ch 8 fingerprints
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FingerprintsFingerprints
Chapter 8Chapter 8
HistoryHistory Alphonse Bertillon: anthropometryAlphonse Bertillon: anthropometry
1892 Francis Galton-1892 Francis Galton-Finger PrintsFinger Prints
-UK-fingerprinting -supplement to Bertillon system-UK-fingerprinting -supplement to Bertillon system
HistoryHistory 1850’s: 1850’s:
-photographing inmates-photographing inmates
Allan Pinkerton: Allan Pinkerton:
-rogues gallery-rogues gallery
NYPD Detective Thomas Byrnes:NYPD Detective Thomas Byrnes:
-NYPD gallery-“mug” shots-NYPD gallery-“mug” shots
Mug shotsMug shotsNYPD: original NYPD: original
collection of mug collection of mug shotsshots
HistoryHistory Will West/William West (1903)Will West/William West (1903)-2 inmates/same anthropometrical -2 inmates/same anthropometrical
measurementsmeasurements-fingerprints ID’d them-fingerprints ID’d them
1904 World’s Fair: 1904 World’s Fair: -fingerprinting introduced to US Police-fingerprinting introduced to US Police
Mug shotsMug shotsCollection of mug Collection of mug
shotsshots
Mug ShotsMug ShotsJohn DillingerJohn Dillinger
Mug ShotsMug ShotsAlphonse CaponeAlphonse Capone
Mug ShotsMug ShotsJames BrownJames Brown
Mug ShotsMug ShotsNick NolteNick Nolte
What are fingerprints?What are fingerprints?
Friction ridge skin pattern
ridges (hills)/furrows (valleys)
Black = RidgesWhite = Valleys
Fingerprints
What are fingerprints?What are fingerprints?
embryonic development
genetics, detail-random
Fingerprints
3 types
1. Visible – dirt/grease/blood
Fingerprints
3 types
2. Impression – soft material (butter, putty, tar)
Fingerprints
3 types
3. Latent – requires processing
Fingerprints
invisible components
-sweat glands secrete onto fingers/palms
-Sweat contains:
Inorganic ions (Na+, Cl -) Proteins, amino acids
Lipids Other
Fingerprints > Analysis
Visible printsVisible prints
Fingerprint PrinciplesFingerprint Principles
3 principles: 3 principles:
1.1. Uniqueness:Uniqueness:
2.2. Permanence:Permanence:
3.3. Patterns:Patterns:
Principle OnePrinciple One UNIQUENESS:UNIQUENESS:
-no two people identical-no two people identical
-identification-ridge characteristics (minutiae)-identification-ridge characteristics (minutiae)
-> 150 minutiae on average finger-> 150 minutiae on average finger
Principle OnePrinciple OneDO NOT WRITE DOWN!DO NOT WRITE DOWN!
Points? How many required for ID in US Courts?Points? How many required for ID in US Courts?
-“no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined -“no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characters minimum number of friction ridge characters which must be present in two impressions in which must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification”order to establish positive identification”
-sufficient number of friction ridge details present -sufficient number of friction ridge details present for conclusion 100%for conclusion 100%
Principle OnePrinciple One Conclusions: Conclusions:
MatchMatch no matchno match inconclusiveinconclusive
Principle TwoPrinciple Two PERMANENCE: PERMANENCE: Epidermis-outer layerEpidermis-outer layer
Dermis-inner layerDermis-inner layer
Form in womb/unchanged for lifeForm in womb/unchanged for life
PRINCIPLE THREEPRINCIPLE THREE
Patterns:Patterns:
-classification/filing-classification/filing
-3 patterns-3 patterns
DO NOT CONFUSE PATTERNS WITH DO NOT CONFUSE PATTERNS WITH PRINCIPLES!!!PRINCIPLES!!!
