biofuelsin thailand: a leap toward...
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Biofuels in Thailand: A Leap toward Sustainability Anurak Winitsorn, D.Eng.
Researcher
Petroleum Products and Alternative Fuels Research Department
PTT Research and Technology Institute
Page 1Renewable Energy Asia 2013
June 5, 2013
Disclaimer
• The information contained in our presentation is
intended solely for your personal reference only. In
addition, such information contains projections and
forward-looking statements that reflect our current
views with respect to future events and financial
performance. These views are based on assumptions
subject to various risks and uncertainties. No
assurance is given that future events will occur, that
projections will be achieved, or that our assumptions
are correct. Actual results may differ materially from
those projected.
Page 2
Outline
• PTT RTI Introduction
• Biofuels in Thailand
• Grand Challenges of Biofuels
• PTT Biofuels Development
3
Outline
4
• PTT RTI Introduction
• Biofuels in Thailand
• Grand Challenges of Biofuels
• PTT Biofuels Development
PTT RTI Evolution
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Research & Development Department
(1981)
Research &
Development
Center
(1993)
Research
& Technology
Institute
(1997)
State Enterprise
High Performance
State Enterprise
PTT Public Company
Multi-National Company
Mr. Tongchat Hongladaromp
Mr. Anat ArbhabhiramaMr. Luen Krisnakri
Mr. Pala Sookawesh
Mr. Viset Choopiban
Mr. Prasert Bunsumpun Mr. Pailin Chuchottaworn
TAGNOC
RTI Vision
Become a national Energy, Petroleum and Petrochemicals Research Institute to support the PTT Group and Government Policy by creating Business and Social Value through Innovation and Breakthrough Technologies with Environmental Consciousness
� Research and Development on Energy, Petroleum and Petrochemicals� Technology Provider for PTT Group� Technological Knowledge Center for PTT Group
Vision
Mission
� Create Competitive Advantage through Differentiation throughout PTT Value Chain� Networking / Collaboration / Partnership / Joint Venture / � Alliance with Academic, Industry, Research Center� Merger & Acquisition for the right-time business need
Strategy
PTTRTI Organization Chart
Energy Application Technique and Engine Lab Department
• Energy Efficiency, Conservation & Application • Engine Lab• NGV Research• Research Facility Operation & Maintenance
Environmental Research and Management Department
• Environment Assessment• Treatment Technology• Waste Utilization
Research Planning and ManagementDepartment
• Research Planning & Project Management• Analytical Technology & Knowledge Management• Analytical Business Research• Intellectual Property Management & Foreign Affairs
Petroleum Products and Alternative Fuels Research Department
• Fuel• Transportation Lube• Industrial Lube & Specialty• Biofuel Process Technology
Process Technology Research Department
• Catalyst Research• Purification Technology Research• Polymer Research• Process Research
PTT RTI EVP
Geo-science and Petroleum Engineering Research Department
• Unconventional Reservoir Exploitation• Conventional Reservoir Exploitation• Material & Chemistry for Asset Integrity• Chemicals for Gas & Oil Field / Process
• RTI Quality, Safety, Health & Environment Division
PTT Innovation Park Construction Project
• Project Management Unit• Engineering and Architecture Unit• Construction unit
Total Manpower 151 persons
PTTRTI Area Outline in Wangnoi District, Ayutthaya
Central Building
Analytical Lab
Fuel & Lube Lab
Engine Test Lab
Utility Building
Biodiesel Pilot Plant
Hydroprocessing PlantProcess & Petrochemical Lab
Aerial photo from google.com
Wangnoi Training Center
PTT Innovation Park
PTT Innovation Park Master Plan
Utilities & Central Storage Bio-Technology
Polymer Processing
Energy Application
Cellulosic Ethanol Hazardous Chemical Reaction
Outline
10
• PTT RTI Introduction
• Biofuels in Thailand
• Grand Challenges of Biofuels
• PTT Biofuels Development
Thailand government also have an ambitious
alternative energy/fuel target
11
Thailand’s Alternative Energy Development Plan 2008 - 2022
Source: Thailand's Renewable Energy and its Energy Future : Opportunities & Challenges, Ministry of Energy, August 2009
12
PTT Role in Biofuels� We continually support the government policy on promoting biofuels by introducing Gasohol to
the market since 2001.
� We aim to increase PTT Blue Gasohol E20 over 600 station within this year.
