ch 9 and ch 10

Camera Arts

Chapter 9

the early history of photography

• Great slide show from About.com• http://inventors.about.com/od/weirdmuseum

s/ig/Illustrated-History-Photograph/Camera-Obscura.htm

The oldest known photograph in the world of a 17th century Flemish engraving, made by the French inventor Nicephore

Niepce in 1825, with an heliography technical process.

Boulevard du Temple, Paris - Daguerreotype taken by Louis Daguerre. Louis Daguerre circa 1838/39

Daguerreotype Portrait of Louis DaguerrePhotographer Jean-Baptiste Sabatier-Blot

1844

Robert Cornelius Self-Portrait Approximate quarter-plate daguerreotype, 1839

Robert Cornelius

Daguerreotype - Portrait of Samuel MorseMathew B Brady 1844-60

Daguerreotype Photograph 1844The General Post Office Washington, D.C.

Daguerreotype - Key West Florida 1849

Daguerreotype - Photograph of Confederate Dead 1862

Example of an Ambrotype - Unidentified Florida SoldierPeriod of Use 1851 - 1880s

Popularity of the daguerreotype declined in the late 1850s when the ambrotype, a faster and less expensive photographic process, became available.

Calotype, 1835The oldest

photographic negative in existence

The inventor of the first negative from

which multiple positive prints

were made was Henry Fox Talbot.

• Talbot sensitized paper to light with a silver salt solution. He then exposed the paper to light. The background became black, and the subject was rendered in gradations of grey. This was a negative image, and from the paper negative, photographers could duplicate the image as many times as they wanted.

Tintype Photography - The tintype photograpy process was patented in 1856 by Hamilton Smith.

• Daguerreotypes and tintypes were one of a kind images and the image was almost always reversed left to right.

• A thin sheet of iron was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a positive image. Tintypes are a variation of the collodion wet plate process. The emulsion is painted onto a japanned (varnished) iron plate, which is exposed in the camera. The low cost and durability of tintypes, coupled with the growing number of traveling photographers, enhanced the tintype’s popularity.

Tintype Photograph of Members of the 75th Ohio Infantry in Jacksonville

Portraits & Photojournalism

Julia Margaret Cameron (self portrait)

An 1864 photo by Julia Margaret Cameron of her husband, Charles Hay Cameron

"Annie, my first success", 29 January 1864. Cameron's first print she was satisfied with

Longfellow in 1868 by Julia Margaret Cameron

Charles Darwin, 1868 by Julia Margaret Cameron

Ellen Terry photographed in 1864 by Julia Margaret Cameron

Julia Jackson, 1867 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

The Angel at the Tomb, 1870 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

The Rosebud Garden of Girls,-June 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

A Study of the Cenci-May 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

The Echo, 1868 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

1870 taken by Julia Margaret Cameron

Invention of the Kodak, George Eastman

Daily lifeCrow Camp, 1910. Richard Throssel

The Tobacco Planting, ca. 1905-1911Richard Throssel

Dorothea Lange, 1936

http://alafoto.com/?p=821

Dorothea Lange's 1936, Migrant Mother,

Oregon, August 1939. “Unemployed lumber worker goes with his wife to the bean harvest. Note Social Security number tattooed on arm.”

July 1939. Gordonton, N.C. “Country store on dirt road. Sunday afternoon.

August 1936. Drought refugees from Abilene, Texas, following the crops of California as migratory workers.

Japanese American Children Pledging Allegiance 1942

Japanese American Grocer 1942

Dorothea Lange, People of Japanese ancestry arriving at Tanforan Assembly Center, 1942

Ansel Adams, Mrs. Naguchi and two children, Manzanar War Relocation Center in CA, 1943

The Steerage 1907 Stieglitz

Stieglitz-Spring Showers, The Coach 1902

"Venetian Canal" (1894)

by Alfred Stieglitz

1918

Alfred StieglitzIcy Night, 1893

The Plaza, 1896

FlatironSpring Show

ers

Ansel Adams, Evening, McDonald Lake, Glacier National Park (1942)

The Tetons and the Snake River (1942)

Autumn Tree against Cathedral Rocks, Yosemite, 1944

Moon and Half Dome

Orville Cox and georgia o’keeffe by Ansel Adams

Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Through the First Epoch of the Weimar Beer-Belly Culture, 1919.

