ceg chapters 11,12
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Chapter 11
Event schemas: Sentence patterns
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Worlds of experience: event schemasThe material world:
Occurrence schemas: states, processes
Spatial schemas: location, motion
Possession schema
Psychological world:
Emotion schema
Perception/cognition schema
Force-dynamic world:
Action schema
Self-motion schema
Caused-motion schema
Transfer schema: physical & abstract, beneficial, metaphorical
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Occurrence schema: Processes:CHANGE OF STATE IS MOTION
Deictic motion:
PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS MOTION TO A LOCATION
John went into computing. The country went to war.
ACHIEVING A PURPOSEFUL CHANGE IS REACHING A LOCATION
We have come to a conclusion/ reached a conclusion.
*We have come to a disagreement.
Non-deictic motion:
CHANGE TO AN EXPECTED STATE IS ARRIVAL AT A LOCATION
All good things come to an end. The water is coming to a boil.
CHANGE TO AN UNEXPECTED STATE IS MOTION AWAY.
The car went dead in the middle of the road. He went crazy.
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Action schema: Degrees of force of the energy
sourceAgent-like causes:
Natural forces: Kathrina devastated New Orleans.
Reified causes: The strike closed down the railway system.
Means: Your article pointed out that ...
Instrument: Guns don’t kill people, people kill people.
Enabling conditions: This item won’t scan.
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Action schema: Affectedness of the theme (Bolinger
1977)
George turned the pages. The pages were turned by George.
George turned the corner. *The corner was turned by George.
The stranger approached me. I was approached by the stranger.
The train approached me. *I was approached by the train.
The generals deserted the army. The army was deserted by the generals.
Private Smith deserted the army. *The army was deserted by the Private Smith.
Generations of lovers have The bridge has been walked under
walked under the bridge. by generations of lovers.
The dog walked under the bridge. *The bridge was walked under by the dog.
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Transfer schema: Beneficial transfer
Uncle Jim bought some chocolates for Margaret .
Uncle Jim bought Margaret some chocolates.
Uncle Jim cooked a meal for Margaret.
Uncle Jim cooked Margaret a meal.
Uncle Jim washed some socks for Margaret.
?Uncle Jim washed Margaret some socks.
Uncle Jim answered some letters for Margaret.
*Uncle Jim answered Margaret some letters.
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Chapter 12
Space and extensions of space: Complements and adjuncts
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Space and time
Theory of relativity, space-time (Einstein)
Space and time are necessary concepts: any object is located in space and time (Kant).
Space and time are irreducible domains of experience.
Space is more basic than time. Time is metaphorically understood in terms of space: time frame, space in time; linearity of time: passage of time.
In many languages, time is obligatorily coded as tense in finite sentence, while space is often left implicit: It’s raining, default sense: ‘It is raining here’.
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Space and things
Space is empty but significant: it makes the appearance of physical entities possible.
Things that exist exist in space, and to be is to be located.
“Rules” for objects in space: two objects cannot occupy the same space at same time; an object cannot be in two places at same time.
Things are defined by space: their shape, form and boundaries separate things from the space surrounding them.
Space is also within things (atoms, molecules).
The three axes of the Euclidean coordinate system apply to space and objects (spatial dimensions).
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Spatial dimensions
a) Vertical dimension: natural reference line with the ground-level of the earth surface as zero point; defined by force of gravity and human up-right position, psychologically and linguistically the most salient spatial dimension.
b) Horizontal dimension: front-back; defined by asymmetry of man: principal organs of perception, direction of motion.
c) Lateral dimension: left-right, dependent upon prior establishment of front-back; symmetrical.
Polarity of verticality and horizontality:
Things above the ground and in front of us are visible and available = positive polarity;
Things beneath the ground and behind us are invisible and unavailable = negative polarity.
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Space and humans
Experience of space:
Bodily basis of some spatial notions: heart ‘center’, belly ‘in’, back, zurück < zum Rücken, Stadt ‘place where one is standing’.
Perception of space: The earth is experienced as a flat horizontal plane extending into infinity.
Some objects have a canonical position: e.g. intrinsic tops and bottoms of bottles, chairs, tables, people.
Anthropocentrism: Biological make-up, asymmetrical body, up-right position, habitat, experience of gravity, encounter, locomotion.
Egocentrism: We are part of space and make considerable use of ego as the reference point in speech situations: deixis, perspective.
Significance of space: e.g. borders, territory, spatial property.
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Space and language
Space is coded in language
a) by specifying the direction and distance from any point in space.
Distances are measured in terms of time taken for someone or something to move from X to Y (e.g. an hour’s journey) or by a ruler: feet, hands, arms, stride, miles, inches, yards.
b) by specifying the dimension of a reference object.
Spatial expressions:
Case (Ablative, Locative): Roma ‘from Rome’, Romam ‘to Rom’
Prepositions (+ case): in/into the pool, auf dem/das Dach
Verbs: contain, surround, posture verbs (stand), motion verbs (go)
Spatial adjectives: tall (vertical length), long (horizontal length)
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English vs Tzeltal spatial strategies
English: The cat is on the mat
Subject-NP Predicate Prep NP
TR vacuous support LM
Tzeltal: Pachal ta mexa boch
Predicate Prep NP Subject-NP
sitting-bowl-like at table gourd
upright location vacuous LM TR
English strategy: Where to look – region projected from landmark.
