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Chapter1

NewWorldBeginnings33,000b.c.e.–1769c.e.

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I.TheShapingofNorthAmerica

• Planetearthtookonitspresentformslowly.• OvertimethegreatcontinentsofEurasia,Africa,Australia,Antarctica,andtheAmericaswereformed.

• ThemajesticrangesofwesternNorthAmerica—theRockies,theSierraNevada,theCascades,andtheCoastRanges―formed.

I.TheShapingofNorthAmerica(cont.)

• TheCanadianShield—azoneundergirdedbyrocks―becamepartoftheNorthAmericanlandmass.

• Othermountainrangeswereformed,alongwithriversandvalleys.

• Aftertheglaciersretreated,theNorthAmericanlandscapewastransformed.

Figure1.1p5

II.PeoplingtheAmericas

• TheNorthAmericancontinent'shumanhistorywasbeginningtobeformed,perhapsbypeoplecrossingoverland.

• LowsealevelsexposedalandbridgeconnectingEurasiawithNorthAmericawheretheBeringSeanowliesbetweenSiberiaandAlaska.

• Thisbroughtthe“immigrant”ancestorsofNativeAmerica.SeeMap1.1.

Map1.1p6

II.PeoplingtheAmericas

(cont.)

• TheIncasinPeru,theMayansinCentralAmerica,andtheAztecsinMexicoshapedcomplexcivilizations:– Thesepeoplebuiltelaboratecitiesandcarriedonfar-flungcommerce.

– Theyweretalentedmathematicians.– Theyofferedhumansacrificestotheirgods.

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III.TheEarliestAmericans

• Agriculture,especiallycorngrowing,becamepartofNativeAmericancivilizationsinMexicoandSouthAmerica.

• Largeirrigationsystemswerecreated.• Villagesofmultistoried,terracedbuildingsbegantoappear(Pueblomeans“village”inSpanish).

• Map1.2–NativeAmericanIndianpeoples.

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Map1.2p9

III.TheEarliestAmericans(cont.)

• Sociallifewaslesselaboratelydeveloped.• Nation-statesdidnotexist,excepttheAztecempire.

• TheMoundBuilderswereintheOhioRivervalley.

• TheMississippiansettlementwasatCahokia.

III.TheEarliestAmericans(cont.)

• Three-sisterfarming—maize,beans,andsquash—supporteddensepopulations.

• TheIroquoisConfederacydevelopedpoliticalandorganizationalskills.

• Thenativeshadneitherthedesirenorthemeanstomanipulatenatureaggressively.

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IV.IndirectDiscoverersoftheNewWorld

• NorseseafarersfromScandinaviacametothenortheasternshoreofNorthAmerica,nearpresent-dayNewfoundland,toaspottheycalledVinland.

• AmbitiousEuropeansstartedachainofeventsthatledtoadrivetowardAsia,thepenetrationofAfrica,andthecompletelyaccidentaldiscoveryoftheNewWorld.

IV.IndirectDiscoverersoftheNewWorld(cont.)

• TheChristiancrusadersrankhighamongAmerica’sindirectdiscoverers.

• ThecrusadersarouseddesirefortheluxuriesoftheEastfromtheSpiceIslands(Indonesia),China,andIndia;Muslimmiddlemenexactedaheavytollenroute.

• SeeMap1.3—MajorTradeRouteswithAsia,1492.

Map1.3p11

V.EuropeansEnterAfrica

• MarcoPolo’stalesalsostimulatedEuropeandesireforacheaperroutetothetreasuresoftheEast.

• Spurredbythedevelopmentofthecaravel,Portuguesemarinersbegantoexploresub-SaharanAfrica.

• Theyfoundedthemodernplantationsystem.• Theypushedfurthersouthward.

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V.EuropeansEnterAfrica(cont.)

• SpainwasunitedbythemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastile,andbytheexpulsionofthe“infidel”MuslimMoors.

• TheSpanishwerereadytoexplorethewealthofIndia.

• PortugalcontrolledthesouthernandeasternAfricancoast,thusforcingSpaintolookwestward.

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VI.ColumbusComesupona NewWorld

• ChristopherColumbuspersuadedtheSpanishtosupporthisexpeditionontheirbehalf.

• OnOctober12,1492,heandhiscrewlandedonanislandintheBahamas.

• AnewworldwaswithinthevisionofEuropeans.

VI.ColumbusComesupona NewWorld(cont.)

• Columbuscalledthenativepeoples“Indians.”• Columbus’sdiscoveryconvulsedfourcontinents—Europe,Africa,andthetwoAmericas.

• Anindependentglobaleconomicsystememerged.

