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Birth and the Newborn
Baby Chapter 5
Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed Home Deliveries Midwives Reducing the Risks of Childbirth
Antibiotics Safe anesthesia Improved hygiene Drugs for inducing labor
Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed Contemporary Settings for Childbirth
Hospital Home births with a trained nurse-midwife Homelike birth centers
Rooming-in policies “Demedicalizing” and “humanizing” the
experience
The Birth Process Labor Parturition
Begins about two weeks before delivery Uterine, cervical and other changes occur False contractions (Braxton-Hicks)
The Birth Process Stages of Childbirth
Dilation of the cervix Lasts 12 to 14 hours
Descent and emergence of the baby Lasts 1 to 2 hours
Expulsion of the placenta Lasts 10 minutes to 1 hour
The Birth Process
Electronic Fetal Monitoring Tracks the fetus’s heartbeat
during labor and delivery Externally or internally Telometry
Sends information remotely
The Birth Process Vaginal Versus Cesarean Delivery
Vaginal is the usual method Reasons for Cesarean
Labor progresses too slowly Fetus seems to be in trouble Vaginal bleeding Breech or transverse position of baby
The Birth Process Medicated Versus Nonmedicated
Delivery Natural childbirth
Lamaze method Medicated
Local Pedunal block
Analgesic Regional
Epidural or spinal
The Newborn Baby Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Are
Produced by the Baby’s Body During Birth Causes lungs to clear Mobilizes stored fuel to nourish cells Sends blood to the heart and brain May promote bonding with the mother
The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance
Neonates in the U.S. average about 7 ½ pounds and 20 inches long
Large head ¼ the body length Red skin Birthmarks Receding chin
The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance
Misshapen head (lasts about 1 week) Soft spots (fontanels) Lanugo Vernix caseosa
The Newborn Baby Body Systems
Most babies begin breathing soon after they are exposed to air If over 5 minutes →anoxia or hypoxia
Most other systems begin functioning 4 to 6 hours after delivery Nourishment Elimination of waste Temperature regulation
The Newborn Baby Medical and Behavioral
Assessment Apgar Scale
Appearance (color) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (reflex
irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing)
The Newborn Baby States of Arousal and Activity Levels
State of arousal is inborn Most new babies spend 75% of their
time asleep Alternates between quiet and active
sleep As the child grows into toddlerhood its
sleep time decreases Sleep schedules vary across cultures
States of Arousal
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Low Birth Weight
Usually from inadequate prenatal nutrition
Preterm (premature) infants → under 37 weeks of gestation
Small-for-date 12.5 percent of U.S. infants are preterm 8.1 percent have low birth weight
(under 5 ½ pounds)
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Low Birth Weight
Factors concerning having a low-birth-weight baby Demographic and socioeconomic factors
13.7 percent of African American babies have low birth weight
Medical factors predating the pregnancy Prenatal behavioral and environmental factors Medical conditions associated with the
pregnancy
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Low Birth Weight
Immediate treatment and outcomes Feeding intravenously Place infant in an isolette Administering surfactant
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Low Birth Weight
Long-term outcomes Adult-onset diabetes Increased risk of cardiovascular disease In extremely low-birth-weight infants:
Neurological Sensory Cognitive Educational Behavioral
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Postmaturity
42+ weeks’ gestation Tend to be long and thin Complicates labor Risk of brain damage or death Induction of labor is common
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Stillbirth
Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation
Perinatal death Death of a baby within 24 hours after
childbirth Women over 35 or under 20 have higher
risk
Complications of Childbirth- And Their Aftermath Can a Supportive Environment
Overcome Effects of Birth Complications? Infant Health and Development Program Kauai Study
Protective factors
Newborns and Parents Childbirth and Bonding
Mother-infant bond Ethological approach Evolutionary perspective
Imprinting Konrad Lorenz
Newborns and Parents What Do Newborns Need From Their Mother?
Harry Harlow’s experiment Comfort of close bodily comfort
Father’s Role Differs by culture Changed much since mothers began to work
outside the home
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