biochemistry exam
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1) Primary structure of protein.Dependence of protein conformation on primary structure (collagen and other
exp).Protein polymorphism
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2) Changes in primary structure: hereditary diseases (sicke cell anemia,other examples)
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3) Secondary,supersecondary and tertiary structures of protein.Protein folding.Denaturation and renaturation of
proteins.
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4) Structure and func. Of oligometric protein.Hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve,transport of oxygen,agents
affecting oxygen binding
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5) Allosteric enzymes,regulation of their activity (adenylatecyclase and other examples)
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6) Specificity of protein-ligand interactions. Lock and key model and Induced fit model for substrate
binding.Types of natural ligands.Competitive inhibitors.Drugs as competitive inibitors
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7) Enzymatic catalysis.Specificity of enzyme action.Dependence of rates of enzymatic reactions on conc of
substrate,enzymes,temperature n ph.Michealis constant. (KM)
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8) Classification of enzyme,examples of each enzyme class.Isoenzyme: hexo-glucokinase
their location and function.
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9) Cofactors of enzyme.Coenzymes.Vitamin as coenzyme precursors
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10) Inhibitors of enzyme( reversible ,competitive,irreversible) : mechanism of action,therapeutic application
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11) Mechanism of enzyme regulation in cell ( covalent modification, regulation of enzymes amount ,influence of
other factors)
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12) Allosteric regulation of enzymatic reaction.Structural and functional properties of allosteric
enzymes.Examples of metabolic pathways controlled by allosteric enzymes
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13) Regulationof enzyme activity: phosphorylation- dephosphorylation, partial proteolysis. Actication of protein
kinase A
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14) Regulation of enzyme activity by the cascade system involving Camp.
15) Regulation of enzyme activity by the cascade system involving IP3,DAG,CA2+.
16) Diagnostic significance of enzyme assays.The examples of isoenzymes used for diagnostics.
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17) Structure and biological role of DNA.Species- and individual specificity of the primary structure of DNA.
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18) Synthesis of DNA and its biological significance.
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19) RNA: types,structure,biological function.Biosynthesis of RNA. Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA.
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20) Genetic code and its main features.Role of tRNA in the decoding of genetic information.
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21) Biosynthesis of proteins: main components and steps.Posttranslational processing of polypeptide chains and
its biological significance.
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22) Inhibitors of template biosynthesis: therapeutics applications
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23) Disorder in the primary structure of DNA. DNA repair: biological significance.
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24) Regulation of gene expression in procaryotes.Regulatory factors,mechanisms,biological significance.
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25) Regulation of gene expression in eucaryotes.Regulatory factors,mechanisms,biological significance.
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26) Cell differentiation and ontogenesis as a result of regulation of gene activity .Identify of the primary structure
of DNA in various cells of same organism.
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27) Molecular mechanism of genetic variability: types of molecular mutation , biological effects.Examples of
hereditary diseases caused by mutations.
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28) Polymorphism of protein.Causes of protein polymorphisms.Biochemical individuality of human
beings.Polymorphism and hereditary diseases.(refer to question)
29) Structural organization of membranes.Main components of membranes. Function of membranes.
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30) Structure of main membrane lipids.Structure and properties of the lipid bilayer.Selective permeability of
membrane.
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31) Mechanism of transmembrane transport of substrates (diffusion,active transport,secondary active transport)
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32) Diversity of membrane structure and functions.Functions of lysosomes.Roles of lysosomal disorders in
inflammation and abnormalities in degradation of proteoglycans,glycoprotein and glycolipids.
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33) Catabolism and anabolism.ATP-ADP cycle. Main pathways of ADP phosphorylation .ATP utilization.Substrate
level phosphorylation,its significance.
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34) Structural organization of the ETC chain. Oxidative phosphorylation of ADP. P/O ratio.
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35) Structure of mitochondria and structural organization of ETC chain.Transmembrane electrochemical potential
as an intermediate form of energy in oxidative phosphorylation.
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36) Coupling of oxidation of ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain .Respiratory control.Uncoupling of
respiration and phosphorylation.
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37) Regulation of the ETC chain( respiratory control).Thermoregulatory func of tissue respiration.