• Theworldafter1492wouldneverbethesame.

VII.WhenWorldsCollide

• TheclashreverberatedinthehistoricColumbianexchange(seeFigure1.2).

• WhiletheEuropeanexplorersmarveledatwhattheysaw,theyintroducedOldWorldcropsandanimalstotheAmericas.

• Columbusreturnedin1493totheCaribbeanislandofHispaniola.

VII.WhenWorldsCollide(cont.)

• TheIntroductionofhorseschangedmanyNativeAmericansocieties.

• A“sugarrevolution”tookplaceintheEuropeandiet,fueledbytheforcedmigrationofmillionsofAfricanstoworkthecanefieldsandsugarmillsoftheNewWorld.

• Anexchangeofdiseasesbetweentheexplorersandthenativestookplace.

Figure1.2p15

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VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru

• SpainsecureditsclaimtoColumbus’sdiscoveryintheTreatyofTordesillas(1494),whichdividedtheNewWorldwithPortugal.

• SeeMap1.4.• TheWestIndiesservedasoffshorebasesforstagingtheSpanishinvasionofthemainland.

Map1.4p17

VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)

• Theencomiendaallowedthegovernmentto“commend”IndianstocertaincolonistsinreturnforpromisetotrytoChristianizethem.

• SpanishmissionaryBartolomédeLasCasascalledit“amoralpestilenceinventedbySatan.”

• InserviceofGod,insearchofgoldandglory,Spanishconquistadores(conquerors)cametotheNewWorld.

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VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)

• In1519HernanCortéssetsailwithelevenshipsforMexicoandherdestiny.

• Alongthewayherescuedseveralpeoplewhowouldbeimportantforhissuccess.

• Nearpresent-dayVeracruz,Cortésmadehisfinallandfall.

• HedeterminedtocapturethecoffersoftheAzteccapitalatTenochtitlán.

VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)

• AztecchieftainMoctezumasentambassadorstogreetCortésandinviteCortésandhismentothecapitalcity.

• OnJune30,1520,nochetriste(sadnight),theAztecsattackedCortés.

• OnAugust13,1521,CortéslaidsiegetothecityandtheAztecscapitulated.Thecombinationofconquestanddiseasetookitstoll.

VIII.TheConquestofMexicoandPeru(cont.)

• Invadersbroughtmorethanconquest.• TheyintermarriedwithsurvivingIndians,creatingcultureofmestizos,peopleofmixedIndianandEuropeanheritage.

• MexicoblendsOldandNewWorlds.• 1532:FranciscoPizarrocrushedIncas(Peru).• Bootyandsilvermayhaveledtocapitalism;certainlytransformedtheworldeconomy.

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IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry

•OtherexplorerscametotheNewWorld:– 1513:BalboadiscoveredthePacificOcean.– 1519:MagellanroundedtipofSouthAmerica.– 1513and1521:PoncedeLeónexploredFlorida.– 1540–1542:CoronadoexploredArizonaandNewMexico.

– 1539–1542:HernandodeSotodiscoveredtheMississippiRiver.

Map1.5p21

IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)

• Spain’scolonialempiregrewswiftlyandimpressively.Otherexplorersbegantocome.

• 1497–1498―GiovanniCaboto(knownasJohnCabot)exploredthenortheasterncoastofNorthAmerica.

• 1524―GiovannidaVerrazanoprobedtheeasternseaboard.

• 1534―JacquesCartierjourneyeduptheSt.LawrenceRiver.

IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)

• TheSpanishbegantobuildfortstoprotecttheirterritories.

• TheSpanishcruellyabusedthePueblopeoplesintheBattleofAcoma(1599).

• TheyfoundedtheprovinceofNewMexicoin1609anditscapitalin1610(seeMap1.6).

• TheRomanCatholicmissionbecamethecentralinstitutionincolonialNewMexico.

Map1.6p22

IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)

• ThenativeIndiansroseupagainstthemissionariesinPopé’sRebellion(1680).

• Inthe1680stheFrenchsentRobertdeLaSalledowntheMississippiRiver.

• In1716theSpanishsettledinTexas.• In1769SpanishmissionariesledbyFatherJuniperoSerrafoundedSanDiegoand21missionstations.

IX.ExplorationandImperialRivalry(cont.)

• TheBlackLegendisafalserecordofthemisdeedsoftheSpanishintheNewWorld.

• WhiletherewereSpanishmisdeeds,theSpanishinvaderslaidthefoundationsforascoreofSpanish-speakingnations.

• SpaniardsweregenuineempirebuildersandculturalinnovatorsintheNewWorld.

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