biology the study of life how do we classify and study life?
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BiologyThe Study of LifeHow do we classify and study life?
Section 1:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things
Atoms- ____________________Atoms- ____________________ Molecules- __________________Molecules- __________________ OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells
Unicellular v. MulticellularUnicellular v. Multicellular
Cell SpecializationCell Specialization
Stem CellsStem Cells Tissues- __________________Tissues- __________________ Organs- __________________Organs- __________________ Organs Systems- ____________Organs Systems- ____________ Organism- ________________Organism- ________________ Population- ________________Population- ________________ Community- _______________Community- _______________ Ecosystem- ________________Ecosystem- ________________ Global/Biome- _________________Global/Biome- _________________
Section 4:The Hierarchy/Levels of Biological Organization
I- Atomic (Chemical Level)-I- Atomic (Chemical Level)-
Atom is the basic unit of all matterAtom is the basic unit of all matter
II- Molecules: Atoms combine through chemical bonding to form II- Molecules: Atoms combine through chemical bonding to form the the molecules that are essential to life such as : H2O, O2, molecules that are essential to life such as : H2O, O2, Carbs, Lipids, Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic AcidsProteins, and Nucleic Acids
III. Cellular level: The chemicals of life interact to form life at the cellular level
Cell- basic unit of structure and function of living things
Cell Types:Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic
STEM CELLS:STEM CELLS: Undifferentiated or Non-Undifferentiated or Non- specialized cells that have the specialized cells that have the potential to perform any of the potential to perform any of the cellular functions in people.cellular functions in people.
IV. Tissue: Is a group of cells acting together to perform the same function
V. Organ: A group of tissues acting together for a commonpurpose
VI. Organ System: a group of…….
VII. Organism: A group of systems that work together or any individual living
thing
VIII. Population: a group of similar organisms (species) living in a specific geographic area which are interdependent
Can be single celled or multicellular
IX. Community: The interaction of a group of populations (different species)…
all living
X. Ecosystem: The interaction of all of the biotic and abiotic factors within a
certain geographic range
XI. Biome: The interaction of closely related ecosystems
XII. Biosphere: The interaction of all biotic and abiotic factors on the planet,
interacting on a global scale
Levels of Biological Organization (Summary)
Section 2. Characteristics of Living ThingsMade up of cellsObtain and use materials and energyRespond to stimuli within the environmentMaintain a stable internal environment
(Homeostasis)Growth and developmentReproductionUniversal genetic codeLiving things evolve (Change over time)
A. Made of Cells1. Smallest units considered alive
Prokaryote= First CellProkaryote= First Cell Eukaryote= True CellEukaryote= True Cell
Life can either be Unicellular or Multicellular.Life can either be Unicellular or Multicellular.
Multicellular life uses Specialized/Differentiated cells.Multicellular life uses Specialized/Differentiated cells.Cells of Nervous System, Heart, SkeletalCells of Nervous System, Heart, Skeletal
B. Obtain and use Material and Energy Metabolism – the sum of all the chemical
reactions in an organism Mechanisms for Obtaining Energy:
Autotroph: Capable of synthesizing own food sourcePhotoautotroph:Photosynthesis: Converting solar energy into chemical energy (sugars)
Chemoautotroph:Synthesizes chemicals to produce energySulfanogens
Obtain and use Material and EnergyHeterotroph: Must obtain food from an
outside source
Consumers and Predator Prey Relationships
C. Response to the EnvironmentOrganism detect and respond to
environmental stimuliStimulus – a signal to which an organism responds
Visual, Olafactory, Auditory, Sensory
D. Maintain Stable Internal EnvironmentHomeostasis – stable internal environment, in Homeostasis – stable internal environment, in spite of unstable external environmentspite of unstable external environment
Body Temp Regulation Body Temp Regulation and Fight or Flight and Fight or Flight ResponseResponse
E. Living Things Grow and Develop Every organism has Every organism has
a pattern of growtha pattern of growth
and developmentand development
Growth: _______________Growth: _______________
Development: ___________Development: ___________
F. Universal Genetic Code All organisms store All organisms store
genetic informationgenetic information
in DNA, which is in DNA, which is
copied and passed copied and passed
to offspringto offspring
F. Universal Genetic Code Central Dogma: all Central Dogma: all living things read the living things read the
same genetic same genetic code the same way.code the same way.
F. Universal Genetic Code
G. Reproduction Asexual – single organism produces a cloneAsexual – single organism produces a clone Sexual – cells from 2 parents unite to form a Sexual – cells from 2 parents unite to form a
new organismnew organism
H. All Living Things Evolve Genetic Change over timeGenetic Change over time
1. Any living part of the environment1. Any living part of the environment
2. Animals, plants, mushrooms, 2. Animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria, etcbacteria, etc
B. Abiotic FactorsThe physical components of an ecosystem
1. Any nonliving part of the environment1. Any nonliving part of the environment
2.Sunlight, Heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, 2.Sunlight, Heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, etcsoil, etc.
