh* (czsM ckLosQV) cudj mHkjk vkSj bu cnykoksadk vesfjdkosQ xzkeh.kksaij D;k izHkko iM+k\
tc vBkjgohalnh osQ var esa baXySaM esalk>k kehu dksckM+kcanfd;k tk jgk Fkk ml le; rd vesfjdk esacM+siSekus ij LFkk;h [ksrhdk fodkl ughagqvk FkkA ;gk 80 djksM+,dM+ Hkwfe ij taxy Fks vkSj60 djksM+,dM+Hkwfeij flI+kZQ ?kkl mxrh FkhA fp=k 5 lsvki ml le;dh izkfrd gfj;kyhosQ ckjsesa vankkk yxk ldrs gSaA
2 ^jksVh dh Vksdjh* vkSj jsrhyk catj
ml le; vesfjdh Hkwn'; dk ;knkrj fgLlk 'osr vesfjfd;ksaosQfu;a=k.k esa ughaFkkA 1780 osQ n'kd rd 'osr vesfjdh clkoV iwohZ rVdh ,d NksVh ladh.kZ iV~Vh rd lhfer FkhA vxj vki ml le;
vesfjdk dh lSj ij fudyrsrksvkidkstxg&txg vesfjdk osQ ewyfuokfl;ksa osQ cM+s&cM+s lewg feyrsA buesa ls oqQN ?kqearw Fks vkSj oqQNLFkk;h :i lsjgus okys FksA cgqr lkjslewg flI+kZQ f'kdkj djosQ] [kk|inkFkZ chu dj vkSj eNfy;k idM+ dj xqkkjk djrs Fks tcfd oqQNeDdk] iQfy;ksa] rackowQ vkSj oqQEgM+sdh [ksrh djrsFksA vU; lewg taxyhi'kqvksa dksidM+us esa ekfgj Fks vkSj lksygoha lnh lsgh oufcyko dk I+kQj;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa dks csprs jgs FksA fp=k 5 esa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQizkjafHkd o"kksesafofHkUu dchyksa dh vofLFkfr dksn'kkZ;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5 & 'osr vkizokfl;ksa osQ if'peh izlkj ls igysvesfjdk esa taxy vkSj ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa dh fLFkfr -csdj dh iqLrdbdukWfed T;kWxzI+kQh][k.M 2] 1926esaladfyr
^,xzhdYpjy jhtUl vkWI+kQ ukWFkZvesfjdk* ls m`rA taxyksa dkdjhc vkkk vkSj ?kkl osQ eSnkuksadk ,d&frgkbZfgLlk [ksrh osQ
fy, lkI+kQ fd;k x;k FkkA ekufp=k esavki mUuhlohalnh osQizkjafHkd dky esavesfjdk osQ fofHkUu ewy dchyksaosQ fuokl {ks=kksdks Hkh ns[k ldrsgSaA
taxyh gfj;kyhyach ?kklNksVh ?kkljsfxLrkuh isM+&ikS/s
iz'kkaregklkxj
CySdiqQV
eS.MuozQks
cSukWd'kks'
kksups;u
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vkbjksD;
qvksl
viysf'
k;uioZr
fpdklkW
pksDVkmozQhd
lsehuksy
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egklkxj
dksekUph
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
9/22
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
10/22
126 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 8 & lhekar {ks=kksaesa lkWM edku-?kkl osQ eSnku lkI+kQ djusosQ nkSjku vkizoklh fdlku bl rjg osQ ?cukrsFksA bl {ks=k esa edku cukusosQ fy, ydM+h dk vHkko FkkA
(lkStU;% I+kzQsM gYVLVSaM fgLVh bu fiDplZdysD'ku] ,uMhvkbZvkj,&,uMh,l;w] I+kQkjxks)A
fp=k 7 & 1775 ls1920 osQchp 'osr vkizokfl;ksa dk if'pe dh vksj izlkj-
