causes and condition of child/youth poverty: comparing canada and the dw (using some examples from...
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Causes and Condition of Child/Youth Poverty: Comparing Canada and the DW (using some examples from India and Mexico)
Global Value Chains in East Asia WTO 6.03min jun 2011http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-1ht2OrG2Y
Starbuck's Coffee: Commodity Chain 10 min 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osW9dfueb_4
http://www.irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows13/irows13.htm (accessed jan11,07)
Production and consumption interlinksCore & Peripheries:
Global Commodity Chain (NIKE)
Integration of Households
Children/youth Women
* Nike's Globalization and Commodity Chainhttp://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&t=m&vpsrc=6&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=211065077841377470192.0004b3088ffc9f6ceb280
Red: manuf Green markets yellow HQs and acquisitions
Household in the Global Commodity Chain (World System Theory):
•Core or Peripheral states: • Households (non indigenous)• Classes: Upper & middle income
Low income & the Poor • Indigenous households: (Canada andL Am) Fourth World status
* Child labour 2006 BBChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruh0O_mj1v0 5.20 min
Nepal child labour 3minhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zSLVhHEXtM8 Things You Really Need to Know About Child Slaveryhttp://www.takepart.com/photos/7-new-stats-show-progress-fight-against-child-labor/how-many-kids- (slides) 2013 data
Value Chain: Geographically Dispersed Interlinks
* Walmart Fire in Bangladesh 2012 (21.26min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLoW5Z9vhhg (watch 6 min or more)
Globally pervasive child labour:
Child labour uncovered in Apple's supply chain
Internal audit reveals 106 children employed at 11 factories making Apple products in past year
Juliette Garside, telecoms correspondent The Guardian, Friday 25 January 2013 19.22 GMT
Apple store
Core: Canada & children in poverty
• Affluent country
• Child benefits
• Social institutions &
financial support for children
• Poorer countries
• Child poverty leads to child labour
• Basic needs not met
Periphery: Mexico & India: Child Poverty
Concepts Comparing on Children in poverty
The Global Situation of Children in Poverty 3.10 min 2008
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCXXgrL0Znk
WST concepts that explain the reasons for the increase in child poverty in the Core and in the Peripheries:
Neoliberalism:•Declining role of the State •Deregulation results in Financial Meltdown (2008)•Global Commodity Chain (GCC)
Neoliberalism & its result: GCC in Core:Declining role of the StateFinancial DeregulationDismantling of Social WelfarePrivatization of child careYouth integration into GCC
• Weakening of social policy towards children• State is unable to compensate the impact on child poverty generated by the shocks• Declining funding for youth programs & educ.• Youth unemployment
WST concepts that explain the reasons for the increase in child poverty in the Core and in the Peripheries:
Neoliberalism:•Declining role of the State •Deregulation resulted in Financial Meltdown (2008)•Global Commodity Chain (GCC)
Neoliberalism & its result: GCC in Core:Declining role of the StateFinancial DeregulationDismantling of Social WelfarePrivatization of child careYouth integration into GCC
• Weakening of social policy towards children• State is unable to compensate the impact on child poverty generated by the shocks• Declining funding for youth programs & educ.• Youth unemployment
Comparisons and Statistical Data
Total Global/ Regional Children/Youth in ’000 (March 2012)Countries <18 <5
Africa 477,383 155,135Middle East and North Africa 156,444 47,524Asia 1,151,806 316,151Latin America and Caribbean 195,713 53,461
Industrialized countries 203,008 57,212Developing countries 1,953,940 563,545Least developedcountries 389,258 122,520World 2,201,180 633,933http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/ accessed jan26,2013
Children’s povertyin DW: 2004
• 250 million•Absolute poverty • Lack basic needs• Hunger and death• AIDS & blindness• Severe disabilities•Violence and orphans
•Absolute poverty is the complete lack of resources to meet basic needs and sustain life
Children’s povertyin Canada: 2005
•1.2 million• Relative poverty• Generational welfare trap• Poverty cycle• Social Security• Publicly funded schools• Universal medical car•Relative PovertyThe level of poverty of children living in households where disposable income is less than half of the median in a given country
Contrasts between Canada & DW
Affluent Canada (2005):
Child poverty
• 1.2 million children, or (1 in 6) children live in poverty.
