cell phones and other distractions (anne mccartt)
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8/7/2019 Cell Phones and Other Distractions (Anne McCartt)
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IIHS
Driving and Behavior Seminar
National Press Foundation
Anne T. McCartt
Washington, DC June 13, 2005
Cell Phones and Other Driver Distractions
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IIHS
Federal statistics
indicate that driver
distraction is a factor in
25% of police-reportedhighway crashes, but
the exact percentage is
unknown.
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IIHS
Driver distractions
External distractions
Scenery
Looking for roadway signs
In-vehicle distractions
Interaction with passengers (crying baby, conversation, etc.)
Reaching for something
Eating, drinking, smoking
Radio, CD player, climate control, etc.
New distractions: technological systems and gadgets
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IIHS
Cell phone subscribersIn millions, 1985-2004
0
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
140,000,000
160,000,000
180,000,000
200,000,000
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
120
80
40
03 041985
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IIHS
Of drivers who report
using cell phones,
most use hand-held
phones.
Observational surveysshow at least 5% of
drivers are using them
at any given time.
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IIHS
Experimental studies of drivers phone use
Simulator Simulator
Simulator
Test track On-the-road
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IIHS
Limitations of experiments
Small volunteer samples
Phone and driving tasks often are unrealistic
Phone and driving tasks are paced by experimenters,not drivers
Learning effects are rarely accounted for Unknown whether findings pertain to drivers using
phones in own vehicles
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IIHS
Effects of cell phones on simulated or instrumented
driving tasks
Cognitive distraction associated with hands-free andhand-held phone conversation degrades performance
Effects may be greater for young and elderlydrivers, and with more demanding phone tasks or
driving tasks
Learning effects may be substantial Performance can be compromised by physical
distraction of handling phones
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8/7/2019 Cell Phones and Other Distractions (Anne McCartt)
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IIHS
Naturalistic driving studies
In-vehicle cameras and other technologies continuouslymonitor volunteer drivers in their own vehicles
Phone use is documented, but crash risk associated with
phone use has not been addressed
Swedish study of 7 drivers using cell phones for work
Calls served a variety of business and nonbusiness
purposes and generated a range of associated tasks
(e.g., taking notes)
Self-regulated phone use based on driving situations
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8/7/2019 Cell Phones and Other Distractions (Anne McCartt)
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IIHS
Naturalistic driving studies
U.S. study of 70 drivers
Cell phones used about 1% of driving time
Drivers on phones more often took hands off wheel, or
eyes off road when dialing or answering U.S. 100-Car Study
Preliminary report found wireless devices were used
prior to about 7% of crashes/near crashes/incidents;
risks of phone use not calculated based onexposure data
Sample biased toward younger drivers with greater
driving exposure
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IIHS
Cell phones and crash risk
Police crash reports do not reliably document driversphone use
Best studies verify crash-involved driver phone use frombilling records
Canadian study found 4-fold increased risk of property-damage crashes with phone use
IIHS study in Western Australia is measuring injurycrash risk associated with phone use and relative risks
of hands-free and hand-held phones Two Canadian studies found modest increases in crash
risk for drivers observed using phones and drivers withmore frequent phone use based on billing records
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IIHS
Cell phones and crash risks
Evidence is suggestive, but not yet conclusive, thatrelative crash risks of hands-free vs. hand-held
phones are similar; further study is needed
No credible evidence that crash risks of phone useare similar to risks from speeding or alcohol-impaired
driving
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IIHS
International laws on driving and cell phone use
European Union
Hand-held phone use banned in most E.U. countries
Australia
Hand-held phone use banned in all states
Canada
Hand-held phone use banned in Newfoundland andLabrador
Japan
All cell phone use banned
Enforcement is secondary and only if driver poses dangerto others
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IIHS
Cell phone bans
By local jurisdiction
Teenage drivers
School bus drivers
State wide hand-held ban
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IIHS
Percentage of drivers using hand-held cell phonesNew York law effective November 2001
Dec. 2001-March Mar-03Dec. 2001 Mar. 2003Dec. 2001-March Mar-03first 5 months second year before law
1
2
3
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Percent of drivers using hand-held phonesWashington, D.C., metro area
0
2
4
6
8
10
D.C. M r V r
M r04
Oct-04
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IIHS
Percent change in hand-held phone use
by jurisdiction of license plate
Washington, D.C., metro area
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
DC plate
MD plate
VA plate
D.C. Maryland Virginia
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IIHS
Some vehicles have built-in
hands-free technology, like
OnStar, with voice activation.
Other technologies, such as
Bluetooth, eliminate wired
connections between cell
phones and other electronic
devices. Any potential safety
benefit of fully hands-free
phones is unknown.
Bluetooth
OnStar
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IIHS
Other potentially distracting
in-vehicle technologies andgadgets are increasingly
available.
Navigation systemNavigation system
Navigation systemNavigation system
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IIHS
A worrisome trend is the
increased availability ofafter-market systems
permitting drivers to view
DVDs, TV broadcasts, etc.,
on video screens.
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IIHS
Most states currently ban
video screens that are
visible to the driver and can
receive a TVbroadcast. Five states have
updated their laws to cover
all types of video screens
except navigation systems.
T broadcast screens
All video screens
BANS ON VIDE
O SCREE
NS VISIBLE
TO DRIVE
R:May 2005
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IIHS
www.iihs.org
Anne McCarttVice-President, Research
703-247-1534
amccartt@iihs.org
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