eryc Fkk fd igys;gk osQ v'osr fuokfl;ksa dksfudky ckgj fd;ktk,A la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh ljdkj us1800 osQ ckn osQ n'kdksa esavkSipkfjd uhfr cukdj vesfjdh bafM;uksa dks igys felhflih unh osQ
ikj vkSj ckn esavkSj Hkh if'pe dh rjI+kQ [knsM+uk 'kq: fd;kA bl izf;kesa dbZ yM+kb;kyM+hxb] ewy fuokfl;ksadk tulagkj fd;k x;k vkSjmuosQ xko tyk fn,x,A bafM;uksausizfrjksk fd;k] dbZ yM+kb;ksa esathrsHkh] ysfdu varr% mUgsa le>kSrk&lafk;kdjuh iM+ha vkSj viuk ?kj&ckjNksM+dj if'pe dh vksj owQp djuk iM+kA
ewy fuokfl;ksadh txgksa ij u, izoklh clus yxsA izokfl;kasdh ygjij ygj vkrh xbZA vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ igys n'kd rd ;s izoklhviysf'k;u iBkj esa cl pqosQ Fks vkSj 1820&1850 osQ chp mUgksausfelhflih dh ?kkVh esaHkh iSj tek fy,A mUgksaustaxyksa dksdkV&tykdj]
BwB m[kkM+dj] [ksr vkSj ?kj cuk fy,A fiQj mUgksaus ckdh taxyksadklI+kQk;k djosQ ckM+sayxk nhaA bl kehu ij og eDdk vkSj xsgwdh [ksrhdjusyxsA
'kq#vkrh o"kksesabl moZj kehu ij fdlkuksausvPNh I+kQlysaiSnk dhaAtSlsgh ,d txg kehu dh iSnkokj ?kV tkrh] fdlku csgrj kehu dhryk'k esaubZtxg pystkrsA felhflih unh osQ ikj fLFkr fo'kkydk; eSnkuksaesaizoklh vkcknh dk izlkj 1860 osQ ckn dh ?kVuk gSA ckn osQ n'kdksaesa;g lewpk {ks=k vesfjdk osQ xsgwmRiknu dk ,d cM+k {ks=k cu x;kA
1775 1830
1850 1920
u, 'kCn
lkWM % ?kkl o fe^h dk feJ.kA
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
11/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 127
vc kjk xsgw mRiknd fdlkuksa osQ ckjsesa oqQN foLrkj lsckr dh tk,Ans[kk tk, fd bu fdlkuksa usfdl rjg ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa dksvesfjdk dh^jksVh dh Vksdjh* esa rCnhy fd;kA mUgsafdu leL;kvksalstw>uk iM+kvkSj bl izf;k osQ D;k ifj.kke jgs\
2-2 xsgw mRiknd fdlkumUuhloha lnh osQ vkf[kjh lkyksa esavesfjdk osQ xsgwmRiknu esakcnZLrof gqbZA bl nkSjku vesfjdk dh 'kgjh vkcknh c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
12/22
128 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 15 & mkjh MdksVk osQ fo'kky eSnkuksa esakehu dh lI+kQkbZ] 1910-
bl fp=k esafefu;kiksfyl ok"i VSDVj fn[kk;k x;k gSA VSDVj osQ ihNstkWu Mhjs gy ca/k gSvkSj mlesa kkrq osQ iQky yxsgSaA bu iQkyksa dh lgk;rk lskehu dks vklkuh ls rkstk ldrk FkkA ?kkl dh ekcwr tM+ksadk lI+kQk;k djusesaHkh ;sgy dkI+kQh ennxkj FksA e'khu osQ ihNsxgjsowaQM+ns[kstk ldrsgSaA ck;havksj dh kehu ij nwj&nwj rd ?kkl iQSgqbZgSA bu e'khuksa dk bLrseky xsgwmxkus okyscM+sfdlku gh dj ikrs FksA (lkSt U ; % I +kszQM gYVLVSaM fgLVh bu fiDplZdysD'ku] ,uMhvkbZvkj,l&,uMh,l;w] i+Qkjxks)A
fp=k 14 & fMy e'khuksavkSj VSDVjksa }kjk chtksadh jksimkjh MdksVk dk ,df"k IkQkeZ] 1910 -
