blood anatomy ch. 12. average adult has 5l of blood average adult has 5l of blood cells form mostly...

BloodBlood

Anatomy Ch. 12Anatomy Ch. 12

Average adult has 5L of bloodAverage adult has 5L of blood

Cells form mostly in bone marrowCells form mostly in bone marrow

Fig 12.1Fig 12.1 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hswhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw

/5953-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-c/5953-blood-a-comparison-of-blood-cells-video.htmells-video.htm

Blood compositionBlood composition

A sample is 45% cells:A sample is 45% cells:– Mostly red blood cellsMostly red blood cells– Some white bc and plateletsSome white bc and platelets

55% is plasma, a clearish liquid55% is plasma, a clearish liquid– Complex mixture of water, amino acids, Complex mixture of water, amino acids,

proteins, carbs, electrolytes and wastesproteins, carbs, electrolytes and wastes

Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

The shape (biconcave disks) increases The shape (biconcave disks) increases surface area where gases can diffusesurface area where gases can diffuse

Each rbc is 1/3 hemoglobin (by volume)Each rbc is 1/3 hemoglobin (by volume)

Do not have nuclei, so they can’t divide Do not have nuclei, so they can’t divide or make proteins; gives them more or make proteins; gives them more space for hemoglobin.space for hemoglobin.

Tastes like chickenTastes like chicken

Blood colorBlood color

Color comes from hemoglobin (iron)Color comes from hemoglobin (iron)

When it combines with OWhen it combines with O22, it turns , it turns bright red, and when it releases it, bright red, and when it releases it, turns darker.turns darker.

# of rbc determines oxygen-carrying # of rbc determines oxygen-carrying capacitycapacity

Athletes have higher levelsAthletes have higher levels

Men- ~5.5 million per mm3Men- ~5.5 million per mm3 Women- ~5 million per mm3Women- ~5 million per mm3

superman superman vsvs doomsday - Google Video doomsday - Google Video

RBCsRBCs

Avg lifespan is 4 monthsAvg lifespan is 4 months

In high altitudes, more rbcs are In high altitudes, more rbcs are formedformed

Fig. 12.3Fig. 12.3

Vitamin BVitamin B1212 and folic acid influence and folic acid influence rbc productionrbc production

Iron is requiredIron is required

AnemiaAnemia

Too little Too little hemoglobin or hemoglobin or rbc’srbc’s

Appear paleAppear pale and lackand lack energyenergy

AnemiaAnemia

White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells

LeukocytesLeukocytes

Protects against Protects against disease and disease and infectionsinfections

white blood cells - white blood cells - Google VideoGoogle Video

5 types of wbc (Table 12.1)5 types of wbc (Table 12.1)

1. Neutrophils: eats small particles1. Neutrophils: eats small particles

2. Eosinophils: kills parasites, 2. Eosinophils: kills parasites, controls inflammationcontrols inflammation

3. Basophils: releases heparin and 3. Basophils: releases heparin and histaminehistamine

Wbc’s cont.Wbc’s cont.

4. Monocyte: eats 4. Monocyte: eats larger particleslarger particles

5. Lymphocyte: 5. Lymphocyte: provides immunityprovides immunity

WBC countsWBC counts

Usu. 5000-10,000 per cubic mLUsu. 5000-10,000 per cubic mL

Changes in response to Changes in response to infection/sicknessinfection/sickness

Functions of WBCFunctions of WBC

Make antibodies Make antibodies that destroy or that destroy or disable foreign disable foreign particlesparticles

Can leave blood Can leave blood stream to fight stream to fight infectionsinfections

LeukemiaLeukemia

Too many WBCs and too few RBCsToo many WBCs and too few RBCs

Cancer of the blood Cancer of the blood

Different types of leukemiaDifferent types of leukemia

With treatment, 50-80% of patients With treatment, 50-80% of patients enter remissionenter remission

PlateletsPlatelets

ThrombocytesThrombocytes

Fragments of large Fragments of large blood cells in red blood cells in red bone marrowbone marrow

Lack nucleiLack nuclei

PlateletsPlatelets

They help close They help close breaks in vesselsbreaks in vessels

Help form scabs Help form scabs and initiate clotsand initiate clots

Blood PlasmaBlood Plasma

About 92% water, About 92% water, straw colored liquidstraw colored liquid

Has 3 main Has 3 main proteins: albumin, proteins: albumin, globulin, and globulin, and fibrinoginfibrinogin

Table 12.2Table 12.2

Hemostasis-stopping Hemostasis-stopping bleedingbleeding

Platelets adhere to any rough Platelets adhere to any rough surface, collagen, and each othersurface, collagen, and each other

This forms a plug to stop small This forms a plug to stop small breaksbreaks

Larger breaks may require a clot Larger breaks may require a clot (Fig. 12.12)(Fig. 12.12)

CoagulationCoagulation

Causes a blood to clotCauses a blood to clot Anticoagulants-keep it from clottingAnticoagulants-keep it from clotting

Most clots disappear with time (will Most clots disappear with time (will dissolve in moving blood)dissolve in moving blood)

Blood groupsBlood groups

Surface molecules-antigensSurface molecules-antigens

Proteins-antibodiesProteins-antibodies

Everyone has either A, B, AB, or O Everyone has either A, B, AB, or O bloodblood

ABO blood groupABO blood group

Based on 2 major antigens: A and B, Based on 2 major antigens: A and B, on rbc membraneson rbc membranes

Type A person has only A antigenType A person has only A antigen AB person has both antigensAB person has both antigens O person has neither antigenO person has neither antigen

Table 12.4Table 12.4

Blood typeBlood type AntigenAntigen AntibodyAntibody

AA AA Anti-BAnti-B BB BB Anti-BAnti-B ABAB A and BA and B Neither Neither

anti-A anti-A nor nor anti-Banti-B

OO NeitherNeither BothBoth

Therefore:Therefore:

An antibody of one type will react An antibody of one type will react with an antigen of the same type, with an antigen of the same type, and and clumpclump, which is bad, which is bad

This is why someone w/ type A blood This is why someone w/ type A blood can’t receive type B or AB bloodcan’t receive type B or AB blood

Giving blood (Table 12.5)Giving blood (Table 12.5)

Since type AB lacks both antibodies, Since type AB lacks both antibodies, they can receive any blood typethey can receive any blood type

AB people are AB people are universal recipientsuniversal recipients

Type O lacks antigens A and B, so it Type O lacks antigens A and B, so it can be transferred to anyone. can be transferred to anyone.

Type O people are Type O people are universal donorsuniversal donors

Rh factorRh factor

Rh antigens named after rhesus Rh antigens named after rhesus monkey (1monkey (1stst studied in them) studied in them)

It is an antigenIt is an antigen + if it has it+ if it has it - if not- if not

HemophiliaHemophilia

Blood doesn’t clot normally (missing Blood doesn’t clot normally (missing a protein)a protein)

Is genetic, and usually only occurs in Is genetic, and usually only occurs in malesmales