cctr & indiana’s clean coal initiative
Post on 18-Feb-2022
7 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
1
CCTR
1
CCTR & Indiana’s Clean Coal InitiativeASME Central Indiana Section
Indianapolis, January 16, 2008
Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin765-494-1873 bhbowen@purdue.edu
Indiana Center for Coal Technology ResearchLocated in the Energy Center at Discovery Park, Purdue University
2
CCTR
2
Coal
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/
Click here
CCTR was
created bystate
legislation SB 29
in 2002
3
CCTR
CCTR Mission & OverviewThe goal and purpose of the Center for Coal Technology Research (CCTR) is to address the vital issue of determining suitable coal technologies which will meet the economic & environmental priorities of Indiana
Key issues, affecting coal projects, that are being most considered include (1) gasification technology
(2) infrastructure expansion(3) carbon management
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/
4
CCTR
4
Note A: Relatively Stable Coal Prices in Real Terms; Prices of Other Energy Sources Continue to Rise
Real Cost of Energy
5
CCTR
5
Note B: Delineation of Indiana Coal Resources Using USGS Availability System
2007 Indiana Geological Survey Data
Current production = 35MTons/year
17.5Billion/35Million= 500 years
6
CCTR
6
Note C: Indiana Electric Requirement, SUFG45.9% Increase in Demand in Next 17 years
25,000MW = Indiana’s Capacity
Coal (Low price, $1-2/MBtu)Nuclear (12 - 15 years?)Natural gas (High price, $8/MBtu)
Where is the futurebase load power to come from?
45.9% increase
7
CCTR
7
1. GASIFICATION
• Support creative commercial projects - Coal is still the most stable and cheapest energy source
• Wabash Valley IGCC Developments – Wabash, Edwardsport, FutureGen at Mattoon (IL & IN MOU)
• CTL and creation of CFA (Midwest Coal Fuel Alliance) in 2005, Purdue Teams (Chem Eng, Mech Eng, Economics), latest development at Crane (Martin County)
• CTL interest by DOD – Air Force Energy Bill (Fuel) exceeds $10M per day. Every $10/barrel increase drives up AF fuel costs $600M per year – security of supplies
8
CCTR
8
GASIFICATION
• Gasification has the major benefit of making it easier to capture CO2 - BIGGEST issue is legislation uncertainty
• CCTR is building up teams of CTL advisorsCoal characteristics – Maria Mastalerz, John Rupp,
IGS, BloomingtonClean coal technology – Ron Rardin, Ind Eng, PurdueCTL economics - Wally Tyner, AgeCon Dept, PurdueCTL Site selection – Paul Preckel, Zuwei Yu, SUFG, PurdueFischer Tropsch – Fabio Ribeiro, Nick Delgas et al
Chem Eng, PurdueCTL engine testing – Bob Lucht et al, ME, Purdue
9
CCTR What is Coal Gasification?
Gasification consists of heating the feed material coal in a vessel with (or without) the addition of oxygen. Water may (or may not) be added. Decomposition reactions take place, & a mixture of hydrogen and CO are the predominant gas products, along with water, slag, & CO2
Gasification
Syngas
10
CCTR What is IGCC?IGCC = Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
In the IGCC power plant the coal is gasified to produce a synthetic gas (syngas), pollutants are removed, then electricity is generated using a combined cycle, consisting of three steps: (1) a gas combustion turbine (CT) burns the syngas, (2) heat from the gasification & the exhaust heat from the gas turbine are used to create steam & (3) the steam is used to power a steam turbine-generator
11
CCTR
IGCC Initiatives in the Wabash Valley
FutureGen, Mattoon, ILNear zero emissions IGCC
1995 Fully operational Wabash IGCC, Terre Haute, IN2007 Only two IGCC plants exist in the United States
2012 Edwardsport IGCC, INLargest IGCC in United States
Unit #1 is the IGCC 292MW unit, 191MW Gas Turbine, 100MW Steam Turbine (Total generation at site is 960MW)
630MW IGGC, CO2 capture
275 MW IGCC, H2, CO2capture & storage
12
CCTR
U.S. increases dependence on
imports
Why CTL (Coal To Liquids)?U.S. Dependence on Energy Imports
13
CCTR What is the CTL Process?
Fischer Tropsch Reactor- discovered in 1923- catalytic hydrogenation- highly exothermic & designed for heat removal
Various production options
Coal Gasification Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
14
CCTR
14
10 Criteria1 Coal & natural gas availability for 10,000 B/D FT fuel2 CO2 sequestration potential3 Land/real-estate requirements4 Transportation infrastructure (rail, roads & waterways)5 Electricity transmission lines & available power6 Gas & oil pipelines7 Water requirements & resources8 Waste disposal/environmental issues9 Labor force requirements/availability10 Economic impact
* Many other potential sites in Indiana
CCTR Special Study - Criteria for NSA Crane 2007 Feasibility Study for Coal-To-Liquids
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/
15
CCTR
15
2. INFRASTRUCTURES
• Indiana is home to roughly 22% of the domestic base steel production for the United States. One essential raw material needed by this industry is coke. Initial CCTR project results indicate that it is possible to use blended coal with up to 40% Indiana coal in a non recovery coke oven.
• Over 95% of Indiana’s electricity is generated from coal & 50% of the coal consumed in the state is imported (WY, IL, WV, VA, PA). How can we encourage greater use of Indiana coals?
• There are bottlenecks in the rail system as well as in the power grid. The export and import of electricity is limited by the load capabilities of the lines. MISO is planning the regional power grid. What is the scope for increased coal use in the MISO plans?
