calculation of co2 emission factor for the electricity...

Time Schedule:

Calculation of CO2 Emission Factor For The

Electricity Generation Systems

Part Item Time(Minutes)

1 The Electricity Generation System in Libya 20

2Tool to calculate the emission factor for an

electricity system 15

3CO2 Emission Factor For The Electricity

Generation Systems in Libya 30

4 Discussion 15

5Movie, shows the damage in electricity

system during Libyan revolution5

Tuesday 29th of May 2012

Doha, Qatar

The Electricity Generation

System in Libya

Mohmnl1037480@yahoo.com

The Libyan Transitional Government

Ministry of Electricity and Renewable energy

Eng. Mohamed R.Zaroug

Renewable Energy Authority of Libya

Area 1,759,541 km2

Capital Tripoli

Independence 24 December 1951

Population 6,400,000

Population (growth rate) 2%

Age structure 1-14 years (32%)

15-64 years (63%)

Over 65 years ( 5%)

Sex ratio 1.05 Male / Female

Average Age 75 years (Male)

77 years (Female)

GDP(2009) $ 85 billion

Country resources

Resource Libya’s resources Libya in comparison

GasGas reserves of 10

billions BOE

Fourth largest natural

gas reserves in Africa

OilLargest oil reserves in

Africa

Proven oil reserves of

43 billions BOE with

significant additional

potential

Electricity sector overview

Around 14 main power plants

Total installed capacity 6,300MW

Electricity produced 32.55 TWh

Electricity annual growth rate 8%

Access to the electricity 99%

Electricity Exported 152GWh

Electricity Imported 70GWh

Peak demand 5,760MW

Electricity consumption

per capita 4,651KWh

Transmission system13,706Km(220Kv) & 2,422Km(400Kv)

Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL –2010)

Combined cycle

Gas station

Steam station

The Existing Power Plants (6,300 MW)

Under Construction and Commissioning power plant (4,462 MW)

Combined cycle

Gas station

Steam station

Evolution of Electricity generation (2000-2010)

Source: General electricity company of Libya (GECOL)

Electricity Production by Technology (2010)

Steam Turbine(20%)

Combined Cycle(37%)

Gas Turbine(43%)

Electricity generation by fuel type (2010)

Heavy fuel oil

Light fuel oil

Natural gas

The contribution of

RE resources in the

national energy

mix is negligible

Electricity consumption per sector (2010)

Residential(36%)

Industrial(14%)

Commercial(14%)

Agriculture(13%)

Others(23%)

Tripoli 32%

West 20%

Benghazi 15%

Mountain 6%

Alwosta 17%South 9%

Load density during 2000-2007

Evolution of Peak demand (2003-2010)

Monthly Load curve

Maximum Load

Minimum Load

Forecasted Peak Load During 2009- 2025

Lines in Operation

Lines Under Construction

BeidaBenghazi

Misurata

Bani Walid

Ghdames

Al-Rowais

Tubrok

Abu-Arqub

Al-Tabbah

EjdabiaRas

Benghazi

eria E

Bir Al-Usta Milad

Al-Sarir

Gwarsha Benghazi

Tripoli South

Sidi BannurT

ia Bumba Gulf

Surman south

MillitahTripoli west

Lines Contracted

Ultra-high voltage (400kv) network

Stations 400kv under constructing

BeidaBenghazi

Misurata

Bani Walid

Ghdames

Al-Rowais

Tubrok

Abu-Arqub

Al-Tabbah

Ejdabi

SirteBenghazi

eria E

Bir Al-Usta Milad

Al-Sarir

Gwarsha Benghazi

Tripoli South

Sidi BannurT

ia Bumba Gulf

Surman south

MillitahTripoli west

Stations 400kv contracted

400/220kv Substations

Interconnection with Neighboring Countries

The total CO2 Emissions in Libya is around 60.7 million tCO2e

(55% due to oil ، 45% due to N.G)

Industry(33%)

Others(7%)

Transportation(20%)

Power sector(40%)

Environment key figures:

Source: Libyan energy data profile- September- 2007

Registered CDM projects

(Not yet)

Libya and (UNFCCC & KP)

Libya is a Non-Annex I country

under (UNFCCC)

Ratification of the UNFCCC

Ratification of the Kyoto

protocol 2006

Establishment of designated

national authority(DNA) 2010

CO2 Emissions in Libya

60 Mt (around 40% comes form

power sector)-(2006)

Emissions share of world total

CO2 emissions per km Sq

31 tones

CO2 emissions per capita

10 tones

CO2 emissions per MWh

0.87 tons (2010)

Environmental key figures

Doha, Qatar

Tool to calculate the emission factor for

an electricity system

The CO2 emission factor is the amount of CO2 emissions

associated with each unit of electricity produced and (expressed in

kg of CO2 per KWh or tons per MWh).

