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Wireless communicationsOverview
jypyun@chosun.ac.kr
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.1
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ANT ANT Fading diversity
CT (Cordless Telephone, ) TRS (Trunked Radio System ) TRS (Trunked Radio System, ) Mobile communication
z Multiple access (CDMA, TDMA, FDMA)Wi l LAN Wireless LAN
Bluetooth
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.2
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( , )
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.3
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ANT
:
. :
. : .
: : . , ,
f , c .z [m] = c [m/sec] / f [Hz] , c=3108 [m/sec]z 300 Mhz 1 mz 30 Ghz 1 cm
X, . .
600 TH 0 4 0 7 iz : 600 THz 0.4 ~ 0.7 micrometer
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.4
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Maxwell
electric field
TimeTime
magnetic field [Propagation of electromagnetic wave]
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.5
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(radiation)
1. , .2. , . 3. , . 4. , .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.6
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.7
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ANT()
/2 Dipole Antenna /2 omni- /2 , omni-
directional .
Antenna (Reciprocal)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.8
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ANT()Radiation pattern
(a) omni-directional radiation(a) directional radiation( )
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.9
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Antenna Gain
, omnidirectional antenna (isotropic antenna) ( p )
(effective area)
z G = antenna gainz A = effective areaz Ae = effective areaz f = carrier frequencyz c = speed of light ( 3 108 m/s)z = carrier wavelengthz = carrier wavelength
244 AfAG ee == 22 cG ==
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.10
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Antenna Gain
) 12GHz 2m , ?
2A 2
8 9
0.56 0.56
/ (3 10 ) /(12 10 ) 0.025[ ]e
A rA A
c f m
= == =
= = =2 2
10
/ (3 10 ) /(12 10 ) 0.025[ ] (2.24 ) /(0.025 ) 35,373
10log (35,373) 45.49[dB]dB
c f mG
G
= =
= =
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.11
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ANT
() : . () : . () : , , , .
() : , () : - . ( )() : .
() : , () VHF() : , , VHF. () : , . () : . , . .
() : . , . () : () : . () : . () : . .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.12
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= = = electromagnetic wave 3000GHz ( 0.1mm) . , . . . -
. .
, . .
. . 2 .(fading)
. (FM AM, PCS )
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.13
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.14
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.15
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Satellite DMB
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 16
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: 19011902 (Heaviside) (Kennely) 19011902 (Heaviside) (Kennely) 50400 km .
D : 5090km . , . LF() MF() .
E : 100 km . . D . . MF() HF() ( ) ( )LF . E 1000km .
F : 200400km . F1 200km F2 250400km 200km F2 250400km . 280km . HF() VHF() . .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.17
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z , .
z : : : , ,
z
.z
.
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.18
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- . , , .
. .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.19
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: .
F , F
D 101 .
1,2 .
( )
,
- : ( , ), -
- : ( : ) - : ( : )
( - : ( : .)
, , ,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.20
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.21
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(multipath fading)
(multipath fading) ,
, ,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.22
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(reflection) :
(diffraction) : 2
(scattering) : (scattering) :
(shadowing) . .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.23
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(fading)
LF, MF, HF () :
.
: . ANT ,
: .
: .
: : . ,
VHF () (S i till ti f di ) (Scintillation fading) :
K : K .
(DUCT) : .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.24
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(Diversity)
z : 2 3 ANT ()
z : 2 2 ()
z : , ANT z :
AGC AGC AGC : AGC
:
AVC() (Limiter)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.25
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[] 2008.5.10
. [ ]
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.26
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CT (Cordless Telephone)
CT-1( ) 20m .
CT-2(cityphone) 200~300m Handover Handover . 5000/Km2
( : 25/Km2) FDMA, TDD, 964.1~868.1 MHz, ADPCM 32Kbps
CT 3CT-3 200~300m TDMA/DCA TDD 1 88~1 99GHz ADPCM 32Kbps TDMA/DCA, TDD, 1.88 1.99GHz, ADPCM 32Kbps
DECT : /, (), , GSM ( :300m) GSM ( 300m)
PHD : , 64Kbps
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.27
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TRS (Trunked Radio System, )
.
.
.
TRS .