;gkrhu fMy vkSj iSdj e'khusa fn[kkbZxbZgSaA bUgsaVSDVj osQ ickkk tkrk FkkA fMy e'khusa10&12 i+QqV yach gksrh FkhaA izR;sd fMy20 fMLd yxh gksrh FkhaA fMLd dk dke kehu dks cqvkbZosQ fyrS;kj djuk gksrk FkkA iSdlZjksis x, chtksaij feV~Vh Mkyusdk ddjrs FksA fp=k esaanwj rd iSQyh jksfir kehu fn[kkbZns jgh gSA
lkStU; % ,I+kQ- ,- ikkund fp=k laxzg] ,uMhvkbZvkj,l&,uMh,lI+kQkjxksA
fp=k 12 & mUuhlohalnh osQ e; lsigys,sls gfl;ksa dk bLrseky ?kkl dkVus osQfy, fd;k tkrk Fkk-
fp=k 13 & e'khuh ;qx lsigys ubZ kehu dks[ksrh osQ fy, rjg rS;kj fd;k tkrk Fkk-fp=k esa ckjg gyksaosQ lewg esa dbZ?kksM+stqrsfn[kkbZ nsjgs gSaA(lkStU; % I +kszQM gYVLVSaM fgLVh bu fiDplZdysD'ku] ,uMhvkbZvkj,,uMh,l;w] I+kQkjxks)A
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
13/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 129
fp=k 16 % if'peh dalkl esa dkyk rwI+kQku] 14 vizSy 1935 -
dke Fkk ftls lSdM+kas L=kh&iq#"k ,d lkFk yxdj djrs FksA ysfdu 1831esa lk;jl eSDdkWfeZd us ,d ,sls vkSkkj dk vkfo"dkj fd;k tks,d ghfnu esabruk dke dj nsrk Fkk ftruk fd 16 vkneh gfl;ksa osQ lkFk djldrs FksA bl rjg chloha'krkCnh osQ 'kq: gksrs&gksrs vesfjdk osQ ;knkrjfdlku I+kQly dkVus osQ fy, dEckbUM gkosZLVlZdk bLrseky djusyxs
FksA bu e'khuksa dh lgk;rk ls500 ,dM+ osQ [ksr dh dVkbZdk dkeflI+kZQ nkslIrkg esagh fuiVk;k tk ldrk FkkA
fo'kky eSnkuksa osQ vehj fdlkuksaosQ fy, ;g e'khu cgqr egoiw.kZcu xbZ FkhA xsgwosQ nke vkleku NwjgsFksA mldh ekx [kRe gksus dkuke gh ugha ysjgh FkhA bu e'khuksa lskehu osQ cM+s VqdM+ksa ij I+kQlydkVus] BwB fudkyus] ?kkl gVkusvkSj kehu dks nksckjk [ksrh osQ fy,rS;kj djusdk dke cgqr vklku gks x;k FkkA ;g lkjk dke e'khusacgqrtYnh dj Mkyrh FkhaA blosQfy, ekuo Je dh Hkh cgqr vko';drkugha iM+rh FkhA fo|qr lspyusokyh ;se'khusabruh mi;ksxh Fkha fd
mudh lgk;rk ls flI+kZQ pkjO;fDr feydj ,d ekSle esa 2000 ls4000 ,dM+ Hkwfe ij I+kQlyiSnk dj ldrs FksA
2-4 xjhc turk dh n'kk
xjhc fdlkuksaosQ fy, ;se'khusacckZnh cudj vkbA cgqr lkjsfdlkuksaus bu e'khuksadks bl mEehn osQ lkFk [kjhnk Fkk fd xsgw osQ nkeksaesa igystSlh rskh cuh jgsxhA bu fdlkuksa dkscSad vklkuh ls.k nsnsrs FksAysfdu .k dkspqdkuk eqf'dy dke gksrk FkkA .k vnk u djus dhfLFkfr esacgqr lkjsfdlkuksa dksviuh kehu ls gh gkFk kksuk iM+ tkrkFkkA vkSj bldk eryc gksrk Fkk dke dh u, fljs ls ryk'kA
ysfdu bl dky esajkskxkj cgqr eqf'dy lsfey ikrk FkkA fctyhpkfyr e'khuksaosQ vkxeu lseknwjksadh k:jr dkI+kQh de gksxbZFkhA blosQlkFk gh 1920 osQ n'kd osQ e; rd mUuhloha'krkCnh osQ vafre o"kksvkSjchloha'krkCnh osQ vkjafHkd o"kksdh vkfFkZd rskh [kRe gkspyh FkhA egk;qosQ mijkar mRiknu dh gkyr ;g gksxbZFkh fd ckkkj xsgwlsvVk iM+k Fkkysfdu [kjhnkj