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38) Disturbance in energy metabolism: low energy states.Hypoxia and other causes of low energy states.
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39) NAD-dependent dehydrogenases and their substrates.Structures of oxidised and reduced forms of
NAD.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/0 ratio.
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40) FAD-dependent dehydrogenase and their substrates.Electron route in respiratory chain. P/O ratio.
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41) Specific and common pathway of carbohydrate,fat and protein catabolism.TCA cycle as the main source of
dehydrated substrates in ETC chain.
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42) Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.Total equation .Structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
regulation relationship with electron transport chain.
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43) TCA cycle: reaction sequence , biological significance,regulation,relationship with the ETC.
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44) Relationship btw the TCA cycle and ETC chain.Mechanism of regulation TCA and ETC chain.
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45) Dietary carbohydrates: daily requirements, structure, digestion and absorption.Impaired digestion of
carbohydrates.
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46) Aerobic glycolysis: reaction sequence,functions of aerobic glycolysis.Rate limiting enzymes.
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47) Anaerobic glycolysis: reaction sequence, functions of anaerobic glycolysis.Rate limiting enzymes.
substrate level phosphorylation aerobic and anaerobic is 7 & 10oxidative 6
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48) Role of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of glucose in muscle activity.
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49) Gluconeogenesis from lactic acid. Glucose lactate cycle.
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50) Gluconeogenesis fr amino acid and glycerol : biological significance. Glucose alanine cycle.
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52)Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver( regulatory enzyme activator and inhibitors.
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53) structure of glycogen. Function of glycogen in skeletal muscle n liver. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen
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54) Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in liver.
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55) Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle.
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56) Glycogen storage diseases.
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57) Glucose metabolism in erythrocytes.
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58) Glucose metabolism in adipose tissue.
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59) Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism : reaction of oxidative phase of pentose phosphate
pathway, distribution, physiological significance
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60) Role of pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism in erythrocyte.
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61) role of pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue
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62) major lipids of human organism : structure, function(TAGS, phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipid) main fatty
acids
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63) Synthesis of prostaglandins(cyclooxygenase pathway) main types of prostaglandins and their
functions.inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis
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64) dietary lipids, daily requirement. Essential fatty acids. Digestion and resynthesis of fats.chylomicrons:
structure, formation, function. Hyperchylomicroanemia
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65) bile acids. Structure, function, synthesis and recycling
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66) beta oxidation of fatty acid: reaction sequence, biological significance, regulation
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67) disorders in fatty acids oxidation. Medium chain acyl coa dehydrogenase deficiency
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68) Biosynthesis of fatty acid reaction sequence, regulation, biological significance effect of insulin
68) biosynthesis of Tag from carbohydrates in the liver and adipose tissue. Effects of insulin
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69) tag degradation in adipose cell. Hormonal regulation. Fate of fatty acids and glycerol
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70) very low density lipoprotein(vldl) : synthesis, composition, transport function, hypertriglycerolemias, fatty
liver
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71) synthesis and utilisation of ketone bodies: reaction sequence and biological significance. Ketonemia and its
effect
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72) cholesterol : biological role, biosynthesis of cholesterol, reaction sequence( down to mevalonic acid
formation) regulation
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73) low density lipoproteins(ldl) formation, transport function.ldl receptor (disorders). Familial
hypercholesterolemia
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74) high density lipoprotein (hdl) : formation, transfer function. Role of lecitithine cholesterol acyltransferase(
lcat)
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75) lipoprotein of blood plasma.formation, composition, function.hyperlipoproteinemias
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76) hypercholesterolemia: causes and effects.mechanism of atherosclerosis and treatment
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77) role of full-value of protein nutrition in human health.essential n non essential amino acid. Digestion of
protein in gastrointestinal tract : enzyme, activation of mechanism and biological signifance
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78) transamination reaction of aamino acids: enzymes coenzymes, biological role.diagnostic signifance of
transaminase assays
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79) type of deamination of amino acids : role of glutamate dehydrogenase, biological signifance.
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80) catabolism of amino acids: formation and detoxification of ammonia in tissues. Toxicity of ammonia.