Electricity can be generated from a different primary energy

sources, two-thirds of the world’s electricity comes from burning of

fossil fuels.

The combustion of fossil fuels release CO2 and other greenhouse

gases (GHG) to the atmosphere.

The amount of emissions varies from one fuel type to another (coal,

oil or natural gas) and they are calculated using the emission factors.

General concepts

“ Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system ”

which approved by UNFCCC Executive Board.

In this methodology the CO2 emission factor is determined by

calculating the Combined Margin emission factor (CM) of the

electricity system.

The CM is the result of a weighted average of two emission factors;

the Operating margin (OM) and the Build Margin (BM) of the

electricity system. The tool

provides

procedures to

determine

all parameters

About the Methodology

The CM emission factor for an electricity system is

calculated using the following steps:

Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems.

Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants.

Step 3 – Select a method to determine the operating margin.

Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor.

Step 5 – Identify the group of power plants to be the build margin

Step 6 – Calculate the build margin emission factor.

Step 7 – Calculate the combined margin emission factor.

According to the tool one of the following two options can

be chosen:

Option I: Only grid power plants are included in the

....................calculation.

Option II: Both grid power plants and off-grid power

....................plants are included in the calculation.

The following four options are listed in the tool to

calculate the OM emission factor:

Simple OM.

Simple adjusted OM.

Dispatch data analysis OM.

Average OM.

Step 3 – Select a method to determine the Operating

…………Margin (OM)

The simple OM emission factor is calculated as the

generation-weighted average CO2 emissions (kg of CO2 per

KWh or tons per MWh) of all generating power plants serving

the system not including low-cost/must-run power plants.

The simple operating margin (OM) Method can only be used

if low-cost/must-run resources (hydro, wind, solar and nuclear)

constitute less than 50% of total grid generation.

The Simple Operating Margin (OM) Method

There are two options to calculate the simple OM

emission factor :

Option A : Based on the net electricity generation and

………………… a CO2 emission factor for each power unit.

Option B : Based on the total net electricity generation of all

………………..power plants serving the system and fuel types

……………….and total fuel consumption.

The main data required to calculate the simple Operating

Margin include:

Data Data unit Description

FCi,m,y t, m3Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed by

power unit m in year y

N.C.VHFO GJ/t Net calorific value of HFO

N.C.VLFO GJ/t Net calorific value of LFO

N.C.VNG GJ/m3 Net calorific value of NG

EFCO2,HFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of HFO

EFCO2,LFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of LFO

EFCO2,NG tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of NG

EGm,y MWhNet electricity generated and delivered to the

grid by power plant m in year y

Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor

Where:

EFgrid,OMsimple,y = Simple operating margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

FCi,y = Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed in the project electricity system in year y (mass or volume unit)

NCVi,y = Net Calorific value of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)

EFCO2,i,y = CO2 emission factor of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)

EGy = Net electricity generated and delivered to the grid by all power sources serving the system, not

including low cost / must run power plants / units, in year y (MWh)

i = All fossil fuel types combusted in power sources in the project electricity system in year y

y = Either the three most recent years for which data is available

The sample group consists of either:

The five power plants that have been built most recently, or

The power plants capacity additions in the electricity

system that comprise 20% of the system generation (in MWh)

and that have been built most recently.

Step 5 - Identify the group of power plants to be the

………….Build Margin

The Build Margin emission factor (BM) is calculated as the

generation - weighted average emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

of the sample of Build Margin power plants.