Hannah Höch Balance 1925

Hannah Höch Strong-Armed Men 1931

Hannah Höch Burst Unity 1955

Hannah Höch Grotesque 1963

Man Ray - Dada & Surrealismchamps delicieux (rayographie series)

1924

1929

Cindy Shermanhttp://www.cindysherman.com/biography.shtml

Untitled film still #6

Untitled 96

Terms to knowDaguerrotype

• Landscape photography• Photojournalism• Pure photography• Which camera put photography into the hands of

everyday people?• What was the first american conflict to be recorded

in photographs?• Match camera artists to their type of photography-– Ansel adams, alfred steiglitz, dorothea lange, julia

margaret cameron

• http://www.afi.com/100Years/movies10.aspx

• End of chapter 9

Chapter 10

Graphic design and illustration

Things to know

• Origin of all types of graphic design• Industrial revolution contributed greatly to graphic

design applications• Symbols• Typography• Layout• Graphic design• Illustration• Match artists to work : rockwell, toulouse -lautrec

• Graphic design – Visual presentation of information– the goal is communication of a specific message– Usually trying to sell something or give directions

• Sometimes called commercial art– At SIU they call the degree a communications

design

Examples of things that are designed before production

• Books • Book jackets• Newspapers • Magazines• Advertisements • Packaging• Websites • CD covers• Road signs • Logos• Television & film credits

How old is graphic design art?• Since the beginning of civilization

• Written languages• Symbols

• Today’s graphic design is rooted in– Invention of the printing press, 15th century

• Reproduction and distribution

– Industrial Revolution, 18th-19th centuriesIncreased commercial applications

– Prior, most products were local – After, mass manufacturing

symbols

• Most basic level of communication• Letters are symbols

Ω Ж Φ Ш М• Even arrows had to be developed

→ Δ

yin yang – dynamic balance of opposites, explains existence

female/male being/nonbeinglight/darkaction/inaction

opposites are mutually interdependent

both are necessary to make the whole

Symbols have no meaning in themselves, they are given meaning by society.

The swastika dates back to Neolithic Europe, up to 5,700 yrs ago. Svastika = Sanskrit for good luck.

India

US Dept of Transportation,

1974

developed to communicate to

international travelersby

Cook and Shanosky Associates

logos

typography

• The arrangement and appearance of letters• Calligraphy • Font, typeface

• People began to pay special attention to this with the invention of movable type, 1450

• Sometimes designers will create their own lettering• Sometimes designers use a combination of

typefaces

Joan Dobkin, leaflet for Amnesty International, 1991

Textbook, pg 243

layout

• Blueprint for how an extended work such as a book or magazine should look– The way a page or a pair of pages are balanced• Using smaller and larger shapes• Using darker and lighter colors• Generally asymmetrical• Looking for a visual appeal

posters/ads

• Color lithography (19th century) brought about eye-catching posters– Color wasn’t practical in magazines or newspapers

• Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec– Flat simplified forms influenced by Japanese prints– Immediately collector’s items

Toulouse-Lautrec

Toulouse-Lautrec

Constructivism – a graphic design art movement after the

Russian Revolution of 1917

They had high hopes to create a new society, wanted to make

art for the masses, not the elite. They used bold compositions.

During the 1930s, the Soviet gov’t abolished independent

artist groups, the gov’t demanded all art to be clear,

easy to understand & realistic.Poster for the 1930 film "Earth" by the Stenberg brothers

Milton Glaser, 1996

illustration• An image created to accompany words– Books - Poems– Magazines - Newspapers

• Illustration is a different kind of environment for artists– Tight deadlines– The work is usually thrown away• Illustrators usually find ways to work quickly but still

create striking images

Norman Rockwelldid about 6 covers a year for

The Saturday evening Post for over 40 yrs.

He did 322 covers for TSEP

Rockwell’s last cover for the Post1960, 1963

Norman Rockwell, lithograph, 1942

Part of The Four Freedoms series.

Norman Rockwell

He also worked for the Boy Scouts, and he illustrated over 40 books.

He produced over 4000 original works.

Alan Lee

John Howe

Ted Nasmith

End of chapter 10

• Except digital realms…….