case study 1 - hydraulic jack analysis
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The hydraulic jack has an input area of 10 mm2 and an output area of 40 mm2, and is used to move the output piston against a constant 2kN load with different output speed values. The input cylinder is connected to the output cylinder with a 4 mm2 pipe of length L. The fluid used in the jack is water at 20 °C (Density = 998 kg/m3 and viscosity is 1 x 10-3 Pa.s)
Plot the force F needed on the input piston as a function of the steady output piston speed. Generate three different curves on the same plot corresponding to (i) L = 5 m, (ii) L = 10 m and (iii) L = 20 m. Identify all the critical inflection points on the plot.
Under steady conditions, the acceleration of the weight is zero and using Newton’s 2nd law we have
∑ F=0 [1]
Po Ao−W=0 ,Po=W / Ao [2]
Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe,
Pi=Po+P loss [3]
with
Ploss=f ( LD )( ρ v p2
2 ) [4]
But F i=A i p i, and from continuity v p Ap=vo Ao .Using [2], [3] and [4], we have
F i=A i(WAo +f ( LD )( A pAo )2
( ρ vo2
2 )) [5]
Where
f={ 64ℜ ,ℜD<4000
−1.8 log( 6.9ℜ +( ε /D3.7 )1.11)
−2
,ℜD>2300}Points of discontinuity, inflection occur at ℜD=0 (motion starts) ℜD=2300 ( turbulent solution
starts) and ℜD=4000 (laminar solution ends). Using ℜD=ρ v pD
μ, and vo=
A pAov p, we have
vo=A pAo
μℜD
ρD
withD=√4 A/ π=√16 /π=2.26mm, the results in the table below are obtained:
L (m) ReD Vo (m/s) Fi (Laminar) (kN) Fi (Turbulent) (kN)5 2300 0.1021 500.3208 500.5261
4000 0.1776 500.5579 501.385610 2300 0.1021 500.6416 501.0522
4000 0.1776 501.1159 502.7713
rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg Cmu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg CAp = 4e-6; %pipe areaDp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameterAo = 40e-6; %output areaAi = 10e-6; %input areaWt = 2000; %Weight Lp = input('\n pipe length:'); % pipe length ReD = input('\n Reynolds number:'); % Reynolds Number Vp = ReD .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % pipe flow speedVo = Vp .* (Ap/Ao); % output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD; % laminar friction factorf_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD .^ 0.25); % turbulent friction factor Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2;Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar forceFi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force fprintf('Lp = %-2.2f \n', Lp);fprintf('ReD = %-5.1f \n',ReD);fprintf('Vo = %-2.4f \n',Vo);fprintf('Fi_lam = %-5.4f \n',Fi_lam);fprintf('Fi_trb = %-5.4f \n',Fi_trb);
rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg Cmu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg CAp = 4e-6; %pipe areaDp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameterAo = 40e-6; %output areaAi = 10e-6; %input areaWt = 2000; %Weight ReD_lam = 0:2300; % Range of Reynolds for laminar flowReD_crt = 2300:4000 ; %Range of Reynolds for critical flowReD_trb = 4000:6000; % Range of Reynolds for turbulent flow Vp_lam = ReD_lam .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % laminar pipe speedVp_crt = ReD_crt .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % critical pipe speedVp_trb = ReD_trb .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % turbulent pipe speed Vo_lam = Vp_lam .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speedVo_crt = Vp_crt .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speedVo_trb = Vp_trb .* (Ap/Ao); % turbulent output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD_lam; %laminar friction factorf_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD_trb .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor f_f_lam_crt = 64 ./ ReD_crt; %laminar friction factor in critical regionf_f_trb_crt = 0.316 ./ (ReD_crt .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor in critical region hold on
for Lp = [5, 10, 20]; %pipe lengths Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_lam .^ 2; Pl_lam_crt = f_f_lam_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_trb .^ 2; Pl_trb_crt = f_f_trb_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar force Fi_lam_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam_crt); %laminar force in critical region Fi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force Fi_trb_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb_crt); %turbulent force in critical region plot(Vo_lam, Fi_lam, Vo_crt, Fi_lam_crt, '--', Vo_crt, Fi_trb_crt, '--', Vo_trb, Fi_trb);end xlabel ('output speed (m/s)');ylabel ('Input Force (N)');
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35500
502
504
506
508
510
512
output speed (m/s)
Inpu
t F
orc
e (N
)
For F = 1 kN and L = 20 m, derive an expression for the transient output speed, v, as a function of time, t, and find the time needed for the piston to reach 95% of the steady speed. Plot v(t) using appropriate scale.
Under transient conditions, we have
∑ F=m dvdt
[5]
Po Ao−W=m dvdt
[6]
Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe,
Po=P i−Ploss [7]
with pi=F i /A i and using the results of the plot in part (a) when Fi = 1 kN, the flow becomes fully
turbulent short time after motion starts. It can then be assumed that Ploss=f ( LD )( ρ v p2
2 ), where f
is independent of v.
mdvd t
=Ao( F iA i−f ( LD )( ρ v p2
2 ))−W [8]
From continuity v p=v ( Ao/A p ) .and the equation becomes
mdvdt
=Ao( F iA i−f ( LD )( AoA p )2
( ρ v2
2 ))−W [5]
dvdt
+Aom ( AoAp )
2
f ( LD )( ρ v2
2 )= Fim ( AoAi )−g [5]
Let c=Aom ( AoAp )
2
f ( LD )( ρ2 ) and =k=F im ( AoA i )−g, the equation may be written as:
dvdt
+c v2=k [5]
dv
k−c v2=dt [5]
∫vo
vdv
v2−k /c=−c∫
0
t
dt [5]
12√k /c
ln( v−√k /cv+√k /c )=−ct
v−√k /cv+√k /c
=−e−2√kct [5]
v (t )=√ kc (1−e−2√kct1+e−2√kc t ) [5]
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
time
out
pu
t sp
eed
To find the time needed for the output piston to reach a ratio, r v, of the steady velocity, vs=√k /c
v (t )√k /c
=rv
=( 1−e−2√kc t1+e−2√kc t )Solving for t
t= 12√kc
ln ( 1+r v1−r v )Given, k=
F im ( AoA i )−g=g
c=Aom ( AoAp )
2
f ( LD )( ρ2 )Using the values specified for the parameters above
c= g∗40×10−6
2000102 f ( 20
√16×10−6/π )(500)c=8.87g f
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