biochem 2: organic macromolecules

BellRingerBellRinger

Explain the effect that soap has on Explain the effect that soap has on water. Phrase your response in water. Phrase your response in terms of the effect soap has on the terms of the effect soap has on the Hydrogen Bonds between water Hydrogen Bonds between water molecules.molecules.

What does the word What does the word CarbohydratesCarbohydrates make you think of? make you think of?

AgendaAgenda

Collect LAB: Properties of WaterCollect LAB: Properties of Water

Guided Notes: Organic MacromoleculesGuided Notes: Organic MacromoleculesLife is Carbon-BasedLife is Carbon-BasedIdentify the 4 Types of MacromoleculesIdentify the 4 Types of MacromoleculesHow Long Chains Form (Polymerization)How Long Chains Form (Polymerization)Identify chemical structure and function of Identify chemical structure and function of

many types of macromolecules many types of macromolecules

Organic Organic MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Macromolecule literally means “Giant Macromolecule literally means “Giant Molecule”Molecule”

Organic Macromolecules are all based on a Organic Macromolecules are all based on a “skeleton” of carbon atoms.“skeleton” of carbon atoms.

Life is based on Carbon for 2 reasonsLife is based on Carbon for 2 reasons

1.1. Carbon is abundant in natureCarbon is abundant in nature

2.2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself Carbon has the ability to bond with itself and with many different elementsand with many different elements

Carbon Basis of LifeCarbon Basis of Life

4 Types of 4 Types of MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Sugars + StarchesSugars + Starches

Lipids: Lipids: Fats and OilsFats and Oils

Protein: Protein: Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Microscopic Genetic Material Material

Identify each example Identify each example according to type of according to type of macromolecule. . .macromolecule. . .

ButterButter

Chicken BreastChicken Breast

BreadBread

Fish FiletFish Filet

Pizza GreasePizza Grease

Corn SyrupCorn Syrup

DNA DNA

PolymerizationPolymerization

Macromolecules are built by linking together Macromolecules are built by linking together smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)(polymers)

Monomers combine by disconnecting from some Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between themof the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them

After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.

Since this bonding process releases water, we call Since this bonding process releases water, we call it Dehydration Synthesis it Dehydration Synthesis

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

The monomer of carbohydrates is a single The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of Csugar with the chemical formula of C66HH1212OO66

These simple sugars are called These simple sugars are called MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

All monosaccharides have the same chemical All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes.formula, but different shapes.

Examples:Examples:GlucoseGlucoseFructoseFructoseGalactoseGalactose

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Disaccharides

Disaccharide = Double sugar. Disaccharide = Double sugar.

They’re made by joining 2 They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Examples:Examples:Sucrose: Table SugarSucrose: Table SugarLactose: Milk SugarLactose: Milk SugarMaltose: Grain SugarMaltose: Grain Sugar

SUCROSE: Table SugarSUCROSE: Table Sugar

Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide = Many sugars Polysaccharide = Many sugars

This is a long chain of This is a long chain of monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

Examples:Examples:Starch: Grain FoodsStarch: Grain FoodsCellulose: Plant fiberCellulose: Plant fiber

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Glucose Monomer

LipidsLipids

Lipids are made of mostly carbon and Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.hydrogen.

Lipids are used in two ways:Lipids are used in two ways:Storage of energyStorage of energyInsulate and Cushion OrgansInsulate and Cushion Organs

Lipids are composed of two units bonded Lipids are composed of two units bonded together that form the shape of a capital E.together that form the shape of a capital E.Glycerol: The vertical “backbone”Glycerol: The vertical “backbone”Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains

Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids

There are two types of Lipids:There are two types of Lipids:Saturated - when each carbon atom in Saturated - when each carbon atom in

the fatty acid chain is joined to another the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond. The fatty carbon by a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.acids are straight.

Unsaturated - if there is at least one Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to carbon bond that is a double carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.acids are bent.

glycerol molecule fatty acid chain

Comparing plant and animal Comparing plant and animal fatsfats

Most animal fats have a high proportion of Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)(oils)

ProteinsProteins

Proteins contain nitrogen as well as Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins are extremely long polymers of Proteins are extremely long polymers of molecules called amino acids.molecules called amino acids.

Proteins are used for muscles, act as Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cellsthe work inside body cells

Protein Folding & Protein Folding & DenaturingDenaturing

Protein chains can bend and fold into a Protein chains can bend and fold into a variety of shapes, depending on the job they variety of shapes, depending on the job they need to do.need to do.

Some large proteins are made by combining Some large proteins are made by combining many protein chains together.many protein chains together.

Changes in temperature & pH can denature Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so that it no longer works(unfold) a protein so that it no longer works

Denaturating ProteinsDenaturating Proteins

Cooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.phosphorus.

They are composed of long chains of They are composed of long chains of nucleotides (monomer).nucleotides (monomer).

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.or genetic, information.

There are two types of nucleic acid:There are two types of nucleic acid:DNA - deoxyribonucleic acidDNA - deoxyribonucleic acidRNA - ribonucleic acidRNA - ribonucleic acid

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