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.28
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TRS
(TRS) ()
806 ~ 821MHz851 866MH824 ~ 849MHZ869 894MH
150, 200, 400MH 851 ~ 866MHz 869 ~ 894MHz 400MHz
, (dialing) (dialing)
, , (Dial, PTT) (PTT)
0.5 10 0.5
120 / 30 /
, ,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.29
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TRS
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.30
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(1)
z [] 1970 16km x 16km 12
z => z => z (frequency reuse)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.31
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(2)
z 6
f1
f6
Radio tower
f2
f3
f4
f5
3
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.32
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(3)
z =>
f1 f2f5f6f3
f4
Low -power antenna
f3 f6
Low -power antenna
6
f1
3
Low -power antenna
3 f4
f5
6
Low -power antenna Low -power antennaLow -power antenna
1
f2
Low power antenna p
f1 f2
f5
f6
Low -power antennaLow -power antenna
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.33
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ANT
Free space loss, ideal isotropic antenna
( ) ( )2
2
2
2 44 fddPt ==z Pt = signal power at transmitting antenna
22 cPr Pt signal power at transmitting antenna
z Pr = signal power at receiving antennaz = carrier wavelengthz d = propagation distance between antennasz c = speed of light (3x108 m/s)where d and are in the same units (e meters)where d and are in the same units (e.g., meters)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.34
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, , ->
Cell Type Cell Radius Coverage Services
Giga Cell 750 km Continents Satelliteg
Mega Cell 5 km ~ Rural Cellular
Macro Cell 2 ~ 5 km Urban/rural Cellular
TheoreticalPaper Model Real WorldMicro Cell 200 ~ 2 km DenseUrban
Cellular/Low-Tier system
Pico Cell 200 m Office,Low-Tier
system/WirelessPico Cell ~ 200 m Campus system/WirelessLAN
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.35
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MS, BS, MSC, LR
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.36
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(1)
(f d ll )z (fixed allocation)
z (dynamic allocation) MSC => MSC .
(handoff) . () (fading)
=>
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.37
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CDMA
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.38
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.39
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Cellular System
Hand off
1 2 n
No. 1 No. 2 No. n
......
Hand off : Hand off : Roaming :
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.40
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3.
4.
Base Station
1. MIN,
2. MIN, .
6. PSTN
7.
5. MIN
Mobile Switching CenterMobileMIN,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.41
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Digital modulation
Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying
A lit d Shift K i (ASK)1 0 1
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): very simple low bandwidth requirements
tq
very susceptible to interference
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
1 0 1
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): needs larger bandwidth t
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): more complex robust against interference
1 0 1
robust against interferencet
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.42
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(FDMA) (TDMA) (TDMA) (CDMA)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.43
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Multiple Access
FDMA (FDMA ( ) ) , ()
FDMA
Power () . FDMA 20kHz -30kHz. AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System)FrequencyTime
TDMA (TDMA ( ) ) (Time Slot)
TDMA
Power . GSM 200kHz 8.
Frequency
Power
CDMA (CDMA ( ) ) (spread spectrum) 1 ,
q yTime
PowerCDMA
F
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.44
FrequencyTime
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CDMA Cellular Network Infrastructure
OMCBSC
PLMN
J-STD-008,IS-95A
SMC
PSTN
BTS
MS
IPC
IPCChinese NO.7TSB 80
Ethernet/OSITMN Q3 Chinese NO.1, NO.7
IS-41
Chinese NO.1/No.7
Chinese NO.7/IS-41
PSTNPSTN
MSCBSM
GCINGCIN
IPC
IPC
IPC
TSB-80
IWFIWF
Chinese NO.7
LAPDChinese NO.7/NO.1 X.25
Chinese NO.7/IS-41C
Chinese NO.7
HLRVMS/FMS PSPDN
InformationProvider
IPC
J-STD-008,IS-95A
X.25
X.25Chinese NO.7/IS-41
Chinese NO.7TSB-80
InternetInternetBTS
BSC ProviderInternetInternetGatewayGateway
MS
TCP/IP
AuC
MS PSTNMSCBSCBTSCDMASignal
Q-CELPPacket
PCMData
PCMData
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.45ChannelCard
Vocoder
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2 3
(1G)
(1G)
2G2G 2.5G2.5G 3G3G
AMPSAMPS CDMA TDMACDMA TDMA CDMA TDMACDMA TDMA CDMACDMA AMPSAMPS CDMA, TDMACDMA, TDMA CDMA, TDMACDMA, TDMA CDMACDMA
-- 9.6 kbps9.6 kbps 144kbps144kbps 2Mbps2Mbps
800 900 MHz800 900 MHz 800 1 8 GHz800 1 8 GHz 800 1 8GHz800 1 8GHz 2 GHz2 GHz
800 ~ 900 MHz800 ~ 900 MHz 800 ~ 1.8 GHz800 ~ 1.8 GHz 800 ~ 1.8GHz800 ~ 1.8GHz 2 GHz2 GHz
25 ~ 30 kHz25 ~ 30 kHz 30kHz ~ 1.23MHz30kHz ~ 1.23MHz 30kHz ~ 1.23MHz30kHz ~ 1.23MHz 5 ~ 10 MHz5 ~ 10 MHz
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Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.46
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19951995 19991999 20002000 20012001 20022002 2003 +2003 +1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
IS-95-A IS-95-B cdma2000 1x(Phase 1)
14.4 kbps circuit
64 kbps Packet IS-95A
(1.5) 153 kbps Data IS-95A/B
2.4 Mbps Data IS-95A/B
cdma2000 3x
(Phase 2) Higher Cap Voice/ Data IS-95A/B
IMT-2000 All IP- IP Protocol
(1x 2) 384k ~ 2Mbps Data IS-95A/B
IS-136 EDGE (US)EDGE (Europe)
W CDMA
GSM GSM GPRS 9.6 kbps
W-CDMA(Europe, )
30-40 kbps Packet GSM
384 kbps Packet
High Capacity Voice 384+ kbps Packet(GSM/PDC)
28.8 kbps PDC
PDC 9.6 kbps
PDC+ W-CDMA(Japan)( )
* EDGE: Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
cdma2000/WCDMA Data - Data only HDR
Mi ti P th All IP
cdma2000/WCDMA Data - Data only HDR
Mi ti P th All IPDept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.47
Migration Path All-IP Migration Path All-IP
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Wireless networking
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.48
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Wireless LAN (WLAN)
- Network Hub Client (RF)- Network Hub Client (RF) .