Step 6 – Calculate the Build Margin emission factor

Where:

EFgrid,BM,y = Build Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

EGm,y = Net quantity of electricity generated and delivered to the grid by

power unit m in year y (MWh)

EFEL,m,y = CO2 emission factor of power unit m in year y (tCO2/MWh)

m = Power units included in the build margin

y = Most recent historical year for which electricity generation data is available

Step 7 – Calculate the Combined Margin CO2 emission factor

The Combined Margin emission factor is calculated as follows:

Where:

EFgrid,OM,y = Operating Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

WOM = Weighting of Operating Margin emissions factor (%)

WBM = Weighting of Build Margin emissions factor (%)

Doha, Qatar

CO2 Emission Factor For The Electricity

Generation Systems in Libya

The Goal of This Study

This study aims to calculate the CO2

emission factor of the Libyan power

system according to (Tool to calculate

the emission factor for an electricity

system) which approved by UNFCCC

Why we need to calculate the CO2 emission factor for

the electricity system?

To compare the CO2 emission factor of

The Libyan electricity system with The

emission factors of the other countries

To calculate the amount of CO2 emitted

by the electricity system in Libya2

To calculate the emission reduction of

CDM projects in renewable energy

and power sector

The Methodology will be used…

Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity

.....system (Version 02.2.1, 29 September 2011)

The emission factor is calculated as a Combined Margin

....(CM) emission factor , which consists of the Operating

....Margin (OM; 3 year weighted average) emission factor

....and Build Margin (BM) factor for the Libyan National

....Electricity Grid.

The CM emission factor for an electricity system is

calculated via the following steps:

Step 3 – Select a method to determine the operating margin.

Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor.

Step 5 – Identify the group of power units to be included in the build margin

Step 6 – Calculate the build margin emission factor.

Step 7 – Calculate the combined margin emission factor.

Name of Power Plant

Power Source

Number of Units

Capacity in MW

Commissioning date

Kohmes Thermal 8 1,080.0 1982, 1995

Tripoli West Thermal 6 500.0 1976, 1980

Dernah Thermal 3 139.6 1985

Tobruk Thermal 5 229.0 1985

Abu Kammash

Thermal 6 90.0 1982

Tripoli South Thermal 5 500.0 1994

Zwitina Thermal 4 200.0 1994

Kufra Thermal 2 50.0 1982

West (Rowis) Thermal 4 624.0 2005, 2006

Zawia Thermal 9 1,440.0 2000, 2005, 2007

Benghazi North Thermal 6 915.0 1995, 2002, 2007

Musrata Steel Thermal 6 510.0 1990

Sreer Thermal 5 75.0 1990

Step 1 – Identify the relevant electricity systems

In Libya, all power

plants are connected

to the Libyan National

Electricity Grid ,

The power plants

interconnected to the

grid are shown in this

table.

Step 2 – Choose whether to include off-grid power plants

According to the tool one of the following two options can be

chosen:

Option I: Only grid power plants are included in the calculation.

Option II: Both grid power plants and off-grid power plants are

..................included in the calculation.In this study,

Option I was

chosen

Step 3 – Select a method to determine the Operating Margin(OM)

The following four options are listed in the tool to calculate

the OM emission factor:

Simple OM.

Simple adjusted OM.

Dispatch data analysis OM.

Average OM.

The simple OM method is

only applicable for projects in

supply systems, where low-

cost/must-run resources

constitute less than 50 % of

total grid generation in

average of the five most

recent years

The Libyan National

Electricity Grid falls

into this category

,Therefore the Simple

OM method can be

There are two options to calculate the simple OM emission factor :

Option A : Based on the net electricity generation and

…………………...a CO2 emission factor for each power unit.

Option B : Based on the total net electricity generation of all

…………………...power plants serving the system and the fuel types

…………………..and total fuel consumption.

Option B was chosen

due to the fact that not

all necessary data

(e.g. net electricity

generation) for Option A

was available for all

power units in all years

The main data required to calculate the simple Operating

Margin include:

Data Data unit Description Source of Data Value

FCi,m,y t, m3

Amount of fossil fuel type i

consumed by power unit m in

year yGECOL*

N.C.VHFO GJ/t Net calorific value of HFO GECOL 43.542

N.C.VLFO GJ/t Net calorific value of LFO GECOL 44.849

N.C.VNG GJ/m3 Net calorific value of NG GECOL 0.0427

EFCO2,HFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of HFO IPCC** 2006 0.0755

EFCO2,LFO tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of LFO IPCC 2006 0.0711

EFCO2,NG tCO2/GJ CO2 emission factor of NG IPCC 2006 0.0543

EGm,y MWhNet electricity generated and

delivered to the grid by power

plant m in year y

* GECOL- General electric company of Libya

** IPCC- Intergovernmental panel on climate change

Step 4 – Calculate the operating margin emission factor

Where:

EFgrid,OM simple,y = Simple operating margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

FCi,y = Amount of fossil fuel type i consumed in the project electricity system in year y (mass or volume unit)

NCVi,y = Net Calorific value of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)

EFCO2,i,y = CO2 emission factor of fossil fuel type i in year y (GJ/mass or volume unit)

EGy = Net electricity generated and delivered to the grid by all power sources serving the system, not

including low cost / must run power plants / units, in year y (MWh)

i = All fossil fuel types combusted in power sources in the project electricity system in year y

y = Either the three most recent years for which data is available

NCVi,y According to the data of GECOL the net calorific value (NCV) of

heavy fuel oil (HFO), light fuel oil (LFO) and natural gas were the same

for the years 2007 – 2009.

HFO LFO Natural Gas

NCV 43.5427 GJ/t 44.8490 GJ/t 0.0427 GJ/m³

EFCO2,I,y Since no emission factor for fossil fuel types were

available, IPCC default values at the lower limit of uncertainty at a 95

% confidence interval were used to be conservative:

HFO LFO Natural Gas

Emission factor 0.0755 t/GJ 0.0711 t/GJ 0.0543 t/GJ

The net electricity generated and delivered to the grid, and the total fuel

consumption as well as electricity imports for the years 2007 – 2009:

Electricity Generation Unit 2007 2008 2009

Net Electricity Generation MWh 23,266,536 27,248,375 28,658,298

Electricity Imports MWh 77,000 69,000 175,035

Electricity Generation incl. Imports MWh 23,343,536 27,317,375 28,833,333

Fuel Consumption Unit 2007 2008 2009

HFO t 1,559,221 1,810,845 2,034,885

LFO t 2,765,683 3,100,797 3,472,813

Natural Gas 1,000 m³ 3,457,007 3,306,573 3,052,576

The tables below shows the calculation of the (3-year

generation-weighted average) simple OM emission factor of the

Libyan National Electricity Grid for the years (2007 – 2009):

2007Fuel

ConsumptionNCV

Consumption

Emission

Factor of Fuel

Emissions

t, Nm³ GJ/t, GJ/Nm³ GJ tCO2/GJ tCO2

A B C=A*B D E=C*D

HFO 1,559,221 43.5427 67,892,723 0.0755 5,125,901

LFO 2,765,683 44.8490 124,038,121 0.0711 8,819,110

Natural gas 3,457,007,109 0.0427 147,545,890 0.0543 8,011,742

2008Fuel

ConsumptionNCV

Consumption

Emission

Factor of Fuel

Emissions

A B C=A*B D E=C*D

HFO 1,810,845 43.5427 78,849,117 0.0755 5,953,108

LFO 3,100,797 44.8490 139,067,650 0.0711 9,887,710

Natural gas 3,306,572,886 0.0427 141,125,322 0.0543 7,663,105

2009Fuel

ConsumptionNCV

Consumption

Emission

Factor of Fuel

Emissions

A B C=A*B D E=C*D

HFO 2,034,885 43.5427 88,604,428 0.0755 6,689,634

LFO 3,472,813 44.8490 155,752,196 0.0711 11,073,981

Natural gas 3,052,576,196 0.0427 130,284,682 0.0543 7,074,458

Unit 2007 2008 2009

Total CO2 Emissions tCO2 21,956,753 23,503,923 24,838,074

Total Generation incl. Imports MWh 23,266,536 27,248,375 28,833,333

Weighted Electricity Generation 0.2932 0.3434 0.3634

CO2 Emission Factor tCO2/MWh 0.9437 0.8626 0.8614

Simple Operating Margin CO2 Emission

Factor (EFgrid,OMsimple,2007-09)tCO2/MWh 0.8843

Step 5 - Identify the group of power plants to be the

Build Margin

The following table shows the chosen sample group of power units

used to calculate the BM. It consists of a set of seven power units that

have been built most recently. This group was chosen, as it comprises

more than 20 % of the annual generation .