• # in poverty- 20% rise (1989-2004)
• 41% users of food banks, are children
Child Poverty in Canada: Why are 10 percent of kids poor? 1hr April 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt6s1maEMtw (2010)
Income Inequality and Child Poverty in Canada: from Poor No More, a Canadian docu. 2.53min oct 2009
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIWroI1wymg
Peripheries or DW (2004)
Child poverty :
• 674 million in poverty (2005)
• 70% poor in rural (agriculture) Gordon, D, et al (2003) "Child
poverty in the developing world"
Child labour (2004)
• 250 million working
• 120 million work full time
• 61% in Asia, 32 % in Africa, 7% in Latin Am
http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.htm accessed oct 2010Canada: http://www.campaign2000.ca/rc/rc04/04NationalReportCard.pdf
accessed Jan 2010
Canada (cont’d) (groups that are in worse situation)
• Child poverty rates for Aboriginal, immigrant & visible minority groups are more than double the average of that of all children
At Least 50% of Aboriginal Children Live in Poverty in Canada 4 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEB8JEcoejo
Support for First Nations' Children 2010 3 min 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2AqunAgY2A
• child poverty rate among children with disabilities is 28%
Developing countries (cont’d) (work)
• work as domestics • work in trade & services • work in manufacturing &
construction
Canada: 2009
Child Poverty:
• 639,000 children live in poverty
• Poverty rate: 9.5%
• Youth unemployment
• 14.1% unemployment rate
• Aged 15-24: 408,000 youth unemployed in Oct. 2011.
• weekly wage $398.74 - $525.90 less than those aged 25 and over
• 30% of these youth find themselves in precarious jobs
REVISITING FAMILY SECURITY IN INSECURE TIMES
2011 Report Card on Child and Family Poverty in Canada
DW (2011)
Child poverty :
• 1 out of 6 infants are born with a low birth weight in developing countries.
• A third of all childhood death in sub-Saharan Africa is caused by hunger.
• Every five seconds, a child dies from hunger-related diseases.
• 22,000 children die each day due to conditions of poverty
http://www.thp.org/learn_more/issues/know_your_world_facts_about_hunger_and_poverty
Know Your World: Facts About Hunger and Poverty 2011
Child poverty is defined in the 2011 Society report as “The proportion of children 17 years and under living in households where disposable income is less than half of the median in a given country.”
Ref: 2011 Society report (2011). The Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa
Child poverty in BC 2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVXzsxc4ikY 1.37min 2011
.
Child Poverty in Canada
LIC: Low income cut-off LIM: low income measure http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/2012002/lico-sfr-eng.htm
2011 Report Card on Child and Family Poverty in Canada
http://www.campaign2000.ca/reportCards/national/2011EnglishRreportCard.pdf
Canada’s Children in Poverty
http://www.campaign2000.ca/reportCards/national/2011EnglishRreportCard.pdf
Source: Statistics Canada, 2006, 2001 & 1996 Censuses through the Toronto Social Research and Community Data Consortium (2006) and the Community Social Data Strategy (1996-2001). LICO Before-Tax.
Source: http://dsp-psd.tpsgc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/CIR/824-e.htm 2003 data
Canada:
Thesis on children/youth:
Increasing global corporatization has integrated children/ youth in the Core and Peripheral countries into a global commodity chain.
• Most children/youth in the Core help extract a major share of surpluses (corporate profits) through their consumption within a stable political economy. Thus, a majority of the children/youth in the affluent Canada (Core) have been transformed into conspicuous consumers or service sector commodities, while a minority of them (1 in 10 (circa 2010)) live in poverty
Thesis (cont’d)
•In contrast, through poorly paid or unpaid household labour children/youth in the Peripheries are exploited through surplus extraction for profit for and consumption in the Core. In the Periphery, those children/youth who are from the rich and middle classes, become comprador consumers. But most of the peripheral countries’ children are absolutely poor and must work for their livelihood. Thus they become labour commodities
Comparative arguments using WST: 1.Global corporatization has integrated children/ youth in the Core and Peripheral countries into a global commodity chain.
