by: mirella cabrera psychology ms. mcelmoyl per.7
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Memory & Thought
By: Mirella Cabrera
PsychologyMs. McElmoyl
Per.7
Storing and retrieving information that has
been learned. It is known as a large filing
cabinet with millions of files stored. It is stated
in the Stroke Center, “Everything we
experience is placed in a file, labeled and can
be pulled out when needed.”
Memory…
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
(1968) This is known to be the model of
different memories, their codes and
how they process in the memory.
There are 3 stages of memory:
Sensory Memory, Short-Term
Memory, and Long-Term Memory.
There are 6 types of memory:
Iconic, Echoic, Semantic, Episodic,
Declarative, and Procedural
Memory.
I. Sensory: Briefest of memories that occurs
immediately following the reception of a
stimulus.
II. Short-term: Memory that is limited to about
seven items.
III. Long-term: Contains representations of
countless facts, experiences, and sensations.
Stages of Memory…
Iconic Memory & Echoic Memory (Sensory)
Semantic Memory & Episodic Memory (Long-
term)
Declarative Memory & Procedural Memory
(Long-term)
Types of Memory…
Short-term memory does not have any
types of memories but it contains two
methods in which one may improve their
memory, they are: Maintenance Rehearsal &
Chunking.
Short-term Memory…
Working Memory
Model(Baddeley 1986)… This is a model of short-term
memory, it is well known to
expand the “working”
aspect of memory.
There are 3 components to
short-term memory
1. Phonological Loop
2. Visuospatial Sketchpad
3. Central Executive
This loop can hold small amount of
information just by the way everything sounds
due to acoustic coding.
FACT: Can hold about 2 seconds of
phonological information at a time.
Phonological Loop…
“Like a drawing tablet, with only so many
things drawn a time (limited capacity , visual
code).”
This aspect can not only hold visual
information, but it can also hold the way in
which the information is arranged.
Visuospatial Sketchpad…
Is responsible for monitoring, keeping track of,
and arranging information throughout the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. Its main role is to convert information from one code to another.
According to Baddeley’s (1986) working memory model, the central executive, “Is postulated to be responsible for the selection, initiation, and termination of processing routines.
Central Executive…
This occurs when major damages are done the
frontal lobes due to the impairments in the way the central executive functions.
Baddeley used this syndrome to describe the many dysfunctions, “Disturbed attention, increased distractibility, a difficulty in grasping the whole of a complicated state of affairs.” Even with all this, a person suffering from this syndrome cannot learn or process new tasks.
Dysexecutive Syndrome…
I. Encoding: Transforming information so that
the nervous system can process it.
II. Storage: Information is maintained over a
period of time.
III. Retrieval: Involves obtaining information
that has been previously stored.
Memory Process…
I. Visual Codes/Senses: Creating a mental
picture.
II. Acoustic Codes: Repeating information
aloud.
III. Semantic Codes: Making sense of
information.
Encoding…
He believed that short-term memory codes all
information according to sound (acoustically). He stated, “Visual information is encoded (transformed) to its acoustic (sound/language) codes.
His study focused on participants who were presented with a list of consonants for about ¾ seconds and then had to recall what they had seen. It is said that, “Conrad found errors of recall were linked to letters which had a similar sound.” Therefore, these errors were later referred as, “acoustic confusion or substitution errors.”
Conrad’s Study (1964)
…
He discovered that distributing learning over
time is more effective than trying to fit
information all at once.
Continuing to practice material even after it
has been learned has the effect of improving
retention.
Herman Ebbinghaus
Theory…
He believed that memory was essential to
survival, but that there was no need to retain
every bit of information .
Due to James theory, short-term and long-term
memories were formed; they should just focus
on the main memory.
William James Theory…
1. "Central Executive." Central Executive. Trans. Bonnie M. French.
N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2013.
2. "The Internet Stroke Center." Internet Stroke Center Stroke News. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013.
3. Lickerman, Alex. ""How To Remember Things"" Psychology Today. Alex Lickerman, 16 Nov. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2014.
4. "Memory and Thought." Memory and Thought. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
5. "Ashbourne College's Psychology Blog." Ashbourne Colleges Psychology Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. *(Add Links/Url to Resources!)
Resources…
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