Name of Power Plant Commissioning date

West Mountain unit (4) 2006

Zawia unit (5) 2005

Zawia unit (6) 2005

North Benghazi unit (4) 2002

Step 6 – Calculate the Build Margin emission factor

Where:

EFgrid,BM,y = Build margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

EGm,y = Net quantity of electricity generated and delivered to the grid by

power unit m in year y (MWh)

EFEL,m,y = CO2 emission factor of power unit m in year y (tCO2/MWh)

m = Power units included in the build margin

y = Most recent historical year for which electricity generation data is available

EFgrid,BM,2009 = 5,100,546 tCO2 / 6,039,493 MWh = 0.8445 tCO2/MWh

Name of

Power Plant

Net Generation

in 2009

Accum. Share in

Net Generation

Emission

Factor of Fuel

Emissions

MWh % tCO2/MWh tCO2

West Mountain 3 2006 880,244 3.07% 0.8093 712,380

West Mountain 4 2006 862,399 6.08% 0.8026 692,137

West Mountain 1 2005 749,931 8.70% 0.7510 563,230

West Mountain 2 2005 848,763 11.66% 0.7735 656,558

Zawia 5 2005 852,151 14.63% 1.0303 877,962

Zawia 6 2005 704,807 17.09% 1.0764 758,655

North Benghazi 4 2002 1,141,198 21.07% 0.7357 839,623

Total 6,039,493 5,100,546

Step 7 – Calculate the Combined margin CO2 emission factor

The Combined Margin emissions factor is calculated as follows:

Where:

EFgrid,OM,y = Operating Margin CO2 emission factor in year y (tCO2/MWh)

WOM = Weighting of Operating Margin emissions factor (%)

WBM = Weighting of Build Margin emissions factor (%)

EFgrid,CM,2009 = 0.8843 tCO2/MWh × 0.75 + 0.8445 tCO2/MWh × 0.25

= 0.8744 tCO2/MWh

Using emission factors which calculated above for the Operating

Margin(OM) and Build Margin(BM). And according to the tool, the

Combined Margin emission factor is calculated using the default

OM: BM weighting of 75% : 25% as:

Country (2007) t CO2 / MWh Country (2007) t CO2 / MWh

1 Canada 0.205 21 World 0.507

2 USA 0.549 22 Africa 0.627

3 Japan 0.450 23 Middle East 0.678

4 Korea 0.455 24 Morocco 0.712

5 Austria 0.202 25 Algeria 0.597

6 Belgium 0.253 26 Tunisia 0.557

7 Finland 0.230 27 Egypt 0.450

8 France 0.090 28 Jordan 0.588

9 Germany 0.427 29 Lebanon 0.638

10 Greece 0.749 30 Syria 0.606

11 Italy 0.388 31 Iraq 0.811

12 Norway 0.007 32 Kuwait 0.645

13 Poland 0.668 33 Saudi Arabia 0.736

14 Spain 0.390 34 Bahrain 0.847

14 Sweden 0.040 35 Qatar 0.623

16 Switzerland 0.023 36 UAE 0.831

17 Botswana 1.852 37 Oman 0.861

18 South Africa 0.845 38 Yemen 0.679

19 China 0.758 39 Iran 0.536

20 India 0.928 40 Argentina 0.352

Comparison between the CO2 emission factor for the electricity

system in different countries

Source – International Energy Agency (IEA)

The CO2

emission factor

for electricity

system in Libya

(0.87 tCO2/MWh)

In general, there are several options to limit the CO2

emissions from electricity generation include:

Increasing the use of renewable energy.

Use fuels with lower CO2 emission per KWh produced.

Increase the efficiency of both electricity production and

end-use

The emission of CO2 per kWh electricity produced varies

among countries and depends on the mix of energy sources

used to produce electricity.

The statistics of International Energy Agency (IEA) for year

2007 show that, the average of CO2 emission factor for

electricity systems in the world is (0.507tCO2/MWh), Africa

(0.627tCO2/MWh) and Middle East around

(0.678tCO2/MWh).

Conclusion and recommendations

The CO2 emission factor for electricity generation system

in Libya is (0.87 tCO2/MWh).

Based on the CO2 emission factor for electricity system

which calculated in this study, The CO2 emitted by

electricity system in Libya in 2009 is around (24 Million

tCO2).

The results of this study can be used to calculate the

CO2 emission reductions of CDM projects in renewable

and power sector.

It is necessary to establish a database for all units of

power plants in Libya in order to facilitate the access to

required data.

Since the data of electricity generation is changing yearly,

that is why it is recommended to update this study

every year.

calculation of co2 emission factor for the electricity...

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