Hyperammonemia: causes and effects
increase level of ammonia decreases liver functioning cell.symptoms blurring vision, slurring speech, flapping tremors, hepatic coma, death. treatment low protein diet
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81)Biosynthesis of urea : reaction sequence. Biological role. Hyperammonemia: causes an manifestations.
CPs1 rate limiting enzymes
hyperammonia 'coz of inability to detoxify nh4 causing encephalopathy
hyperammonaemia 1 cardamom synthase 1 deficiency
hyperammonaemia 2 orbiting transcarbamoylase deficiency
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82) Ammonia production in kidney : biological significance
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83) Metabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acid. Glycogenic and ketogenic acid. Gluconeogenesis from amino
acid. Role in starvation, regulation
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84) Essential and non-eseential amino acid. Biosynthesis of essential amino acids fr glucose.
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85) Metabolism of serine and glycine. Role of H4-folate and its derivatives in amino acid and nucleotide
metabolism.
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86) Metabolism of methionine : transmethlation reactions, biological role.Regeneration of methionine
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87) Catabolism of tyrosine: main stage, end products. Alkaptonuria causes and manifestations.
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88) ceratine synthesis and biological function
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89) synthesis of catecholamines: role of vitamin b6 and methionine. Catabolism of catecholamines.
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90) Synthesis of thyrosine. Phenylketonuria : causes, manifestations, diagnostics.
treatment restrictions of phenylalanine in diet and increase tyrosine contain diet
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91) Dopamine: biosynthesis, biological, inactivation. Parkinson disease
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92) Histamine : synthesis , biological role, inactivation
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93) Purine nucleotide : synthesis,regulation of synthesis. Formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine. Origin of purine
nucleus atoms
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94) Catabolism of purine nucleotides: reaction sequence,end products. Hyperurikemia: causes and
manifestations. Gout
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95) Pyrimidine nucleotides: synthesis and its regulation. Orotic aciduria
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96) Biosynthesis of dioxyribonucleotides : substrates. Biosynthesis of TMP : role of H4-folate. Inhibitors of TMP
synthesis as drugs.
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97) Central regulation of endocrine system : role of liberins,statins and tropic hypophyseal hormones
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98) Signal transduction by hormone, binding to intracellular receptor.
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99) Signal transduction by hormone, binding to membrane receptor
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100) Epinephrine: structure , mechanism of action, effect on metabolic processes in target tissues.
mechanism don't write inactivation . write signal transduction of glucagon
refer to 102
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101) Glucagon : structure,synthesis,secretion,mechanism of signal transduction,effect on fuel metabolism in
target tissue
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102) Insulin receptor. Effect of insulin on metabolism: transport of glucose across membrane,regulation of
enzyme activity and synthesis.
look at pic gallery. GLUT4
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103) Insulin: structure,synthesis,secretion, effection on fuel metabolism in target cell.
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104) Cortisol: structure,synthesis,regulation of cortisol secretion, effect on fuel metabolism in target tissue.
Cushing s syndrome.
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105) Diabetes mellitus: metabolism change in DM.Causes,symptoms and late complications of DM. Insulin-
dependent and insulin-independent DM
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106) Metabolism change in starvation. Role of hormone in maintenance of blood glucose level in starvation
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107) Hormonal regulation of sodium and water balance. ADH structure, mechanism of signal transduction and
effect on target cell.
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108) Aldosterone : structure,mechanism,signal transuction,effects on target cell. Hyperaldosteronism
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109) Renin- angiotensin-aldosteron system.Biochemical mechanisms of renal hypertension
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110) Tyroid hormone: structure,synthesis,biological effect. Feedback regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.
Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism causes and symptoms.
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111) Function of calcium Hypo- and Hypercalsemia causes and symptoms
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112) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: chemical nature, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate
metabolism.
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113) Calcitriol : structure,synthesis, mechanism of action,effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism. Rickets
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114) Heme degradation.Bilirubin.Type of jaundice.Diagnostic signifivance of bilirubin assays in biological fluids.
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115) Heme and haemoglobin : synthesis,regulation. Porphyrias
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