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
14/22
130 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 17 & MkmV lokZ;olZ %,ysDkSaMj gksx dk js[kkfp=k (1936)-gksx usviusfp=kksaesajsrhysrwI+kQkuksalsgksusokyh rckgh vkSj ekSr osQ rkaMo dksn'kkZ;k gS
ykbI+kQ eSxkhu usgksx dksjsrhys dVksjsdk fp=kdkj crk;k FkkA
pkbZ 7] 000 ls 8] 000 I+kQhV gksrh FkhA xanysdhpM+dh'kDy esavkusokys bu rwI+kQkuksals pkSrjI+kQk rckgh iQSytkrh FkhA 1930 dk iwjk n'kd bu rwI+kQkuksalsvkkar jgkAbl iwjs dky esa,slk dksbZfnu ;k o"kZ ughajgk tc bujsrhys rwI+kQkuksaus rckgh u epkbZgksA tSlsgh vkleku esa
vaksjk Nkusyxrk] jsr osQ ;s rwI+kQku 'kgjksa vkSj [ksrksa dkspkjksavksj ls ?ksj ysrsA rwI+kQku osQ dkj.k lc oqQN vakdkje;
gkstkrk FkkA isQiQM+ksaesas kwy vkSj dhpM+Hkjuslsi'kqHkkjhla[;k esaejus yxsA jsrhysrwI+kQkuksals[ksr osQ [ksr iV tkrsFksvkSj mudh easM+jsr esa xqe gks tkrh FkhA ;g jsr unhdh lrg ij bl dnj te tkrh Fkh fd eNfy;k lklrd ughays ikrh FkhaA eSnkuksa esa gj rjI+kQ fpfM+;ksa vkSji'kqvksadh gfM~M;k fc[kjh fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhaA 1920 osQn'kd esaxsgwosQ mRiknu esakafr ykusokysVSDVj vkSje'khuas vc jsr osQ esavkbZ fd i;kZoj.k osQ larqyu dk lEeku djukfdruk k:jh gSA
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
15/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 131
vkb,] vc Hkkjr dh vksj pysa vkSj ns[ksafd vBkjgoha'krkCnh osQ vafreo"kksvkSj mUuhloha'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esaHkkjr osQ xzkeh.k {ks=k esaD;kpy jgk FkkA
tSlk fd vki tkursgSa] Iyklh osQ ;q (1757) osQ ckn Hkkjr esakhjs&khjs vaxzskh jkTk LFkkfir gks pyk FkkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ nkSjkuHkkjr osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesa vkewy cnyko vk,A vaxzsk lkk osQ fy, jktLoljdkjh vk; dk ,d cM+k ksr FkkA ljdkj viuh vk; c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
16/22
132 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 18 &f=kdks.kh; O;kikj-
vaxzsk O;kikjh Hkkjr lsvI+kQhe ystkdj phu esacsprsFksvkSj phubaXySaM dkspk; dk fu;kZr djrsFksA Hkkjr vkSj baXySM osQ chp nksrj
O;kikj gksrk FkkA mUuhlohalnh osQ vkjaHk esaHkkjr lsbaXySM dksgokysgFkdj?kk fu;kZr esafxjkoV vkusyxh vkSj blosQ LFkku ij deky (js'ke o dikl) rFkk [kk|kUuksa dk fu;kZr c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
17/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 133
ksr p
1839 esaphu osQ 'kkld usfyu ks&'kw dksoSaQVu dk fo'ks"k vk;qDr fu;qDr fd;kA fyu ks&'kwdks vI+kQhe dk O;kikjjksdus dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZ FkhA og1839 osQ olar esa oSaQVu igqpkA ks&'kw us in laHkkyrsgh vI+kQhe osQ O;kikj esa yxs1600 yksxksa dksfxj+rkj djusosQ vkns'k fn, vkSj 11]000 ikSaM vI+kQhe tCr dj yhA blosQ ckn fyu ks&'kw usfons'kh
