biology 1a…chapter 1 notes: organic chemistry for...
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Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
1. Carbon-Based Molecules: Cells contain mostly __________ and rest is ______________
2. Carbon – the versatile atom _____ valence electrons – forms up to _______ covalent bonds
3. Polymers –
4. Polymers are made by stringing together many ____________________
5. Linking monomers: process called _________________________
H20
Forming a _______________ by removing a ___________
6. Breaking down polymers = ______________________________
Adding a water molecule
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
7. 4 Categories of macromolecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrates: Made up of:
Function:
Elements:
Examples:
Monosaccharide: Examples:
Isomers= structures __________ formulas ____________
In aqueous (___________) solutions, monosaccharides form _________
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Disaccharides:
Examples:
Polysaccharides: many sugar unitsExamples:
Starch: polysaccharide in plants
Glycogen: polysaccharide in animals
Cellulose: most abundant compound (dietary fiber)
Sugars in water: hydrophilic = __________________Dissolve readily in _____________
-OH (hydroxide group) them water soluble
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Lipids: do ________ mix with waterElements:
Examples:
Functions: 1. Long term _________________________________2. Protection against ___________________________3. Protection against ___________________________4. Chemical ____________________5. Major component of __________________________
Triglyceride: 1 __________ and 3 ___________________
Types of Fatty acids: Saturated fatty acids:
Unsaturated fatty acids:Lipids & Cell membranes
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Cell membranes made of ________________________
Head is __________________________
Two tails _________________________
Steroids: carbon skeleton is bent to form ______________________Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids (estrogen and testosterone)
Proteins:Monomers:
Elements:
Made of 20 different _______________ linked in different orders
Functions:
Functions proteins performEnzymes: catalyze chemical reactionsHormones: messengers that regulate bodily functionStorage Proteins: Make essential substance availableTransport Proteins: carry substances through body fluidsStructural proteins: support & maintain shape of cellProtective proteins: provide defense against foreign matterContractile proteins: do mechanical work
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Amino acid Structure:
Amino Group
Carboxyl Group:
Hydrogen: Variable group:
20 different Amino Acids = R groups
Linking Amino Acids:
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Link amino acids to make _____________
Process _______________
Bond between amino acids = _______________
Protein Structure:
Protein Structure:A. Primary Structure – straight chains (polypeptide)
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
B. Secondary Structure – coils or folds
C. Tertiary Structure- R groups interacting with each other
D. Quaternary Structure
Changing Amino Acid Sequence: substitution of one amino acids results in a different shape (sickle-cell disease)
Important protein:
Enzymes: important class of catalystsProteins
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
Thousands of typesSpecific for chemical reactionsOften end in ________
Structure: work on substances called ______________Fit into specific location called _______________Reusable!
Nucleic AcidsMade of:Elements: Function:Types:
Monomer = Nucleotide Phosphate GroupPentose sugar (5 carbon)Nitrogen bases:
A = T = U = C = G =
Two strands join to form a ___________________
Biology 1A…Chapter 1 Notes: Organic Chemistry for Biology
RNA – Ribonucleic acid Extra –OH group (hydroxyl group)Base ___________ instead of ____________
ATP – adenosine triphosphate Function:
Nucleotide with _____ phosphate groups
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