biological reaction naj
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CPE624
Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering
TOPIC 2 Bio-reactors
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Biochemical reactions are characterized by the use of enzymes or whole cells (micro-organisms) to carry out specific conversions
Living organisms are capable of carrying out a wide range of transformations which can often be manipulated by controlling their environment or by changing genetic constitution. The primary interest of organism is to replicate themselves
Example: Fermentation of fruit juices to make alcohol Subsequent oxidation to vinegar
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Major areas of biological sciences that are significance to the process engineer.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Applications of biological processes will considering systematics, genetics, biochemistry and physiology.
Outline of a biological process:
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Important aspects to reactors: Nature and processing of raw materials Choice and manipulation of the catalysts Control of reaction process from which the product
must be recovered.
Bioprocesses are autocatalytic reactions. Cells is a group of proteins that have catalytic properties (Enzymes)
Enzymes, similar to inorganic catalyst in some ways and very powerful catalysts that capable to enhance the overall rate of reactions.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Enzymes are water-soluble but are frequently bound to membranes within the cells or retained in the microbe by the cell walls.
Enzymes usually retain their catalytic activity when isolated from the cell
Bioreactors as an alternatives to conventional chemical reactors, e.g in pharmaceutical industry, micro-organism & enzymes can be used to produce specific streo-isomers selectivity.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Advantages high selectivity Feasible for multistage separation in purification Reduced potential pollution Increased energy recovery and reduced greenhouse emissions Lower long-term maintenance cost
Disadvantages Product may formed in dilute aqueous solution Low rates Rheological properties that difficult to handle Low interfacial tensions difficulties in physical separation of product
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Each components are divided by bilayer phospholipids membranes.
Transportation of reactants & products to & from cells produces concentration gradients because of transport resistances within & without the cell.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Organism must grow & reproduce itself using resources from the surrounding environment
Living systems capture & utilize energy from the environment to produce highly ordered structures to give rise to autocatalytic processes.
This allows the natural optimization of living processes for the evolution of new biological information structures and new life forms.
The complexity of the bacterial cell is thus a match for any chemical plant in the power and sophistication of its chemistry.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
The basic of life lies in chemistry creates a variety of novel solutions to a set of problem associated with life. These includes:
The acquisition of food provide energy and nutrients
that make up the structure of the cell Conversion of the food into the structure of the living
system Retention of information chemical structures may
be reproduced when required Introduction of variation in the biological information
- to encourage the adaptation of the organisms to the environment
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
6 major
elements, make up 90% of
weight
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Most of the elemental composition of cells is found in proteins, nucleic acid and lipids.
Water is the major component of cells with 8090% of the total weight
Most of the protein present in the form of enzymes.
Nucleic acid are found in various forms of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Polysaccharides and lipids are associated with wall & membrane structures & also act as energy-storage materials within the cell.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Nucleic acid in the form of DNA forms the stored structural and regulatory material for organism.
Protein is formed mainly of polymerised amino-acids. The primary structure is non-repetitive & require a chemical template stored in DNA molecule for its production.
Proteins have catalytic activity (enzymes) whilst other proteins have roles in storage, trasportation, antibodies, chemical messengers (hormones) & in structure.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Nucleotides are the basic monomers of nucleic acid. It is made from heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, purines & pyrimidines
Types of nucleic acid:
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) contain ribose with bases of cytosine, adenine, guanine and a unique base uracil. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contain deoxyribone with bases of cytosine, adenine, guanine and a unique base thymidine.
The differences in the base structure affect the secondary structures of these polymers.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Lipids major components of membrane.
Complex structure of fatty acids esterified with alcohols to form glycerides
Sterols is also important lipid components
Hydophobic structure provide entry & exit ports from the interior of cell
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Major structural components of the cell walls.
Cellulose is the most commom form.
Others hemicellulose (hexose & pentose), pectins and chitin.
Also act as energy storage materials in living systems.
Glycogen & starch are the major carbohydrate stores in animals & plants, respectively.
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Derived from carbohydrates and polymeric materials. Provide the cell with mechanical strength, provide rigid structure againts which the membrane located. The variable structure will change according to environment and surface properties are determined by the cell wall materials. The wall is negatively charges & can act as an ion exchanger.
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CPE624
Advanced Chemical Reaction Engineering
Dr Najmiddin Yaakob 03-55448006
najmiddin@salam.uitm.edu.my
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Biological combustion Oxygen transport Photosynthesis Genetic code
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
PnAnSnA PAs
Abiological species i.e organism or cells Ssubstrate or food supply Pmetabolic product nA>1 organism growth (reproduction) nA=1 metabolism
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Kinetics of Reproduction
PASA 2 SACkCr
If excess nutrient SOS CC
SOACkCr
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
In batch reactor SOA
A CkCdt
dC
tkC
AoAsoeCC
exponential growth Natural for any living system to reproduce Desired exponential growth?? Undesired exponential growth???
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Metabolism A is not reproducing, therefore nA=1
PASA SACkCr
PS
CA is constant, AOA CC
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
In batch reactor, SAoS CkC
dt
dC
tkC
SoSAoeCC
PSSO CCC Material balance
)1(tkC
SoPAoeCC
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CPE624: ADVANCED CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
Kinetics is the study of the rated of chemical reactions. The rates of biological reactions are greatly increased by
enzyme catalysts. Enzyme kinetics is based upon the elementary kinetics.
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