I+kSQfDV;ksadks vI+kQhe dk LVkWd [kkyh djus dh fgnk;r nhA bl dkjZokbZ osQ rgr vI+kQhe osQ 20]000 ozsQV u"V fd,x,A ks&'kwosQ oSaQVu esa fons'kh O;kikj ij jksd yxkuslsbaXySaM us phu osQ f[kykI+kQ ;q dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA vI+kQhe;q (1837&42) esaphu dks eqgdh [kkuh iM+h vkSj mls ,d viekutud lafk Lohdkj djuh iM+hA lafk dh 'krksosQ vuqlkj vI+kQhe osQ O;kikj dksdkuwuh ekU;rk ns nh xbZvkSj phu osQ njokks fons'kh O;kikfj;ksa osQ fy, [kksy fn,x,A ;q lsigysfyu us baXySaMdh egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks,d i=k fy[kk Fkk ftlesa vI+kQhe osQ O;kikj dh HkRlZukdh xbZ FkhA ;gkfyu }kjk egkjkuh dksfy[ksx, ml i=k dk ,d va'k izLrqr gSA
phu esatksyksx vI+kQhe dh [kjhn&I+kQjks[r djrsgSa;k mldk lsou djrs gSamUgsaeR;qnaM fn;k tkuk pkfg,A vxj gevI+kQhe cspusokysbu ccZj yksxksaosQ vijkkksadh tkp djsa vkSj mudh gjdrksalsns'k dksgksusokys uqdlku dk tk;kkysarks bu yksxksa dkse`R;qnaM nsuk dgha lsxyr ughayxrk---
vkidk ns'k phu ls lkB ;k lkj gkkj yh (rhu yh] ,d ehy osQ cjkcj gksrk gS) nwj gSA blosQ ckotwn bu ccZjyksxksaosQ tgkk vI+kQhe osQ O;kikj osQ fy, phu esa vkrs gSavkSj Hkkjh equkI+kQk dekrs gSaA phu dh laifk dk ;sccZjO;kikjh vius fgr esa nksgu dj jgsgSaA bldk eryc ;g gS fd bu ccZj O;kikfj;ksa}kjk dek;k x;k ku okLro esaphu dh laifk gSA bu yksxksadks bl ckr dk dksbZvfkdkj ugha gSfd bl O;kikj osQ cnysos phu dh turk dks;g[krjukd u'khyh nok f[kyk,A eSaiwNuk pkgrk gw fd vkidh uSfrdrk dgkpyh xbZgSA eSauslquk gS fd baXySaM esavI+kQheosQ lsou ij l[r jksd gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gSfd vkidk ns'k vI+kQhe osQ [krjksa dks le>rk gSA ;fn vki vius ns'kdk uqdlku ugha djuk pkgrsrksnwljs ns'kksa dk uqdlku djusdk Hkh vkidks dksbZ vfkdkj ughagSA Hkyk phu blcyk dk f'kdkj D;ksa\
ksr % lw;wrsax vkSj tkWu I+ksQ;jcSad] pkbukk jsLikWUl Vwn osLV(1954)A
fp=k 19 & phu lsHkkjr vk, tgkk dk fp=k -
FkkWel Msfu;y dh frA Msfu;y viusHkrhtsfofy;e Msfu;y osQ lkFk 1786 esaHkkjr vk, FksA osnksuksaigysphu x, FksA ogkoqQN le; fcrkusosQ ckn os oSaQVu] nf{k.k phulsHkkjr igqpsA mudk tgkk Hkkjr osQ ,d canjxkg ij iathr FkkA ysfdu bl tgkk lsiwohZns'kksaosQ lkFk O;kikj fd;k tkrk FkkA phu osQ lkFk vI+kQhe osQ voSk O;kikj osQ fy,blh rjg osQ tgkkksadk bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA
ksr
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
18/22
134 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
