bm 2 review 2010

Benchmark #2Know these facts or ELSE. . .

Inorganic Vs. Organic Biomolecules Organic – Contain

Carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Vitamins

Inorganic – Do NOT Contain Carbon Water Minerals

Biomolecules Carbohydrates provide quick energy The buliding blocks of carbs are

monosacharides. Glucose is a carbohydrate Lipids are long term energy storage The cell membrane contains phospholipids. Lipids cushion and protect organs in animals.

Biomolecules Types of proteins include enzymes

Building blocks are amino acids Enzymes control metabolic function and work

best at an optimal pH level. Nucleic acids are made from nucleotides Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA DNA contains genetic code RNA is needed for protein synthesis in

ribosomes

Prokaryotes Contain no membrane bound organelles Lack a nucleus DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm Ribosomes are floating in cytoplasm. Have a cell wall and cell membrane. May have cilia, flagella or pseuopodia

Picturing Movement Structures

Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Long tail(s) Numerous, short hairs Cytoplasm extensions

Eukaryotes Contain membrane bound organelles

Name three organelles!!! Include plant and animal cells Have cell membranes PLANTS and FUNGI have a cell wall Have a nucleus housing their DNA Most are multicellular!!!

Cells Mitochondria release energy as ATP. Muscle cells contain many mitochondria. DNA contains genetic information for making

proteins. Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus is the packaging and

distribution center ER transports substances within the cell.

Active and Passive TransportActive Transport Uses

Energy Endocytosis Exocytosis Ion Pumps

Remember: This is movement AGAINST the concentration gradient

Passive Transport Does NOT Use Energy

Diffusion: Moves substances through phospholipids

Osmosis: Moves water

This is movement WITH the concentration gradient

Solutions and Osmosis

Hypertonic Solutions:

Contain less water than the cell associated with it – water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

Hypotonic Solutions:

Contain more water than the cell associated with it – water will move into the cell, causing it to swell

Isotonic Solutions:

Water has reached equilibrium

Metric Measurements

Time = Seconds (s) Distance/Length = Meters (m) Volume/Liquids = Liters (L) Temperature = Celsius (C) Mass = Grams (g)

Common Biology MeasurementsSmall measurements:

Milli = 0.001 Micro = 0.00001 Nano = 0.000000001

Microscopic organisms = micro or nanometers in length

Short distance = mm

Small liquid dosage = mL

Formula for microscopic magnification = eyepiece (10) times whatever the magnification is (usually 4, 40, or 100)

Question: If an organism is viewed under a magnification of 100 with an eyepiece of 10, how many times larger than real life does it appear?

Microscopic Measurements Remember – relative

size between decimals is an ABSOLUTE VALUE

Question:

Organism A is 1X 10-3

in length. How many times LARGER is A than organism B, which is 1 X 10-9 in length?

Homeostasis Maintains constant internal environment in a

changing external environment. When blood glucose is low, stored glucose

enters the blood stream. A hormone insulin helps manage blood sugar

levels. Passive and active transport help maintain

homeostasis of ions and chemicals in cells.

Photosynthesis and cell respiration Light energy is used by ALL plants to make

carbohydrates (glucose) Elodea (water plant) releases oxygen bubbles

in water during photosyntheis and CO2 bubbles during cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of ALL plants.

Cellular respiration Cell respiration is associated with releasing

energy stored in ATP within the mitochondria.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and makes the most ATP.

Anerobic respiration (fermentation) does not use oxygen and makes 2 ATP.

Chemosynthesis Chemosynthetic organisms like

archaebacteria produce their own food. Chemotrophs are producers also a type of

autotroph. They create carbohydrates (glucose) without

sunlight. Energy from inorganic compounds like

hydrogen and sulfur, not sunlight.