Tzeltal strategy: What to look for – something that has exactly this shape and disposition; this is the trajector.
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Spatial specifications by means of body-part terms in Tzeltal
AT the face of the house = in front of the house
AT the mouth of the house = door
AT the head of the table = end
standing AT table its-head the bottle
= the bottle is standing on the end of the table
hanging the shelf AT its-side the house
= the shelf is hanging on the side of the house
standing coffee AT its-mouth/lips the fire
= the coffee is standing at the edge of the fire
leaning-almost-vertically firewood AT the back-house
= the firewood is stacked vertically against the back of the house.
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Different conceptions of the same spatial situation
English: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
German: Die Sonne geht im Osten auf und im Westen unter.
‘the sun goes in the East up and in the West down‘
Hungarian: Anap keleten kel és nyvgaton nyvgszik.
‘the sun East-on rises and West-on sets’
Spanish: El sol sale por el este y se pone por el oeste.
‘the sun goes-out about the East and puts itself about the West’
Finnnish: Aurinko nousee idästä ja laskee länteen.
‘the sun rises East-out-of and sets West-into’
Japanese: Taiyō-ha higashi-kara nobori, nishi-ni shizumu.
‘sun-TOP East-from rise-and West-to sink’
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Classifying three static spatial situations
(Melissa Bowerman)
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La taza está en la mesa.La manzana está en la fuenta.La manilla está en la puerta.
Die Tasse ist auf dem Tisch.Der Apfel ist in der Schüssel.Der Griff ist an der Tür.
Classifying three static spatial situations
(Melissa Bowerman)
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Kuppi on pödällä. AdessiveThe cup is on the tableThe handle is on the door.The apple is in the bowl.
Omena on kulhossa. InessiveOvessa on kahva. Inessive
Classifying three actions in English
and Korean
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Two ways of specifying a spatial region:
Two types of spatial prepositions Dimensional prepositions specify the spatial region
where a thing (trajector = TR) is to be found relative to the dimensional property of a landmark (= LM), as in:
Look, there is a squirrel on the roof.
Orientational prepositions specify the spatial region where a thing (trajector) is to be found relative to two or more andmarks, as in:
Now the squirrel is behind the tree.
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Dimensional prepositions
dimension of landmark
0-dimensional
1-dimens.2-dimens.
3-dimensional
locationP L A C E
at, by, near, close to, with
on, on top of
in, within, inside, between
from, away from
off (of)
out (of),outside of
to, at, for, towards
by, past, via
on, onto,against
along, about, around
in, intothrough,
throughout
d i r e c t i o nS O U R C E G O A L P A T H
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Core sense and extensions of at
point in space
wait at the bus stop
point in time
at six o’clock
target
aim at a target
functional activityat a place
be at school
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at the intersection
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at the gate
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Lynn is at the gate to St. Michael's and All Angels Church. Thankfully, the tourist center offered to call Robert (bell ringer) to open the church and show us around.
Do you use at or another preposition?
You need to check in … the airport two hours before the flight.
We finally arrived … Heathrow.
I studied … the University of California.
She married … 20.
You can get this book … the official price.
Everybody laughed … me.
He died … the age of 99.
Most people are awake … the day and sleep … night.
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Core sense and extensions of on
The book is on the table
Contact with surface
Contact with line
Stratford on Avon
The book is on the table
Indirect contact
I can rely on my friends
Support
The army stood on guarddays
Passive state
My class is on Thursday
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wrinkles on my forehead
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Do you use on or another preposition?
There is a spider … the wall.
There is no money left … my bank account.
The dog is … a leash.
My dad lives … a small pension.
I hope I can always count … you.
I have so many things … my mind.
The police are … duty tonight.
All the books are … sale today.
There is no school … Wednesday.
Let’s go swimming … the morning.
But our final test is … Thursday morning.13/04/23 27Cognitive English Grammar
Core sense and extensions of in
The toys are in the box
The flower is in the vase
a comment in the margin
There is a man in the water
The chair is in the cornerContainmentBounded surface
Unbounded container
Partialcontainment
Mental boundariesof container
Bounded passive states
I am in love with Rose
Bounded units of timeother than days
I’ll see you in the morning13/04/23 28Cognitive English Grammar
Do you use in or another preposition?
We are … Oxford street now.
Our bus is … the road to Cambridge.
The drug dealer is locked up … prison.
Some prisoners are kept … chains.
I was … a shock when I saw this.
The state police are … charge of the investigation.
The plane landed … time.
Will you be back … time for dinner?
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Uses of the source prepositions
from, off/of, and out ofThe apple fell ... the tree.
He produced the letter ... his pocket.
Rebecca has no secrets ... Danny.
Some muggers will turn violent ... sheer frustration.
It is hard to learn Japanese … books.
Microchips are fabricated ... silicon slices.
The rug is made ... cotton.
Bread is made ... wheat and several other things.
