cell energy notes atp -...
Post on 23-Apr-2018
214 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Cell Energy Notes
Name ____________________Per_____
THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY The Endosymbiotic theory is the idea that a long time
ago, ___________________________ engulfed other
prokaryotic cells by ____________________________.
This resulted in the first _________________________
First proposed by ________________________
Explains the _____________________________
Explains the origin of certain
_______________________________________
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
Mitochondria = ____________________ organelle that
_____________________________________________
Chloroplast = _______________________organelle that
_____________________________________________
EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY:
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts
____________________, which is fairly different from
that of the cell nucleus, and that is ______________
______________(___________ and _________).
They are surrounded by ________________________,
and the innermost of these shows differences in
composition compared to the other membranes in the
cell. The composition is like that of a
__________________________________
New mitochondria and chloroplasts are formed only
through a process similar to _____________________
(prokaryote cell division).
Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of
________________, for instance the presence of
___________________ and particular chlorophylls, is very
similar to that of ____________________.
The size of both organelles is comparable to bacteria.
These organelle's ________________ are like those found
in bacteria (70s).
ATP
CELL ENERGY
• Cells usable source of ____________is called _________
• ATP stands for _________________________________
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
• All energy is stored in the _________of compounds—
______________ the bond ______________ the energy
• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy
by adding a ______________________ to ______,
producing ________
ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the __________ between the ___________ and __________ phosphate groups and releasing __________ for cellular processes.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
_________________ (small molecules combined)
_________________ (stores energy)
_____________________________ requiring process
that uses ____________ energy (photons: particles of
light) and water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (______________)
_____________ energy is converted into ____________
energy
Plants
__________________ - produce their own food
(_____________). Known as _______________
o Examples - ___________________________________
Process called ___________________________
Mainly occurs in the __________________ of plants
a. __________ - pores
b. _______________ cells
Stomata (Stoma pl.)
_________ in a plant’s ____________ through which
___________ and ___________ are exchanged between
the plant and the atmosphere.
Found on the ________________ of leaves
Mesophyll Cell of Leaf
___________________________ occurs in these cells!
Chloroplast
Organelle where _____________________ takes place
_______________ stacks are connected together
____________ is a solution surrounding ______________
Thylakoid
_____________ make up the inner membrane
The Big Picture
Chlorophyll Molecules
Chlorophyll is a pigment
Pigment - _______________________________________
Located in the ______________________________
Chlorophyll have ________ in the center
Chlorophyll pigments _______________________
(photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue ____nm
and red - _____ nm are most important)
Plants are green because the _________ wavelength is
________________ not absorbed.
____________________ - other compounds found in the
___________________ membranes. Accessory pigments
that include __________, __________ and brown.
A close up of Chlorophyll
Wavelength of Light
Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll
During the Fall, What Causes the Leaves to Change Color?
In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other
pigments present
During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly
reduced,_______________________________________
_____________________ are pigments that are either
________, ____________, or __________________.
REDOX REACTION
Redox Reaction – the ______________ of one or more
_____________________ from one reactant to another
Two Types
o _____________________ is the ________ of e-
o _____________________ is the ________ of e-
Oxidation Reaction
The loss of __________________ from a substance or the
gain of __________________
Reduction Reaction
The _______________________________ to a substance
or the ______________ of ________________.
TWO PARTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Two reactions make up photosynthesis
1. ______________________________ or
_________________________________ - produces
energy from solar power ____________ in the form of
________ and ________________
2. __________________________ or
___________________________________
also called ___________________________ or
_______ fixation.
Uses energy (_______ and ____________) from
light reaction to make sugar (___________)
LIGHT REACTION (ELECTRON FLOW)
Occurs in the ____________________ membranes
During the light reaction, there are two possible routes
for electron flow
a. _________________________________
b. _____________________________________
CYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW
Occurs in the _________________________________.
Uses ___________________________________ only
________ reaction center – chlorophyll a
Uses ______________________________________ (ETC)
Generates _______________ only, more ATP required for
Adenosine Triphosphate – ATP
Because cells need a steady supply of energy to carry on cellular processes they store energy by bonding a third phosphate molecule to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) forming ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What makes up ADP (adenosine diphosphate?
_____________________________________________ ___________________________________________
ATP consists of an __________________, a ____________ sugar, and _____________________________________
Energy stored in the bonds between phosphate molecules is released when a phosphate molecule breaks off. Since every activity an organism performs requires energy, this cycle is repeated again and again throughout the life of the cell
Cyclic Electron Flow
Pigments absorb light energy & excite e- of Chlorophyll a to produce ATP
Noncyclic Electron Flow
Occurs in the _______________________ membrane
Uses ___________________________________ and _____________________________________
____________ reaction center (PSII) - ________________
____________ reaction center (PSI) - ________________
Uses _____________________________________ (ETC)
Generates ____,______ and _______________
_____ +_____ ATP
_____ + _____ NADPH
_________ comes from the splitting of H2O, not CO2 (photolysis)
_______
Chemiosmosis
Powers ___________________________
Located in the _______________________
Uses ___________ and _________________ (____________) to make __________
___________________________________ addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP
Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation (light independent reaction)
C3 plants (80% plants on earth
Occurs in the stroma
Uses _______ and _______ from light reactions as energy
Uses CO2
To produce glucose : it takes ____ turns and uses ______ ATP and ______ NADPH
Chloroplast
Calvin Cycle (C3 Fixation)
Remember : C3 = Calvin Cycle
Photorespiration
Occurs on ______, _______, ____________ days
_________________ close
___________________ of ____ instead of ______
Produces _________________________ instead of ____________________________
Produces _______________ molecules or no __________
Because of photorespiration, plants have special __________________________ (alternative pathways) to limit the effect of photorespiration 1. _____ Plants 2. _____ Plants
C4 Plants
Hot, moist environments
______ of plants (_________,________,______________)
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places
C4 Plants continued
Light reaction - _________________________
Calvin cycle - __________________________
CAM Plants
Hot, dry environments
_____ of plants (____________ and ________________)
_________________ closed ______________________
_________________open ________________________
_____________________ - occurs during the day
___________________ - occurs when CO2 is present
Q: Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?