LAN : - LAN : , , ISM Band Spread Spectrum LAN .
- ISM(Industrial, Scientific, Medical) Band. 902 - 928Mhz(26Mhz Bandwidth). 2.4 - 2.4835Ghz(83.5Mhz Bandwidth). 5.725 - 5.85Ghz(125Mhz Bandwidth)
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.49
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Wireless LAN
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.50
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Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc networks
infrastructuret knetwork
APAP: Access Point
APAP wired network
ad-hoc network
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.51
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IEEE standard 802.11
mobile terminal
fixedterminal
mobile terminal
infrastructure
access point
infrastructurenetwork
application
TCP
application
TCP
802 11 MAC
IP
802 3 MAC 802 3 MAC
IP
802 11 MAC
LLCLLC LLC
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY
802.3 MAC802.11 MAC
802.11 PHY
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.52
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Wireless LAN
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IEEE802 11b 2 4GH 11Mb S l ti. IEEE802.11b : 2.4GHz, 11Mbps Solution. IEEE802.11a : 5GHz, 24, 36, Max. 54Mbps Solution. HiperLAN : 25Mbps Solution. HiperLAN II : 36Mbps Solution
- Home Network Solution
-
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.53
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Wireless LAN
- , , , ,
- , Network N t ki . Networking
. , , , ,
- Cabling . , , , ,
- , Network
- Network
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.54
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Bluetooth
Harald BlueTooth 10
:
:
SIG
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.55
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth (Ericsson) Nokia
1,790 LG SK 50 . , LG, SK 50 .
10m .10m .
. . Frequency hopping
3 . 10Mbps 2.0
1.1
.
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.56
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Bluetooth
portable and/or fixed devices cable portable and/or fixed devices cable
short-range(10m) radio link robustness, low complexity, low power, low cost, p y, p , 2.4 GHz ISM band circuit packet switching combinationc rcu t pac t w tch ng c m nat n 1 asynchronous data ch. ( 721/57.6 kbps or 432.6/432.6
kbps) + 3 synchronous voice ch. (64kbps)p y p
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.57
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BlueTooth Usage Model
The three-in-one phone
The Internet Bridge , PDA,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.58
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BlueTooth Usage Model
The interactive conference
PDA , PDA,
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.59
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ZigBee http://www.zigbee.org/
ZigBee Philips Philips , , , 30 IEEE 802.15.4
.
. 20 1 . .
( : )( ) Ex)
ZigBee .
, .
B DZigBee : Smart Dust
.
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.60
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ZigBee and Bluetooth
Bluetooth ZigBee
N E F E FHSS DSSSAIR INTERFACE FHSS DSSS
PROTOCOL STACK 250 kb 28 kbL K 5
BATTERY rechargeable non-rechargeable
DEVICES/NETWORK 8 255
LINK RATE 1 Mbps 250 kbps
RANGE ~10 meters (w/o pa) ~30 metersRANGE ~10 meters (w/o pa) ~30 meters
Comparison OverviewDept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.61
Comparison Overview
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Home & Diagnostics Examples
DealerRetailer SOHO
Mobile clients link to PC for database storage PC links to peripherals, interactive toys PC Modem calls retailer, SOHO, Service
P idServiceProvider
ProviderGateway links to security system, temperature sensor, AC system, entertainment, health. G t li k t fi ld l / iC t Gateway links to field sales/service
Back EndServer
Customers
Server
Telephone Cable line
Gateway(s) PC & peripherals Entertainment
Server
Field Service
Temp. Sensor
Body
Data CommunicationTwo way
AC or heat
Pump
monitorSecurity Sensor
Dept. of Information Communication Engineering, Chosun University 1.62
Two way White goods
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