biodegradable materials.ppt

TEKNOLOGI BIO POLIMER

PLASTICS AND POLYMERS ARE WIDELY USED COMMUNITY. ALMOST EVERY PRODUCT USING PLASTIC AS PACKAGING OR BASE MATERIAL. EVERY YEAR ABOUT 100 MILLION TONNES OF PLASTIC IS PRODUCED WORLD FOR USE IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS. THAT'S ABOUT THE SIZE OF PLASTIC WASTE IS GENERATED EVERY YEAR.

NATURAL POLIMER

Natural polymers have long been used for: clothing, decorations, tools, shelter, transportation, etc..

Examples of natural polymers: starch Cellulose (wood) proteins hair silk DNA and RNA horn rubber

BIOPOLIMER

Biopolimers obtained from the polymerization of bio feedstock to the process engineering industry.

Bioplomer raw material isolated from plants, animals or synthesized from biomass using enzymes / microbes.

CONTOH BIOPOLIMER Polyesters

Polylactic acid Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Proteins Silk Soy protein Corn protein (zein)

Polysaccharides Xanthan Gellan Cellulose Starch Chitin

Polyphenols Lignin Tannin Humic acid

Lipids Waxes Surfactants

Specialty polymers Shellac Natural rubber Nylon (from castor oil)

MENGAPA BIOPOLIMER?

Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) are increasingly expensive and scarce because it can not be updated so that the required use of renewable raw materials.

Now beginning to develop new technologies for use of plant biopolymers.

Most synthetic polymers are not biodegradable

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS Polymers such as polyethylene and

polypropylene hold in the neighborhood until a few years after disposal.

Recycling the plastic often physically impractical and undesirable

Biodegradable polymers easily overhauled enzymatically or natural hydrolysis

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR WHAT?

Packaging materials (eg, shopping bags, food packaging, carton for eggs, etc.)

Medical (eg, syringes, infusion containers, etc.)

cosmetics Children's toys, etc.

THERE ARE THREE GROUPS BIOPOLYMERS WHICH? BEING MATERIAL IN MAKING? BIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING FILM

Mixture of biopolymers with synthetic polymers

Films of this type are made of a mixture of starch granules (5-20%) and synthetic polymers and additives (prooxidant and autooksidan). This material has a low biodegradability value and biofragmentasi very limited.

www.themegallery.co

m

POLIMER MIKROBIOLOGI (POLYESTER)

This biopolymer produced by microbial fermentation bioteknologis or genus Alcaligenes.

This type of biopolymers such polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), polyhydroxy valerate (PHV), polilaktat acid (polylactic acid) and acid poliglikolat (polyglycolic acid).

This material can be fully degraded by

bacteria, fungi and algae. However, because the production process is essentially a complex material prices resulted in biodegradable packaging is relatively expensive.

www.themegallery.co

m

The advantages of this type of polymer is available throughout the year (renewable) and biodegrades naturally (biodegradable). Some polymers agricultural potential to be developed is wheat starch, corn starch, potatoes, casein, zein, whey and soy protein concentrate.

www.themegallery.co

m

POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are

accumulated as a granule in the cytoplasm of cells.

PHAs are thermoplastic polyester

Properties can be elastic like rubber (long chain) and rigid like plastic (short chain).

H O C

O

(CH2) C

O

OHn[ ]

PRODUKSI PHA

Bahan Baku

Preparasi Media

Fermentasi

Penghancuran Sel

Pencucian

Sentrifugasi

Pengeringan

PHA

Sumber Karbon

Pertumbuhan Bakteri dan akumulasi polimer

Pemurnian Polimer

POLYLACTIC ACID

Polylactic acid (PLA) degraded microbial hydrolysis and not attacked

PLA fiber is smooth as silk with maintaining good moisture.

Copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid are used in the health field.

The raw materials can be used in the manufacture of PLA are all materials containing starch such as cassava, sweet potatoes, corn, and wheat.

Starch that has gained further processed into glucose through a process of hydrolysis. Glucose is what will be fermented by microorganisms such as Lactobacillus bacteria into lactic acid as a monomer.

www.themegallery.co

m

Furthermore, lactic acid is polymerized with the aid of heat and metal catalyst into the PLA.

In addition to Lactobacillus, also developed a fermentation process using yeast Sacharomieces cerevisiae and Escerecia coli.

The advantages of the PLA is only a short decay time of approximately 2-6 weeks and generated little residual CO2.

www.themegallery.co

m

BIODEGRADABILITAS

The main reason to make plastic packaging made from bioplimer is its nature that can be easily destroyed or degraded ..

Generally after packaging waste disposed to land (landfills), will undergo a natural process of destruction through the process of photodegradation (light of the sun, catalyst), chemical degradation (water, oxygen), biodegradation (bacteria, fungi, algae, enzyme) or mechanical degradation (wind , abrasion).

www.themegallery.co

m

These processes can be occurred singly or in combination. Some of the factors that affect the level of biodegradability of packaging after contact with microorganisms, namely: hydrophobic properties, additives, production processes, polymer structure, morphology and molecular weight of the packaging materials (Griffin, 1994).

www.themegallery.co

m

THE PROCESS OF BIODEGRADATION OF PACKAGING FILMS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Starting with the stages of chemical degradation is the oxidation of molecules, resulting in a polymer with a low molecular weight.

The next process (secondary process) is invading microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and algae) and enzyme activity (intracellular, extracellular).

www.themegallery.co

m

Examples of microorganisms include bacteria phototrop (Rhodospirillium, Rhodopseudomonas, Chromatium, Thiocystis), forming endospores (Bacillus, Clostridium), aerobic gram-negative (Pseudomonas, Zoogloa, Azotobacter, Rhizobium), Actynomycetes, Alcaligenes

  Generally the speed of environmental degradation in anaerobic wastewater is greater than the aerobic wastewater, then the soil and seawater.

www.themegallery.co

m

The main obstacle faced in marketing packaging is the price is relatively high compared to PE packaging films.

In comparison to PHBV approximately U.S. $ 8 - 10/lb, while for PE film only U.S. $ 0.30 - 0.45/lb.

www.themegallery.co

m

Prospects for the development of biopolymers biodegradable plastic packaging in Indonesia is very potential.

This premise is supported by the presence of natural resources, especially agricultural products are abundant and can be obtained throughout the year. Various agricultural potential to be developed into biopolymers are corn, sago, soy bean, potato, tapioca flour, cassava (vegetable) and chitin from shrimp shells (animal) and so forth

www.themegallery.co

m

www.themegallery.co

m

www.themegallery.co

m

www.themegallery.co

m

www.themegallery.co

m

www.themegallery.co

m