ch 15 the digestive system
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7/29/2019 Ch 15 the Digestive System
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The Digestive System
Chapter 15
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15.1
Functions: mechanical andchemical breakdown of food
*absorption of nutrients
Consists of alimentary canal
and accessory organs
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Wall of the Alimentary Canal
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15.2 Characteristics of the Canal
1. Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption
2. Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves
3. Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular &longitudinal fibers, pushes food (PERISTALSIS)
4. Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering
of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)
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Mixing Movements
Contractions mix food with digestive juices
Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube
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Anatomy of the Mouth
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Anatomy of a Tooth
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Teeth
Incisors
Cuspid (canine)
Bicuspids
Molars
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Tooth Decay
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METHMOUTH
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ROOT CANAL
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Salivary GlandsParotid - ear, cheekSubmandibular - below jawSublingual - under tongue
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Pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
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Esophagus
esophageal hiatus iswhere it penetrates thediaphragm cardiac sphincter at
entrance to stomach
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Stomach
Regions
● Cardiac● Fundic● Body (greater and
lesser curvature)● Pyloric
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Stomach Lining
Gastric Juices contain acids that break down
food - secreted by gastric glands
PEPSIN - most important digestive enzyme for
breaking down food
Mucus prevents stomachfrom digesting itself
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Chyme - paste, after food has been brokendown, released then into the duodenum via the
pyloric sphincter valve
Rugae - folds withinstomach
Gastric Pits containglands to make
juices
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PANCREAS - secretes insulin whichbreaks down sugars
Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat
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Liver
1 large right lobe | 1 smaller left lobe
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Liver - ducts and vessels
Hepatic duct --> to common bile duct
Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood throughoutliver
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Liver Functions
1. blood glucose levels
2. breakdown of lipids and fats3. protein metabolism4. stores vitamins5. destroys damaged RBCs
6. removes toxins7. secretes bile
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Remember Bili Lights?
Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levelsof bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body
tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice.
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Gall Bladder - under liver cystic duct --> common bile duct
stores bile, digests fat*gallstones may form
S ll I i
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Small Intestine
Starts at the pyloric
sphincter
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
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Greater Omentum
a "curtain-like" membrane that covers theintestines, stores fat and lays like a drape
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Greater Omentum
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Intestinal villi - increase surface area toabsorb nutrients, connect to vessels
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The main functionof the smallintestine is to
secrete chemicalsthat break downfood and carry thenutrients away inthe bloodstream. In oneword:
ABSORPTION
L I t ti
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Large Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon (4 parts)
Cecum
Ascending
F ti f L I t ti
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Function of Large Intestine
Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid indigestion (intestinal flor a)
Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food
The main job is
WATERREABSORPTION...
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How to Make Fake Poop...
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LABEL THIS!
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LABEL THIS!
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1. esophagus2. liver 3. stomach4. pyloric sphincter 5. duodenum6. pancreas
7. jejunum8. ileum9. cecum10. appendix11. ascending colon
12. descending colon13. sigmoid colong14. anus
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Nutrition
Di d f th Di ti S t
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Disorders of the Digestive System
GERD
Gastroesophageal
reflux disease
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Dysentery or Diarrhea
HEPATITIS A B C
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HEPATITIS A, B, C
Hepatitis A
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Hepatitis A
is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a viruscalled HAV. While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the
liver, it doesn't lead to chronic disease. Almost everyone who getshepatitis A has a full recovery, some may need hospitalization
Many people are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine,including people at increased risk for exposure to hepatitis A virusinfection and people who are more likely to get seriously ill if infected
with the virus
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Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV. It is spread by contactwith an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid.
And, it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
Some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronicsymptoms that stay with them their whole life.
H titi C i d b th i HCV It i d th
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Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the sameway as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person'sblood, semen, or body fluid (see above).
Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver andcan cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most peoplewho have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This maylead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.
Blood banks test alldonated blood for hepatitis C, greatlyreducing the risk for getting the virus fromblood transfusions or blood products.
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IBS I it bl B l S d
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IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
STOMACH ULCERS
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STOMACH ULCERS
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LactoseIntolerance
Inability to digestmilk, can causestomach upset
Appendicitis
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Appendicitis
H i
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Hernia
intestinespoke throughabdominalmuscles
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When people with celiac
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When people with celiacdisease eat foods or useproducts containing gluten,
their immune system respondsby damaging or destroying villi
Without healthy villi, a person
becomes malnourished, nomatter how much food oneeats.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
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( )
Gallstones are made from cholesterol and other
things found in the bile. They can be smaller than agrain of sand or as large as a golf ball.
G t i B S
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Gastric Bypass Surgery
http://www.hurtbyadoctor.com/Gastric-Bypass-Surgery-Malpractice-Lawsuits-Information-
Home.htm
C l C
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Colon Cancer
Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer.
See Katie Couric's Colonoscopy
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