Principle ThreePrinciple Three
Pattern 1:Pattern 1:
Loop: Loop: -60 %-60 %
Principle Principle ThreeThree
Pattern 2: Pattern 2:
Whorls:Whorls:
35%35%
WhorlsWhorlsDouble Loop WhorlDouble Loop Whorl
Accidental WhorlAccidental Whorl
Principle ThreePrinciple Three ARCHES:ARCHES: Least commonLeast common
5%5% a. Plaina. Plain b. Tentedb. Tented
ArchesArches
PlainPlain TentedTented
Developing PrintsDeveloping Prints Surface=substrateSurface=substrate
Hard/nonabsorbent: powderHard/nonabsorbent: powder
Porous: chemicalPorous: chemical
Detecting PrintsDetecting Prints
Powders:Powders:-adhere to perspiration/body oils-adhere to perspiration/body oils
Iodine fuming: Iodine fuming: -iodine crystals release vapors-iodine crystals release vapors
Detecting PrintsDetecting Prints Ninhydrin:Ninhydrin: -amino acids/purple-blue-amino acids/purple-blue
Super GlueSuper Glue®:®:
--cyanoacrylate ester cyanoacrylate ester
Developing PrintsDeveloping Prints Fluorescence:Fluorescence:
-chemicals-fluorescence -high-intensity light-chemicals-fluorescence -high-intensity light
-photographs must be taken before attempts at -photographs must be taken before attempts at lifting lifting
Physical Development: Dusting
Powder adheres
Brush and Powder
Fingerprints > Analysis
Physical Development: Dusting
Magnetic Brush
and Powder
Fingerprints > Analysis
PowderPowderLatent print Latent print
developed with developed with powder powder
PowderPowder Print in dust:Print in dust:
Left-actual printLeft-actual print
Middle-developed Middle-developed with powderwith powder
Right-photographedRight-photographed
PowderPowder Shell casingShell casing
Chemical Development:
2. Iodine Fuming Iodine reacts w/ lipid
components Fuming wand/chamber
Dirty Brown Color
Fingerprints > Analysis
Chemical Development:
3. Ninhydrin Reacts with amino acids; purple color Painted or sprayed on area Heated to react
Fingerprints > Analysis
DevelopmentDevelopmentFingerprints on the Fingerprints on the
inside of a rubber inside of a rubber gloveglove
Development Development Fingerprints Fingerprints
developed on developed on plastic bagplastic bag
DevelopmentDevelopmentInside of rubber Inside of rubber
gloves treated with gloves treated with ninhydrinninhydrin
DevelopmentDevelopment NinhydrinNinhydrin
DevelopmentDevelopment Ninhydrin-Note Ninhydrin-Note
initials at top-initials at top-CHAIN OF CHAIN OF CUSTODYCUSTODY
DevelopmentDevelopmentSuper glue Super glue
developed printsdeveloped prints
DevelopingDevelopingLatent prints Latent prints
visulaized using visulaized using fluorescent powderfluorescent powder
DevelopingDevelopingDifferent colored Different colored
fluorescent powderfluorescent powder
Development and CollectionDevelopment and Collection Scene or Lab?Scene or Lab?
Small objects:Small objects:-preserved/transported-preserved/transported
Large immovable objects:Large immovable objects:-develop prints/lift -develop prints/lift
Digital ImagingDigital Imaging Digital imaging:Digital imaging:-picture converted-digital computer file-picture converted-digital computer file
Compare function:Compare function:-images side by side-images side by side
Collection of prints:
Sometimes a photograph will be the only permanent record.
Fingerprints > Collection
Fingerprint KitFingerprint Kit
How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Categorized by pattern and minutiae
Fingerprints
How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Patterns
Loop Whorl Arch
Fingerprints
How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Minutiae
Dot
Bifurcation
Island
Ridge Ending
Fingerprints
AFISAFIS Computer scans/digitally encode fingerprints Computer scans/digitally encode fingerprints
-classifying /retrieving-classifying /retrieving
-digital minutiae-digital minutiae
-list of file prints-list of file prints
-examined by expert-examined by expert
Old system of fingerprintsOld system of fingerprints
Computer software compares the location of these minutiae.
Fingerprints
AFISAFISAFIS highlights all AFIS highlights all
the identifiable the identifiable minutia.minutia.
Madrid Bombing TimelineMadrid Bombing Timeline
March 11, 2004March 11, 2004– Terrorists bomb several trains in Madrid, SpainTerrorists bomb several trains in Madrid, Spain
March 13, 2004March 13, 2004– LPU receives electronic transmission of digital LPU receives electronic transmission of digital
images (no info, scale, etc.) images (no info, scale, etc.) 8 latent prints8 latent prints Known exemplars Known exemplars
March 19, 2004March 19, 2004– LPU identifies/verifies one latent LPU identifies/verifies one latent
fingerprint as a result of an automated searchfingerprint as a result of an automated search
April 13, 2004April 13, 2004– Spanish National Police (SNP) issues Spanish National Police (SNP) issues
‘negativo’ report regarding latent print‘negativo’ report regarding latent print April 21, 2004April 21, 2004
– LPU rep travels to Spain to provide basis LPU rep travels to Spain to provide basis of identification to SNPof identification to SNP
MadridMadrid
May 6, 2004May 6, 2004– Brandon Mayfield arrested by FBI Brandon Mayfield arrested by FBI
PortlandPortland May 19, 2004 (in California)May 19, 2004 (in California)
– Defense expert verifies FBI identificationDefense expert verifies FBI identification May 19, 2004May 19, 2004
– SNP informs FBI they have identified the SNP informs FBI they have identified the latent fingerprint with another individuallatent fingerprint with another individual
May 20, 2004May 20, 2004– Judge releases MayfieldJudge releases Mayfield
MadridMadrid
MADRID BOMBINGMADRID BOMBING
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