Source: PTT
2001 2007 2008 2008
Gasohol Situation in March 2013
Gasohol
ประเทศ ปตท. ส่วนแบ่ง
Gasohol 95 8.96 2.99 33%
Gasohol 91 9.11 3.65 40%
E20 2.33 1.52 65%
E85 0.243 0.048 20%
Total Gasohol 20.64 8.21 40%
เบนซิน 95 1.85 0.712 38.6%
เบนซิน 91 0.20 - 0%
Total 2.04 0.71 35%
รวมทั)งหมด 22.68 8.92 39%
Mar
Gasohol and Benzene(Unit: MLPD)
Ethanol demand (MLPD) Thailand PTT
Average 2.48 1.01
% Ethanol 10.93% 11.31%
There are 21 ethanol plants (capacity 3.89
MLPD; actual average production 2.63 MLPD)
PTT is supplied from 16 producers (average
supply 1.00 MLPD)
Ethanol price from EPPO
on March 2013 = 23.36 BPL
PTT PTTRM
Gasohol 95 2.49 0.50
Gasohol 91 3.00 0.65
E20 1.35 0.17
E85 0.05 -
Situation of High-speed Diesel in February 2013
High-Speed Diesel (Unit: MLPD)
Demand B100 (MLPD) Thailand PTT
Average diesel 2.99 1.04
% B100 4.86% 4.73%
PTT* = PTT + PTTRM B0 = 0.55 B5 = 17.57+ 2.06
B100 price (EPPO) March 2013
= 28.47 BPL
16 plant of B100 (capacity 6.46 MLPD; actual
average production 2.40 MLPD)
PTT is supplied from 9 producers (average
supply 1.00 MLPD)
� MOE defined that from 1 January 2012 onwards, the proportion of B100 in diesel fuel must not be less than 4.5 % and no
higher than 5 %.
� MOE announced a new diesel fuel quality, which determines the proportion of B100 is not less than 3.5 to 5.0 percent by
volume (from 4.5 to 5.0) and will be effective from 19 July 2012.
� From 1 Nov 2012, MOE adjusted scale of B100 mixing from 4.5 to 5.0 instead of 3.5 to 5.0 by volume.
� As of March 2013, the proportion of B100 in HSD equal to 5%.
Current Situations :
DIESELMarch
Thailand PTT Market share
B0 1.73 1.2 69%
B5 59.75 20.82 35%
Total 61.48 22.01 36%
Current Biofuel Options
Page 15
Biodiesel
- Feedstock : Palm (CPO, RBDPO, Stearin, Used Cooking Oil, etc.)
- Process : Transesterification
Ethanol
- Feedstock : Molasses, Sugarcane Juice, Cassava, Sweet Sorghum
- Process : Ethanol Fermentation (Yeast)
Biogas
- Feedstock : Waste Water, Manure
- Process : Anaerobic Digestion
Bio-power/heat
- Feedstock : Bagasse, Empty Fruit Bunch, Rice Husk, etc.
- Process : Gasification + Steam Turbine/Boiler or Direct Combustion
Outline
17
• PTT RTI Introduction
• History of Biofuel in Thailand
• Grand Challenges of Biofuel
• PTT Biofuel Development
Challenge 1 : Scale and Feedstock AvailabilitySince land and resources are limited, do we have land for more bioenergy?
18Source: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html#Geo
Item Thailand
Total Area 513,115 sq.km. (320,696,888 Rai) (51MM ha)
Land 511,770 sq.km.
Water 2,230 sq.km.
Arable Land 141,132 sq.km. (88,319,923 Rai)
Item Thailand
Palm (2007) 5,116 sq.km.(1% Land) (3,197,625 Rai)
Sugar Cane (2007) 9,931 sq.km. (2% Land) (6,207,000 Rai)
Rice (2006) 107,374 sq.km. (21% Land) (67,109,000 Rai)
Cassava (2007) 11,966 sq.km. (2% Land) (7,479,000 Rai)
4 main crops 123,620 sq.km. (77,262,625 Rai) (88% of Arable Land) (15% of Total Area)
Thailand dedicated 88% of Arable Land to 4 major crops
For energy purpose, do we still have some rooms?