f;kdyki
dYiuk djsafd vki vI+kQhe dh [ksrh dk fojksk
djusokysfdlkuksadk usr`Ro dj jgsgSaA vkidksbZLV
bafM;k daiuh osQ LFkkuh; vfkdkfj;ksalsbl lacak esa
ckr djuh gSA ckrphr oSQlsvkxsc
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
19/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 135
ksr N
1833 esabykgkckn osQ lgk;d vI+kQhe ,tsaV usfy[kkFkk %
^cksMZ ekurk gS fd fdlku vI+kQhe iSnk ugha djuk
pkgrsA fiNys nks o"kks osQ nkSjku eSatequk osQ nf{k.khfkyksaesajgus okysfdlkuksaosQ laidZesa jgk gwvkSjeSaus;g ckr eglwl dh gS fd ;gk osQ lHkh fdlkubl O;oLFkk lsukjkk gSaA os bls drbZilan ughadjrsA bl ekeysesaeSaus dbZtxg iM+rky dh gSvkSj esjk vuqHko ;g gS fd vI+kQhe dh [ksrh dksfdlku vfHk'kki ekursgSaA osvI+kQhe dh [ksrh viuhekhZlsughacfYd MaMsosQ kksj ij djrsgSa---A ;g [ksrhdysDVj osQ vkns'k osQ rgr'kq: dh xbZFkh---A yksxckx crkrs gSafd muosQ lkFk pijklh cnrehth lsis'k vkrs gSavkSj muls xkyh&xykSk djrs gSa---Afdlkuksa dh jk; gS fd vI+kQhe dh [ksrh lsmUgsauqdlku gqvk gSA*
fcukW; pkSkjh dh iqLrd xzksFk vkWI+kQ def'kZ;y,xzhdYpj bu caxkylsA
3-3 fdlkuksadksvI+kQhe dh [ksrh dsfy, dSlseuk;k x;k\
fdlkuksadks vI+kQhe dh [ksrh djusosQ fy, vfxze jde nh tkrh FkhAcaxky vkSj fcgkj osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesaxjhc fdlkuksadh ,d cM+h tekr,slh Fkh tks gj le; vkfFkZd ladV esa f?kjh jgrh FkhA HkwLokeh dk djpqdkus ;k viusfy, Hkkstu vkSj oL=k dk izcak djuk muosQ fy, ges'kk
eqf'dy jgrk FkkA 1780 osQ ckn xko osQ eqf[k;k bu fdlkuksadks vI+kQheiSnk djusosQ fy, vfxze jde is'k djusyxsA .k dh lqfokk bufdlkuksa osQ fy, cM+h jkgr cu dj vkbZA .k dh lqfokk osQ pyrsfdlku u osQoy viuh rkRdkfyd k:jrksadksiwjk dj ikrsFks cfYdigyslsfy, dkZ dksHkh vnk djusdh gkyr esavk tkrsFksA ysfdubl .k O;oLFkk osQ lkFk ,d [kjkc ckr ;g tqM+h gqbZFkh fd .k ysrsgh fdlku xko osQ izkku vkSjljdkj osQ cakqvk gkstkrsFksA bu fdlkuksard ;g jde vI+kQhe osQ ljdkjh ,tsaVksaosQ tfj, igqprh FkhA ;s ,tsaVxko osQ izkku dksvfxze jdensrsFksvkSj xko dk izkku bu fdlkuksadksA
,d ckj .k ysus osQ ckn fdlku vI+kQhe cksus lseqdj ughaldrs FksAbl O;oLFkk osQ rgr fdlkuksadks,d fuf'pr {ks=kiQy esa vI+kQhe cksuhiM+rh FkhA I+kQly vI+kQhe osQ ,tsaVksa }kjk dkVh tkrh FkhA ,d ckj I+kQlycksusosQ ckn ml ij fdlku dk dksbZvfkdkj ughajg tkrk FkkA og blkehu ij dksbZnwljh I+kQly ugha mxk ldrk FkkA mlsbl I+kQly dksdghavkSj cspus dh Hkh vkkknh ughaFkhA lkFk gh I+kQly osQ nke ,tsaV }kjk r;fd, tkrsFks vkSj ;s nke ges'kk gh cgqr de gksrsFksA
tgkrd vI+kQhe dh [ksrhlsgksusokyh de vk; dk loky gS;gvI+kQhe osQ nke c
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
20/22