2.Most children/youth in the Core help extract a major share of surpluses (corporate profits) through their consumption within a stable political economy. Thus, a majority of the children/youth in the affluent Canada (Core) have been transformed into conspicuous consumers or service sector commodities, while a minority of them (1 in 10 (circa 2010)) live in poverty
3.In contrast, through poorly paid or unpaid household labour children/youth in the Peripheries are exploited through surplus extraction for profit for and consumption in the Core. In the Periphery, those children/youth who are from the rich and middle classes become comprador consumers. But most of the DWs’ children are absolutely poor and must work for their livelihood. Thus they become labour commodities
1. Global corporatization has integrated children/ youth in the Core and Peripheral countries into a global commodity chain.
CHILD LABOR/SLAVERY: NIKE, APPLE, GAP, MICROSOFT -- CHINA, INDIA, PAK
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57v_v6oSGZI 2010 4min
• Single division of labor: core accumulates capital as periphery supplies labour
WST & Global Commodity Chain (GCC):Commodity Chain Research HD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bs65dIcRKXE 4 min
Core: Capital richMNCs’ corporate Head Office:
R&DProduct designCustomization
Market distributionProducts RetailAds
Inequitable Impacts of global Commodity Chains on workers in Canada (Core): Wilma A. Dunaway,
Economic Costs
Educational &cultural costs
Critical individual costs
Wealth & Capital ConcentrationIn Commodity Production, lower wages for the workersLow Remuneration for Non-Wage Labor (e.g. household work)
HealthCivic freedomsDiscrimination: gender & AgeHuman rights Law & Order (prejudice against the poor)
Conspicuous ConsumptionDevaluation of Arts & HumanitiesCommodification of Youth, child, women as Ads, Logo
GCC Peripheries: Labour surplus
Production process:
• Vertically integrated • GCC
Vertically integrated Model: MNCs’ GCC
Foreign subsidiary or Subcontracting local company
Manufacturing factories or Sweatshops
Extract raw materials from resource rich areas
Extract surplus from labour
Household labour of the poor (low/no wage or slavery): Men, Women, Youth & Children
GCC (contd.)Peripheries: Labour surplus
Production process:
• Vertically integrated • GCC
Hidden Inputs of the Peripheries’ child & women in the global Commodity Chain
Typical Production Node of aCapitalist Commodity Chain
Cheap Labor
Working classchild & women subsidize the Production Process
Capitalist Costs that areExternalized to Households
Inequitable Impacts on children & women
Surplus extraction from labour: No-wage, Unpaid & Low-wage subsidize commodity production
Economic Costs to the Periphery
State Subsidies: in providing societal Infrastructure of maintaining stable social order
State Subsidies to Capitalist Enterprises
External costs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC5R9WPId0s (7.39min)
Inequitable Impacts of global Commodity Chains on Children/youth workers: in the Periphery: Wilma A.
Dunaway,
Economic costs:•Negative impact of loss of education years on a country’s development•Country loses skill development in its future populationHealth costs•Children in hazardous work: Life span, health and welfare irrecoverably affectedSocial costs•Cycle of Poverty – destitution becomes endemic
Comparative conceptual arguments: 1.Global corporatization has integrated children/ youth in the Core and Peripheral countries into a global commodity chain.
2.Most children/youth in the Core help extract a major share of surpluses (corporate profits) through their consumption within a stable political economy. Thus, a majority of the children/youth in the affluent Canada (Core) have been transformed into conspicuous consumers or service sector commodities, while a minority of them (1 in 10 (circa 2010)) live in poverty
3.In contrast, through poorly paid or unpaid household labour children/youth in the Peripheries are exploited through surplus extraction for profit for and consumption in the Core. In the Periphery, those children/youth who are from the rich and middle classes become comprador consumers. But most of the DWs’ children are absolutely poor and must work for their livelihood. Thus they become labour commodities
Canada: Core country’s children/youth:
Most are higher or middle income classes (80% all children in Canada):
• Children at school• Youth at school/work• Consumers: Conspicuous Consumption
Canada: Child/youth are transformed into:
• Conspicuous consumers (endless consumption)
• Service sector commodities
Conspicuous consumers Rich Kids for Romney http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fit79MQwyeY 50sec 2012
• Creation of artificial wants• Persuaded to consume endlessly• Ads & Peer pressure lure the young
Core’s Child/ Youth conspicuous consumption: manufactured and manipulated by:
•Adult-led army of advertisers• Marketing consultants • Youth researchers
Child/youth in the Core transformed into:
• Conspicuous consumers (endless consumption)
• Commodified in the Service sector
Core: youth work is:
• Low-end service work • Low in status, value and skill • Not “real” work• Corporations view youth work as hobby
Consumerism - Commodification Link:• Circularity in youth employment
Service sector employers:• Hire young workers because ‘youth’ sells product • Youth/child often is the real product being sold
e.g.: Ads of child/youth in jeans or t-shirts, sneakers or snowboards, soft drinks or CDs
• Youth as consumers
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1587254,00.html
http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats
e.g.: Retail stores and food service companies:
• Exploit the sexuality of young workers (esp. women) to attract customers and increase sales
• Staffing stores by hiring youth as workers with the right “look”
• Hire by screening for an appearance, attitude and demeanor based on age, gender, race and class
The company hires “brand representatives”:
• Not cashiers or clerks • Exhibiting the “A&F Look” (to experience Abercrombie & Fitch stores)• Selling an experience for customer to experience again and again through the Brand
Commodification of YouthYouth workers: • wear brand name perfumes as directed.