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics
Scale and Feedstock Availability
• Quick Calculations
• Plants– To produce liquid biofuel 1,000 TPD
– Assume 1 kg biofuel comes from 10 kg feedstock
– 1 day requires 1,000T x 10 = 10,000 TPD
• Feedstocks– Case of Rice Straw
– 1 rai (1,600 m2) produces 0.5T rice straw within 6 months
• Therefore, – 1 day � 10,000T � 20,000 rai/day � approx. 6,000,000 rai per 6 months required
– Thailand plants 60 million rai � 10 plants maximum capacity � 10,000 TPD potential
• However, how to manage to transport 10,000T of rice straw is another story. Set aside, the problem that we have to store feedstock for 3-7 days. � 30,000 – 70,000T storage ?
• Also, harvest/post harvest technologies are also required for low cost transportation : Pelletization?, Drying?, Grinding?, Single-pass Harvesting, etc.
Page 19
Challenge 2 : Better Environmental ImpactsCases : Bioethanol LCA
20Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/emissions.html
� The right configuration and energy source of biofuel production plant will results in “good”
CO2 emission
All global indirect GHG emission from
biofuels need to be account such as
Indirect Land Used Change (ILUC)
Challenge 3 : Acceptability
1st Generation
Oxygenated Biofuel
2nd Generation
Oxygenated Biofuel
2nd Generation
Hydrocarbon Biofuel
Cost Lower
(still higher than fossil
counterparts)
Higher Higher
Scale Large Large Large
GHG reduction Moderate (except
sugarcane � high)
High Moderate
Acceptability Upto some limits Upto some limits
(Blend Wall)
Full
Status Fully commercialization
(still developed)
R&D and
Pilot-scale
Demonstration
R&D and
Pilot-scale
Demonstration
Examples � Sugarcane ethanol
� Palm Biodiesel
� Cellulosic
Ethanol/Butanol
� Jatropha Biodiesel
� Synthetic Green
Diesel/Gasoline (BTL)
� Jatropha/Algae BHD21
� For acceptability, hydrocarbon biofuel will be more acceptable by OEMs, Refinery,
and Users
� Currently, most oxygenated biofuel components are accepted widely by users
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 20 40 60 80
Biofuel production costs versus gasoline and diesel pricesPrice/Production cost ($/litre)
Average IEA crude oilimport price ($/bbl)
Maize
Beet
Wheat
Sugar-cane
Ligno-cellulosic
Veg-oil
Animalfat
FT-synthesis
Ethanol Biodiesel
2005
2030 IEA
2030 ECN
2030 BioJoule
2030 Biodiesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Source : Boston Consulting Group
Challenge 4 : Competitive CostTypically, biofuel price is higher than its petroleum counterpart
1. Biodiesel from vegetable oil is always more expensive than petro-diesel
2. Ethanol is considered to be competitive with gasoline (Brazilian experience)
Challenge 4 : Competitive Cost (cont.)Progress has been made significantly, but the competitive one is yet to come
23Source: GHG Emission Reductions With Industrial
Biotechnology, WWF & Novozyme, 2009
2000 2009
~4 USD/Gallon
Reduction
Outline
24
• PTT RTI Introduction
• History of Biofuel in Thailand
• Grand Challenges of Biofuel
• PTT Biofuel Development
PTT and 1st Generation Biofuel
PTT always support government policy on biofuel implementation
• Clearly in our business
• TOL and Bangchak Biofuel � FAME production including Fatty Alcohol and Refined Glycerine
• Maesod Clean Energy and TOP Ethanol � Ethanol production
• PTT Green Energy � Palm Plantation and Palm Refinery in Indonesia
• PTT � upgrades Biogas from Pig Farm for use in NGV
• Clearly in our products
• PTT Gasohol E10 plus, E20 plus, E85 plus
• PTT B3 and PTT Biodiesel B5 Plus
PTT is also working on higher blend of biofuel mainly on diesel products
25
PTT and 2nd / Advanced Generation Biofuel
26
• R&D is leading the way
• PTT Group is working on Advanced Biofuel Project
i.e. Bio-Jet/BHD and 2nd Generation Ethanol
• PTT RTI: Investigating and Developing 2nd generation
biofuel technologies
– In order to address the 4 grand challenges, it is required to
develop from feedstock through processing to product
Feedstock Process Product
PTT Biofuel and Bioenergy R&D Program Overview
PUBLIC
Feedstock Process Product
• Cellulosic Ethanol• FAEE • Bio-hydrogenated Diesel / Bio-Jet • BTL (ThermochemicalPlatform)
• Jatropha• Microalgae• Short Rotation Biomass Crop and Agricultural Residues (Higher yield, non-edible, non-arable land capable, low-input and sustainable are all required) and Logistics Management
Bioenergy
• Biomass : Biomass Solid Fuel / Biomass Torrefaction and Pelletization• Biogas : Compressed Bio-methane Gas (CBG)
• ED 95• Diesohol• Higher Blend of Biofuelmainly Diesel Product • Bio - jet
Biofuel
Microalgal Biofuel Technology
• MU
• KMUTT
• TISTR
Screening and Optimization
• BIOTEC-CU
• KMUTT
• TISTR
• PTT (pilot)
Cultivation and Harvesting
• BIOTEC-CU
• KMUTT
• MU
Extraction
• PTTRTI with Partners, e.g. CU, KMUTT, TU, PPC, KMUTNB
Processing & Formulation
• Memorandum of Collaboration on the development of Microalgal Technology was signed
by 6 Parties (PTT, CU, MU, KMUTT, BIOTEC (NSTDA), and TISTR) on 14 September 2010
• Under the MOC, we aim to commercialize the Microalgal Biofuel Technology by 2018
targeting both biofuel and key by-products.