16
CCTR
16
INFRASTRUCTURES (continued)
• Indianapolis Star: “People call us the Saudi Arabia of coal. But if you don’t get it to the power plants, it doesn’t matter.” “Over the years, NIPSCO has routinely reviewed the potential of burning Indiana coal; however, it has not been economical to do so, primarily from a transportation perspective.” Coal shipment is a critical issue. A CCTR project is examining the coal transportation infrastructure relative to power plant operations. How to ship coal north to Schahfer (and MI and WI)?
• Developing research networks: Interdisciplinary CTL testing, collaboration with ICCI (IL), CAER (KY), training at Vincennes & other venues.
CCTR researchers: Bob Kramer, Purdue Calumet; Tom Brady, Purdue North Central; Melanie Thom, Baere Aerospace Consulting Inc; Bob Luchtet al Purdue
17
CCTR
17
Coal By Destination - Indiana
18
CCTR
Coke & Coal By Rail
Railroad Study: Specific logic for each station in the timetable according to the notation and interlock columns are included in the simulation. Train speed, with appropriate random factors are also defined by the timetable on a station-by-station basis.
World Coke Production: 2005 forecasts indicate that the US would produce 11.5 MTons of coke, but required 17.0 MTons for blast furnace, foundry, and related uses. At present no IN coal is being used.
19
CCTR
19
Location of Top 10 Congested MISO Lines in 2005
Midwest ISOis planning transmissionexpansionsto provideinterconnectionfor huge wind powerpotentialin ND & SD
20
CCTR
Synfuels: 1-2 barrels of oil from 1ton of coal
USAF, December 2007, C-17 cargo plane was first aircraft to fly across the continental US fueled by a 50/50 synfuel mixture composed of standard JP-8 & FT fuels. South African airways uses these fuels.
Coal To Transportation Liquids, CTL
21
CCTR
• October 2002 Certified ISB 5.9 L Cummins Diesel –EGR & VGT (with Cummins Calterm II 7.63)
• 800 hp Eddy Current Dynamometer w/ Dyn-Loc IV Controller
Diesel Engine & Gas Turbine Combustor Test Facilities at Purdue
• Air flow at 950 F inlet temperature at 9 lb/sec & 700 psi
• Recently upgraded emissions monitoring system, state-of-the-art FTIR and flame ionization detector installed
22
CCTR
22
3. EMISSIONS
Considerable reductions in SOx, NOx & Hg. The uncertaintyis now about CO2 regulations (global warming debate). Planners & investors are in limbo. The magnitude of the costs for carbon management will be huge. Considerable debate on CO2 trading, tax, capture & storage in coming years. Currently there is no CO2 regulation. Come to March 6CCTR Meeting in Indianapolis to learn more.CO2 capture is easier & cheaper with pre-combustion (IGCC)than with post-combustion on existing power plants. Oxyfuelis another option being developed.
Steve Son – Purdue, John Rupp – IGS Bloomington
23
CCTR
23
Coal & Emissions ReductionsBut What About CO2
CAIR & CAMR further impact
24
CCTR
24
Possibly the Most Relevant Slide for 2008!Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions
Indiana Power Plants produce148 Million Tons of CO2/ year
INDIANAEMISSIONS
25
CCTR
25
CO2 Capture Technologies & Costs
Indiana’s utilities in 2002 emitted 148 Million Tons CO2
(A) If $25/Ton CO2 , penalty cost $3.7B/yrIf $50/Ton CO2 , penalty cost $7.4B/yr
(IGCC)
(B) What about CO2 Cap & TradeIf 4% CO2 reduction in 2012 (below2005 level) & 1.8% reduction/yearuntil 2025 = 30% total reduction
26
CCTR
CO2 Capture&
Sequestration
Is theresomething
better?
CO2 The Huge Challenge
27
CCTR Part of all CCTR Initiatives -How to use One Ton of Coal?
• It can be used to generate 2100 kWh of electricity, which if sold at 6 cents/kWh, would add $126 to the state’s economy, OR
• It can be used to produce 63 gallons of diesel fuel, which, if sold at $3.00/gallon would add $189 to the state’s economy - a 50% increase
• Is human capacity building taking place to cope with new technology options? In all coal related initiatives there is reported need for training
Yuan Zheng, Purdue
28
CCTR
Investment in Indiana
• Indiana Gross State Product is $211 Billion (2005)• Coal adds $750+ Million and 2,836 jobs to the Indiana economy ($2B total impact & 11,000 direct /indirect jobs)• Coal, unlike petroleum or natural gas, has its entire economic impact within the state’s borders• Coal is mined, washed, transported, consumed & the waste is recycled or disposed within the state; each phase generating jobs & revenue streams• The coal dollar multiplies faster & further than any other industrial economic activity. How best to use it?
* Expanding the Utilization of Indiana Coals, page 20
29
CCTR
Conventional & Future Fuel Use
Wally Tyner - Purdue
30
CCTR
30
CO2 Cost
• Analysis conducted at NETL shows that CO2capture & compression using amines raises the cost of electricity from a newly-built supercritical PC power plant by 84 %, from 4.9 cents/kWh to 9.0 cents/kWh.
• NETL analysis also shows that CO2 capture & compression using Selexol raises the cost of electricity from a newly built IGCC power plant by 25 %, from 5.5 cents/kWh to 6.5 cents/kWh.
(Selexol solvent process dissolves the acid gases from the feed gas & can operate selectively to recover H2 and CO2 as separate streams)
Source: ”Carbon Sequestration and CO2 Capture”: NETL
31
CCTR
31
More Coal – But are We Ready
32
CCTR
32
CCTR Reports, Presentations & Data Files
2008 CCTR Advisory Panel Meetings (a forum at which all are welcome) discuss & prioritize coal projects:
March 6, IndianapolisJune 5, Bloomington September 11, Vincennes December 11, West Lafayette
http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/
top related