cascao hydropolitics twm lake victoria 2009 (i)
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Ana Elisa Cascão
Presentation to TWM Lake Victoria
Kigali, Rwanda – 26 October 2009
Hydropolitics: Water, Power and Cooperation (I)
Structure of the Presentation
13:00 - 14:30•What is Hydropolitics•Water, Politics and Power
14:15 - 17:00•Hydropolitical Conflict and Cooperation•Financing cooperation•Water-sharing and and Benefit-sharing paradigms
Exercise 1: Assessing power relations in the Nile River Basin
Exercise 2: If I was a donor...
Hydropolitics: is there a definition?
What can you see in this picture?
PowerWater
Control
Merowe Dam, Sudan
Hydropolitics:
Who?Users: Upstream/downstream/midstream riparians
Uses: Agriculture, Industry and Services sectors
What?Blue water, Groundwater, Green water
Water quality
When? Constant or variable supply and control
Where? Tributaries, flows and infrastructures
How? Political and economic processes influencing water control, utilisation and allocation of water resources
POWER
‘who gets what water, when, where and how?’
Water: a multifaceted resource (1)
Political resource
Natural resource Social resource
Economic resource Cultural resource
Water: a multifaceted resource (2)
Water: a transboundary political resource
Water Resources: Transboundary ≠ Shared
NILE RIVER BASIN
• Transboundary water resources
• But not (equitably) shared water resources
Asymmetric Power Relations
Why?Why?
Asymmetric Power Relations:explanatory factor
Geography Material power
Bargaining power
Ideationalpower
4 PILLARS OF POWER
Framework of Hydro-Hegemony Zeitoun and Warner 2006
GEOGRAPHICAL POWER
Riparian Position:• Downstream• Midstream• Upstream
Geographical Advantages:• Contribution to river flow• Potential for water utilisation• Suitability for hydraulic infrastructure
MATERIAL POWER
Economic development
Military power
Political stability and influence
BARGANING POWER:in interstate relations and negotiations
WHO CONTROLS THE NEGOTIATIONS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGREEMENTS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE NUMBERS?
WHO CONTROLS
THE AGENDA?
WHO CONTROLS
THE LEGITIMACY?
WHO PLAYS BETTER WITH
INTERNATIONAL LAW?
WHO HAS ACCESS TO
INVESTMENT?
IDEATIONAL POWER: Power to influence perceptions
Asymmetric Knowledge
SanctionedDiscourse
Incentives
Playingwith time
Silent
Diplomacy/Cooperation
• Select 4 or 5 Nile riparian states and assess the four dimensions of power for each of them
• Power dimensions to take into account:
• Classify each dimension as Strong, Middle, or Weak
EXERCISE 1: Assessing power relations in the Nile River Basin
Geography:
•Riparian position•Contribution to water availability in the Basin
•Suitability for hydraulic projects
Material Power:
•Economic development•Military power
•Political stability•Political influence
in the region
Bargaining power:
•Water “numbers” and information available
•Power to influence agenda•Power to set what
can or cannot be negotiated•Power to claim legitimacy
(e.g. prior use)•Position concerning
international water law•Access to international funding
IdeationalPower:
•Power to influence knowledgeproduction and sharing
•Power to influence discourse•Available incentives to
influence neighbouring countries•Time factors (it can wait)
•Silence factors (it can be hidden)•Power to play with ambiguity
•Power to influence cooperation process and agenda
• At the end, we must be able to visualise Power Asymmetries between different riparians, e.g.:
• In the Nile Basin, how asymmetric power relations are?• How influential is that in the control, utilisation and allocation of the Nile
water resources?
EXERCISE 1: Assessing power relations in the Nile River Basin
By the end of the 1st session, participants should
be aware:
* What is Hydropolitics
* Water is a multifaceted resource
* Water is a political resource
* Transboundary ≠ Shared
* Power in transboundary basins matters!
Next session:
* Hydropolitical Conflict and Cooperation* Case-studies
* Financing cooperation* Water-Sharing and Benefit-Sharing
Power
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