But, in Starbucks: no colognes and perfumes – only the “romance of coffee” aroma
• Faces freshly scrubbed with Body Shop Blue Corn Mask • Apartments furnished with Ikea self-assembled bookcases and coffee tables
Circularity in youth employment:
• MNCs created mass consumerism (in post-WW II era)• Commodification of youth in mass advertising • Demand for youth as service sector workers
• Canadian youth want stable economy: why? (Jobs & MNCs’ profits will remain stable)
Globally Integrated conspicuous consumption
•Kinko’s, Starbucks and Blockbuster clerks buy their uniforms of khakis and white or blue shirts at the Gap
• “Hi! Welcome to the Gap!” greeting cheer is fueled by Starbucks double espressos
• Résumés that got them the jobs were designed at Kinko’s on friendly Macs, in 12-point Helvetica on MS Word.
Why Commodity Chains are created by global corporation? How does it work?
• NDL: International division of labour (post colonial)• Endless accumulation: economic growth to maximize profits• Commodification of everything;• Global search for surplus extraction• Repeated cycles of innovation, change, and expansion
Nike World Headquarters in Oregon
Profits & PatentsResearch Lab: tests in biomechanics, physiology, sensory Customise to suit the interest of clients’ geography, age, gendere.g., Runners
- in the United States prefer hard surfaces - in Europe prefer trails
Ads (consumerism): e.g.: 2001 the Nike Goddess outlets
Profit percolates upCommodification of the Young:
child & youth workersconsumers
Extraction of Raw materials (mostly from peripheries):
Rubber, leather and plastic
Extracted from places located in close proximity
Use of household as labourWomenYouthChildren
Sent to the factories or “Sweatshops” for manufacturing
Peripheral states: Subcontracts the production process: 765 contract factories (Nov 2013)
http://nikeinc.com/pages/manufacturing-map
Independent private contractors in China, Indonesia and Vietnam
Vertically integrated model
Comparative conceptual arguments: 1.Global corporatization has integrated children/ youth in the Core and Peripheral countries into a global commodity chain.
2.Most children/youth in the Core help extract a major share of surpluses (corporate profits) through their consumption within a stable political economy. Thus, a majority of the children/youth in the affluent Canada (Core) have been transformed into conspicuous consumers or service sector commodities, while a minority of them (1 in 10 (circa 2010)) live in poverty
3.In contrast, through poorly paid or unpaid household labour children/youth in the Peripheries are exploited through surplus extraction for profit for and consumption in the Core. In the Periphery, those children/youth who are from the rich and middle classes become comprador consumers. But most of the DWs’ children are absolutely poor and must work for their livelihood. Thus they become labour commodities
Peripheral states:MNCs’ Subcontractors (owner class):
Upper income class (global Elite class)•luxury goods consumer household
Rich Kids Gone Wild? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tW_VDMYxhvc4.37 min sept 2011Who made your shirt- child lab in china http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2KCYsmWFP8 3min 2009
Educated & skilled workers:Middle income class (White or Blue collar)
• Children & youth at school• Formal sector: Working men/women • Consumer household (beyond basic goods)
Peripheral states:
Lower income and Poorer classes:
•Working Men•Working Children•Working youth•Working women
Fourth World:
Indigenous population:• Unemployed & discriminated men• Children exploited in boarding schools• Culturally alienated youth• Working and abused women
Child/youth Poverty in Peripheral countries:
International Labor Organization (ILO) reports:In 2010 Global total of Children (age 5-17): 1.586 billion20 mil. more than in 2004 (1.3% increase)
In the Developing World (2010):
Working children. (age 5 - 17): 306 mil.Child labour (5-17): 215 million
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
Source for 2004: http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Child_Labour/lang--en/index.htm
Child labourers are defined as those:
•Under the minimum age for work, or• Engaged in work that poses a threat to their health, safety or morals, or are subject to conditions of forced labour.