Weather and Geology
Section 4:Life Processes: How we maintain life NutritionNutrition
Nutrients – chemical that an organism Nutrients – chemical that an organism needs needs to grow and liveto grow and live
Autotroph – an organism that Autotroph – an organism that produces its own produces its own foodfood
Heterotroph – can not make their own Heterotroph – can not make their own foodfood
IngestionIngestion
DigestionDigestion
TransportTransport
the process by which substances enter and the process by which substances enter and leave cells and become distributed within the leave cells and become distributed within the cells cells
Small, simple organisms – diffusionSmall, simple organisms – diffusion
Larger, multicellular organisms – circulatory Larger, multicellular organisms – circulatory systemsystem
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ALyEeBrnRg&feature=related
RespirationRespiration
when organisms obtain their energy by when organisms obtain their energy by releasing the chemical energy stored in releasing the chemical energy stored in nutrientsnutrients
aerobic respirationaerobic respiration
anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration
SynthesisSynthesis
combining simple substances chemically to combining simple substances chemically to form more complex substancesform more complex substances
AssimilationAssimilation
GrowthGrowth
the process by which living organisms the process by which living organisms increase in size increase in size
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc
Cellular specializationCellular specialization
ExcretionExcretion
the removal of waste from the organism’s the removal of waste from the organism’s bodybody
RegulationRegulation
all the activities that help to maintain an all the activities that help to maintain an organism’s homeostasisorganism’s homeostasis
Hormones – the body’s chemical Hormones – the body’s chemical messengersmessengers
ReproductionReproduction
the process by which living things produce the process by which living things produce new organisms of their ownnew organisms of their own
asexual reproductionasexual reproduction
sexual reproductionsexual reproduction
Metabolism:All the chemical reactions occurring with the cells of an organism
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in
foodsfoods
Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration
6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + + 6H6H22OO
Section 5:Classification of Living Things
All Living things can be classified: TaxonomyAll Living things can be classified: Taxonomy
Domain (Eukarya)Domain (Eukarya)
Kingdom (Animalia)Kingdom (Animalia)
Phylum (Chordata)Phylum (Chordata)
Class (Mammalia)Class (Mammalia)
Order (Primate)Order (Primate)
Family(Hominidae)Family(Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Genus (Homo)
Species (SapiensSpecies (Sapiens))
Section 4:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things
Caroleus (Carl) Linnaeus: Caroleus (Carl) Linnaeus: Binomial NomenclatureBinomial NomenclatureTwo Names: __________ and __________Two Names: __________ and __________
Section 4:The Hierarchy/Organization of Living Things
All Members of the Family All Members of the Family HominidaeHominidae (Hominids) (Hominids) but only last frame represents members of the but only last frame represents members of the Genus Genus HomoHomo
Last Last two are two are homo homo sapienssapiens
Hypothesis based Science: Utilizes the Scientific Hypothesis based Science: Utilizes the Scientific Method to derive possible solutions to a problemMethod to derive possible solutions to a problem
In order to test a Hypothesis we must develop a In order to test a Hypothesis we must develop a Controlled ExperimentControlled Experiment
Two Groups:Two Groups:a.a.Control Group: Group that does not contain our Control Group: Group that does not contain our testing variabletesting variable
Gives us a baseline to use in comparisonGives us a baseline to use in comparisonb. Experimental Group: Group that contains our b. Experimental Group: Group that contains our
tested factor= tested factor= VARIABLEVARIABLE
Theories of Life:Theories of Life:Vitalism: _________________Vitalism: _________________
Spontaneous Generation: Belief that life arose Spontaneous Generation: Belief that life arose from non-living thingsfrom non-living things
Recipe for Mice:Recipe for Mice: Recipe for Bees: Kill a bull, Recipe for Bees: Kill a bull, Bury it upright so its Bury it upright so its horns stick out from horns stick out from
ground: Let sit a week ground: Let sit a week
Recipe for Maggots:Recipe for Maggots:Leave meat in sun for three days! Leave meat in sun for three days! It will produce maggotsIt will produce maggots
Which groups represent control groups?Which groups represent control groups?Which groups represent experimental groups?Which groups represent experimental groups?
CASE STUDY 2: MIMICRY HYPOTHESISCASE STUDY 2: MIMICRY HYPOTHESIS
Eastern Coral Snake Eastern Coral Snake (Poisonous)(Poisonous)
Scarlet King Snake Scarlet King Snake (Non-Poisonous)(Non-Poisonous)
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