136 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
fp=k 20 & mUuhlohalnh esa vI+kQhe dh isfV;ksa dksxkkhiqj jsyos LVs'ku ys tkrs fdlku-
vI+kQhe dk mRiknu cnLrwj tkjh FkkA bu {ks=kksaesaLFkkuh; O;kikjh fdlkuksadkscsgrj ewY; nsrs FksA 1820 osQ n'kd esa;s O;kikjh l'kL=k ny&cyosQ lkFk O;kikj djrs FksA vaxzskksadh n`f"V esa;g O;kikj voSk FkkA os blsrLdjh ekursFks vkSj bl ij jksd yxkuk pkgrsFksA ljdkj vI+kQhe ijviuk vkfkiR; cuk, j[kuk pkgrh Fkh blfy, mlusfj;klrksaesa rSukr
vius,tsaVksadksbu O;kikfj;ksadh vI+kQhe kCr djusvkSj I
+kQlyksadks u"VdjusosQ vkns'k fn,A
tc rd vI+kQhe dk mRiknu tkjh jgk rc rd fczfV'k ljdkj]fdlku vkSj LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa osQ chp ;g Vdjko pyrk jgkA
ysfdu blls gesa;g vFkZ ugha fudkyuk pkfg, fd vkSifuosf'kdHkkjr esa lHkh fdlkuksadh gkyr vI+kQhe dh [ksrh djusokysfdlkuksatSlhgh FkhA vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esavU; fdlkuksadh gkyr osQ ckjs esa ge ,dvyx v;k; esackrdjsaxsA
fu"d"kZ
bl v;k; esavkiusiusdk iz;kldjuk pkfg, D;ksafd vkkqfud fo'o esa[ksfrgj turk vkSj fdlkuksausblfLFkfr dk eqdkcyk vyx&vyx
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
21/22fdlku vkSj dk'rdkj 137
iz'u
1- vBkjgoha'krkCnh esabaXySaM dhxzkeh.k turk [kqys[ksr dh O;oLFkk dksfdl nf"V lsns[krh FkhA la{ksi esaO;k[;kdjsaA bl O;oLFkk dks
,d laiUu fdlku
,d eknwj
,d [ksfrgj L=khdh n`f"V lsns[kus dk iz;kl djsaA
2- baXySa M esa gq, ckM+kcanh vkanksyu osQ dkj.kksa dh la{ksi esaO;k[;k djsaA
3- baXySa M osQ xjhc fdlku Fkzsf'kax e'khuksadk fojksk D;ksadj jgs Fks\
4- oSQIVsu fLoax dkSu Fkk\ ;g uke fdl ckr dk izrhd Fkk vkSj og fdu oxks dk izfrfufkRo djrk Fkk\
5- vesfjdk ij u, vkizokfl;ksa osQ if'peh izlkj dk D;k izHkko iM+k\
6- vesfjdk esaI+kQly dkVus okyh e'khuksaosQ I+kQk;ns&uqdlku D;k&D;k Fks\
7- vesfjdk esa xsgwdh [ksrh esa vk, mNky vkSj ckn esa iSnk gq, i;kZoj.k ladV lsge D;k lcd ysldrsgSa\
8- vaxzsk vI+kQhe dh [ksrh djusosQ fy, Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ij D;ksancko Mky jgsFks\
9- Hkkjrh; fdlku vI+kQhe dh [ksrh osQ izfr D;ksamnklhu Fks\
?
f;kdyki
1- 1650 ls1930 osQ chp f"k osQ {ks=k esa vk, egoiw.kZ cnykoksadksn'kkZusosQ fy, ,d dkyjs[kk rS;kj djsaA
2- uhpsnh xbZlkj.kh esabl v;k; esa mfYyf[kr ?kVukvksa osQ vkkkj ij tkudkjh HkjsaA ;kn j[ksafd fdlh ns'kesa ,d ls ;knk cnyko Hkh ns[ks tk ldrsgSaA
ns'k ifjorZu fdldk fdldks
uqdlku gqvk ykHk gq vk
f;kd
yki
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7/27/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (6) -
22/22
http://schools.aglasem.com/
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