Source: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
Child Labour: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty 2010 (5 min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1cZFgJwzYM
*Child Labourhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruh0O_mj1v0 5.20min 2006
Children in hazardous work: 115 million
2004 - 2010: 20% Increase in child labour in the 15-17 years age group: (from 52 million to 62 million)
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126685.pdf
India: children working(pop:363 m. (31%) Age<14)
(2009) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/in.html)
• 13.6 million (Indian census) in 1981
• 20 million children in hazardous condition (Labour Ministry) in 1994
• 77 million live below poverty line in 1995
(Commission on Labour Standards)
Mexico: children working (pop: 32m. (29%) Age <14)
(2009)
• 8-11 million children under the age of 15 years are working in Mexico in 1994 (US Dept of
Labor, Sweat and Toil of Children, 1994, citing US Dept of State, Human Rights Report, 1993)
• 16 % of children (age 5-14) -15% of male & 16% female - in child labour (1999-2003)
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mexico_statistics.html
India (cont’d) :
• 60-115 million (Human Rights Watch) (1996)
• Child Economic Activity rate: 13.5% (Male) 10.3% (Female)
• Largest number of working children in the world - Child labour productivity accounts for 20% of India’s GNP
L Am (Mexico) (cont’d)
• 40 million children (total pop. 500 mil in LAm) living or working on the streets of Latin America
• 20% begging to survive
• 24% by selling goods• rest by doing
subcontracting work. (Xinhua: Comtex , 2000)
Working Children
India (cont’d)
• 85% of rural child laborers work in cultivation and agriculture, e.g., tea plantations,
• 40% of urban child laborers work in manufacturing and repair
• Also in carpet making, gem polishing, fireworks
http://www.indianchild.in/Child_Exploitation/ (acc. April 09)
L.Am (Mexico) (cont’d) (2000)
• L.Am children working in the streets, markets, tourist & other areas of 108 cities -70% are boys and 30% girls
• work as cart-pushers, kitchen help, and vendors
• children in the age group of 7 to 14 make up 30% of day laborers in the agriculture sector
http://www.globalmarch.org/resourcecentre/world/mexico.pdf (acc. Ap 09)
http://www.hrw.org/children/labor.htm 2004
Why is child labour bad for the children?
• Four-year-olds tied to rug looms to keep them from running away - Working at rug looms, for example, has left children disabled with eye damage, lung disease, stunted growth, and a susceptibility to arthritis as they grow older
• Work prevents the child from going to school
• Work long hours, often in dangerous and unhealthy conditions, are exposed to lasting physical and psychological harm
… bad for children:
• Children work for too many hours and too many days, for too little, or no pay• subject often to physical abuse• exposed to dangerous pesticides• work with dangerous tools
What did World Bank and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation do?• financing sericulture projects dependent on child labor( Human Rights Watch, 2004)
… bad for children: Children making silk thread in India
• dip their hands into boiling water that burns & blisters • breathe smoke and fumes from machineryhandle dead worms that cause infectionsguide twisting threads that cut their fingers
Children harvesting sugar cane in El Salvador:• use machetes to cut cane for up to nine hours a day in the hot sun• injures their hands and legs • medical care often not available
http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_30398.html
1999-2004
2012: (source: http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats
Number of children in the world 2.2 billion
Number in poverty1 billion (every second child)
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126752.pdf
http://www.tagg.org/rants/OECDChildPov.html
% Children in Poverty in OECD: Impact of State’s decline? (2000)
Poverty
Poverty
Poverty
INDIA (2004):• Conditions of ‘real’ poverty (worse than
‘monetary’ measure)– 26% of children are education poor; (cf. 52 %
of adults)– 70% of children <13 years old are
undernourished, 44% severely; – 7% of individuals aged 7 to 59 suffered from
chronic illness.
hdr.undp.org/.../presentations/2004/topic_3/Approaches%20to%20Measuring%20poverty,%20Frances%20Stewart.ppt
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