Jatropha Curcas
Partnership with Kasetsart University
Year (gate) Crude Jatropha Oil
(CJO)
Bench/Pilot Size Assumptions
2012
(Gate 1)
> 600 kg Oil/rai/y
(plot trial)
Multiple areas of pilot
trial
(~ 1 ha each)
Oil yield 35%
(1st year yield should > 210
kg oil/rai/y)
(4 months) Young Jatropha is fruiting Pilot Trial
Short Rotation Biomass and Logistics
• Cost and logistics method was
studied and concluded for rice
straw and sugarcane leftover.
• Future plan is to have integrated
model and system suitable for
Thailand both ag. Residues and
dedicated biomass crop .
• Low cost Short Rotation Biomass
crops and plantation system are
developed.
• Future � Non-arable Land trial
in Thailand and integrate with
other biofuel process
development (BTL, CE).
Short Rotation Biomass
Logistics Management
Bio-hydrogenated Diesel / Bio-Jet
Source: UOP and PTT Internal Analysis
• At PTT RTI, we are investigating options for Bio-
hydrogenated Diesel and Bio-Jet. ( both are
hydrocarbon biofuel )
• PTT RTI is working with our refinery group e.g.
TOP, PTTAR, and IRPC for the Bio-Jet/BHD
commercial project.
• PTT RTI is also investigating option to produce bio-
oil suitable for existing refinery technology with
multiple partners.
Upgrading
Crude Bio-oil
Pyrolysis
Biomass
Product
Separation
Pyrolytic Renewable JetGreen DieselOthers
Green Gasoline
�PTT RTI
�Hydrocarbon
Pilot Plant for BHD
and Bio-Jet Trial
Cellulosic Ethanol
PUBLIC
Biochemical Platform Laboratory/Pilot Capabilities
• Multiple fermentors for optimization
• Mini-pilot fermentor for engineering data
• Biosensor for rapid measurement
• Bioprocess Simulation for design, scale-up and cost estimation
Key Development1. Low Severity Pretreatment Technology for Local Biomass (With TISTR)
2. Develop technologies for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
3. Ethanol for agro-industrial waste (with Thai Oil Ethanol & PTT Green Energy)
4. Cellulosic Ethanol Pilot Plant at PTT-RTI (Construction in early 2012)
Create “cost reduction” and “value added” technologies in producing “bioethanol from Thai
biomass”
Key Facts about Current Alternative Fuel
(Biofuel in particular)
• Liquid biofuel
– Currently produced from food derived feedstock
– In most cases, cost higher than its counterparts
– In general, give better environmental impacts especially
CO2 reduction; some other impacts may be positive or
negative case by case
– HC Biofuels (2nd and higher generation biofuels) obtain
more acceptable from OEMs
– More work on R&D have to be done to achieve new AEDP
target
Thank you
for your attention
AnurakAnurakAnurakAnurak W. W. W. W.
(Anurak Winitsorn, D. Eng.)
Researcher
PTT Research and Technology Institute
PTT public company limitedEmail: anurak.wi@pttplc.com
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