A:
Rates of Photosynthesis
1. 2. 3.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Breathing vs. Respiration
Breathing o Alternation of _______________ and _______________ o Exchange of gases in which organisms obtain
_____________ from the air (or water) and release _____________________
o Exchange occurs in _________ (or ________)
Cellular Respiration o Harvesting of _________ from _________ molecules o ______________ process (requires ___________) o Occurs inside _________ (_________________ and
____________________)
“Respiration” comes from the Latin word for breathing. Breathing and cellular respiration are closely related, but NOT the same process
Cellular Respiration Banks ATP
Reaction: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
What happens to the energy in glucose of other food molecules? o Only about _____% of energy is turned into _______
The rest is lost as ______________________________
One _______ molecule has about ____% of the chemical energy found in glucose
CATABOLISM
Process of splitting _______________ molecules to _________________ ones. Catabolic reactions are ___________________ and release free energy.
THREE MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS IN LIVING ORGANISMS
A. __________________________________________ B. __________________________________________ C. __________________________________________
MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS
A. Aerobic (cellular) Respiration
Requires ________________
Most commonly used metabolic pathway.
Over 30 reactions. Used to extract ___________ from ____________ molecules.
Final electron acceptor: ________________
Most efficient: ________ of glucose energy is converted to _________
Reaction:
B. Anaerobic Respiration:
Does not require _________________
Used by _____________ that live in environments without ______________
Final electron acceptor: __________________________
Very inefficient: only ____% of glucose energy is converted into ATP.
Final products: _______________, ___________, and other _____________________________
MAJOR CATABOLIC PATHWAYS Continued
C. Fermentation
Does NOT require __________
Used by ____________, __________________ and other cells when ________________ is not available
Final electron acceptor: __________________________
Very inefficient: only _____% of glucose energy is converted into ATP.
Products depend on type of fermentation: o _________________________________: used to
make cheese and yogurt. Carried out by muscle cells if oxygen is low.
o _________________________________: used to make alcoholic beverages. Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide.
FERMENTATION OCCURS WHEN OXYGEN IS NOT AVAILABLE
Yeasts normally use aerobic respiration to process food
If oxygen is not available, they use fermentation, which is less efficient
Types of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation: Glucose 2 pyruvate _______________ + _________ Lactic Acid Fermentation: Glucose 2 pyruvate _____________________
WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell
Glycolysis occurs in the ________________________
______________________ & ___________ take place in the mitochondria
Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
______________________
______________________
__________________________________
GLYCOLYSIS: “SPLITTING SUGAR”
Occurs in the _______________________ of the cell
Does not require oxygen
Net Result: ________________________ (6 carbons each) is split into two ____________________________ molecules of _____ carbons each.
Yield per glucose molecule o ______ (Substrate level phosphorylation) o __________________________ o 2 ATP are “invested to get 4 ATP back” o Pyruvic acid diffuses into the ____________________
_________________________ where all subsequent reactions take place
Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetly CoA
Before entering the next stage, pyruvic acid (3C) must be converted to ____________________ (2 C)
A carbon atom is lost as ___________
Yield per glucose molecule: ________________________
B. KREBS CYCLE
Occurs in the _______________ of the mitochondrion
A cycle of 8 reactions o Reaction 1: _______________ (2C) joins with 4C
molecule (oxaloacetic acid) to produce _______________________ (6C)
o Reactions 2 & 3: Citric acid loses 2C atoms as ________ o Reactions 4 & 5: ________________ reactions produce
_______________ and ________________ o Reactions 6-8: Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated.
o Detailed Krebs cycle below
Carbons are released as _______
Yield per glucose molecule o _______________ o ______________________ o ______________________ o
C. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS
Most ATP is produced at this stage
Occurs on _____________________________________
____________ from ____________ and ______________ are transferred to electron acceptors, which produces a ________________________________
Proton gradient used to drive the ______________________________________
_______________________: __________________ allows ______ to flow across inner mitochondrial membrane down concentration gradient, which produces ______________
Ultimate acceptor of _______ and ______________ is _______________________, producing ______________
*Note: the electron transport chain only works when ____________________________ is available at the end of the chain to accept the electrons and ________ to form water
Yield of ATP through Chemiosmosis: o Each __________________ produces 3 ATP o Each __________________ produces 2 ATP
2 NADH (Glycolysis) x 3 ATP = ______________
2 NADH (Acetyl CoA) x 3 ATP = ______________
6 NADH (Kreb’s cycle) x 3ATP = ______________
2 FADH2 (Krebs cycle) x 2 ATP = _____________ Total = _______________ These ATP are made by ____________________________________________ or __________________________________
Cellular Respiration!
top related