Books are made ... paper.
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Orientational prepositions
Vertical orientation:
path: up - down
higher/lower level: above - below
vertically higher/lower: over - under
Horizontal orientation:
front/back: in front of - behind; beyond
in motion: before - after
lateral: left - right
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Vertical path prepositions: up and down
vertical ascentendpoint/completiongradual ascent reflexive
The rocket shot up climb up the hill The elevator is up/ The steak is eaten up
He stood up
up
downvertical descent gradual descent endpoint reflexive
The rocket fell down climb down the hill The elevator is down He sat down
LM LM LM
LMLMLM
TR TRTR
TR
TRTR LM = TR
LM = TR
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Extensions of up and down
MORE IS UP/ LESS IS DOWN : Prices went up; cut down expenses
HIGH STATUS US UP: move up the social ladder
HAPPY IS UP/ SAD IS DOWN: She cheered up/ broke down.
VISIBLE IS UP: He showed up.
ACTIVE IS UP/ INACTIVE IS DOWN: hurry up/ calm down
FANTASY IS UP/ REALITY IS DOWN: It’s up in the air/ come down to earth
FUNCTIONING IS UP: Fix it up, please.
DISFUNCTIONING IS DOWN: The computer is down.
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Verticality prepositions: over and under (beneath,
underneath) over
LM
separation contact
fly over the Alps hike over the Alps
underseparation contact
the cat under the table
the key under the door mat
rotation
rotation
TR
She had a veilover her face.
He carried a gun under his coat.
reflexive
The wall fell over.
LMLM
LMLM
LM
TR TR
TR TRTR
LM = TR
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Extensions of above, below and over, under
MORE IS UP: above the average; over 50% of the population
LESS IS DOWN: below freezing point; under age
HIGH STATUS US UP: be above the law; criticism
LOW STATUS IS DOWN: serve under the emperor
HIDDEN IS DOWN: under cover
AFFECTING IS TOUCHING: work under pressure; be under arrest
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Horizontality prepositions: before and after
before
The dog ran after the cat.
after
LM
preceding LM in motion
TR
He reached the goal before me.
following LM in motion
TRLM
preceding LM in fictive motion
LM
LMTR
I come before you.
following LM in fictive motion
TR
You come after me.
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Extensions of behind and beyond; before/for and after
TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT: We are behind schedule.
Spring comes before summer and after winter.
CAUSING IS PUSHING FORWARD: He is the man behind the revolt.
INACCESSIBILITY IS DISTANCE: That car is beyond our means. This is beyond all doubt.
AIMS ARE GOALS: She is hunting for/after money.
*She is hunting for an ideal partner. She is hunting after an ideal partner
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Intense emotions are containers
She pursed her lips in vexation. She kicked the door in frustration. He pushed away his plate in disgust. He swings around in terror.
to be in fear, in anger, in fright, in anxiety, in distress, in despair
*to be in worry, *in sadness, *in shame or *in disappointment.
*to be in pride, *to be in delight, *to be in pleasure,
*to be in enthusiasm, *to be in surprise
But: to be in love.
Emotions conceptualized as containers and expressed by in-phrases are intense and predominantly negative. The physiological reactions triggered by them are processes or actions which are beyond the experiencer's control or responsibility.
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Concomitant emotions are companions
container emotions: He went white in anger.
He smashed the computer in anger.
companion emotions: He went white with anger.
*He smashed the computer with anger.
Physiological and psychological states: be weak with bewilderment, be mad with rage, be wild with resentment, be stiff with anger;
Physiological processes: go white with anger, quiver with fright, shudder with fear, shake with embarrassment, blush with pleasure
Vocal reactions: laugh with agony, shout with outrage; cry with frustration; throb with guilt; crow with delight, squeal with excitement
Emotions conceptualized as companions and expressed by with-phrases tend to be negative but are less intense than emotions conceptualized as containers. They give rise to reactions which are typically associated with them. These reactions are unintended and uncontrolled states or processes, but not intentional actions.
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Reasoned emotions are back-regions
factual situation: She cried for joy. non-factual situation: She can't speak for excitement. hypothetical situation: She could have died for shame. She couldn't sleep for fear that someone would break in.
He cried in pain. *He didn't cry in pain. He cried with pain. *He didn't cry with pain. *He cried for pain. He didn't cry for pain.
Emotions conceptualized as back-regions and expressed by for involve reasoning. Emotions reasoned about do not prompt any specifically determined reactions. This is the case with the unspecific range of responses following positive emotions and with situations involving negated or hypothetical responses.
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Dispositional emotions, or motives, are containers releasing
reactions The boy ran away in fear. The boy ran away out of fear (for punishment).
He cried out of pride when hearing the Star-Spangled Banner. *He cried out of joy when hearing the Star-Spangled Banner.
She killed her faithless husband out of pure love/ out of despair/ out of madness.
*She killed her faithless husband out of wrath.
Emotions conceptualized as containers releasing responses and expressed by out of-phrases are lasting dispositions which the person experiencing the emotion may reason about. In being motives for his actions, dispositional emotions guide, but do not determine, a person's decision in carrying out some controlled action.
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