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Challenges for Wood Energy Incentive Programs
December 18, 2014
Jonathan Kays Nat. Res. Extension Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
Why is the use of wood & pellet stoves increasing? What are the environmental issues? Key educational issues?
Considerations for Wood Stove Incentive Programs:
Wood is Fastest Growing Residential Heat Fuel
• 2.1% of families use wood or pellets as primary heat
• About 10% use it as secondary heat
• In Maryland, wood heat grew 33% from 2000 to 2010; today 1.2% use it as primary heat.
Wood & Pellet Stoves Are Leaders in Reducing Fossil Fuels in US
Space Heating consumes 1/3 of energy use in a home
Both systems can displace equal amounts of carbon from fossil fuel: 3 tons.
The Difference: Most families can afford a wood/pellet stove!
Fossil Fuel Reduction of a $2,000 Wood/Pellet Stove =
Fossil Fuel Reduction of a $20,000 Solar PV
0
10
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Pellet Boilerw/Storage
MasonryHeater
EPA WoodBoiler
TraditionalBoiler
Pellet Stove EPA CertifiedWood Stove
Old WoodStove
% in Use
Emissions Average(grams per hour)
Problem - Most Wood Heating Equipment is Outdated and Polluting
Emissions less than 7.5 g/hr. Washington State- stoves under 4.5 g/hr In 2015, EPA will likely mandate lower
emissions. Lower emissions = higher efficiency =
savings for consumer
EPA Wood Burner Certification Started in 1988
Whether you buy wood or cut it yourself, there are large efficiency savings and health savings from reduced smoke.
Effect of Wood Stove Efficiency on Fuel Cost
Fireplace 10% efficient
$59 per million Btu’s
Non EPA Woodstove
40% efficient $14.7 per million
Btu’s
EPA Wood Stove 70% efficient
$8.5 per million Btu’s
Item Estimated Cost Wood stove $1,500-3,000
* With serviceable chimney $300-$900 for labor and materials (permit extra)
* Build a chimney $2,000 for metal chimney Pellet stove $2,000 - $3,500
*Chimney to outside wall $300-$400 for pipe - $300 labor
Cost of a Wood/Pellet Stove
Wood & pellet stove require an upfront investment – but can have 3-5 year payback
Fuel calculator - www.eia.gov/neic/experts/heatcalc.xls
Fuel Cost for Heating Season Based on prices- December 2014
Type of Fuel Fuel Cost per unit
Efficiency (%)
Fuel Cost $/mBtu
Fuel Cost Heating Season
80 mBtu
Firewood stove $200 cord 63% $12.99 $1039
Natural Gas furnace
$1.00 therm 82% $12.22 $977
Pellet stove $250 ton 75% $20.20 $1616
Oil furnace $3.00 gallon 80% $29.29 $2343
Propane furnace $2.67 gallon 85% $34.39 $2751
Electric heat $0.12kwh 100% $35.13 $2810
Most wood from tree service companies.
Other from forest harvests. No meaningful designation for
sustainable for firewood
Sustainable Produced Firewood? Misguided Question
Wood energy can reduce electricity consumption Wood is a local fuel (energy security) Thermal biomass strengthens the local economy Each link in the wood supply chain retains and creates local
green jobs
Wood & Pellet Production Keeps Dollars in Local Economies
Maine study – for every $1 spent on fuel oil for heating, only $0.15 remains in the local economy. Not so with
woody biomass.
What is seasoned wood? Misunderstood by users, retailers, and firewood suppliers. It has the major impact on emissions. • 20% moisture throughout
How to purchase seasoned wood – quality pellets
Safety – Chimneys & proper installation
Major Educational Challenge to Consider for Incentive Programs
Hardwood requires 6-9 months after split and covered.
20% moisture desired before burning Wetter wood provides fewer Btu’s and
burns poorly- high emission The more wood surface exposed to air,
the faster it dries. Roofs better than tarps.
Seasoning Firewood
Freshly cut oak
I year later.
Firewood Study Effect of splitting on drying time
Hickory trees - After one year split samples were at 20% moisture, unsplit rounds were still 30-35% moisture
Cut & Split Cut – Not Split
Maryland Energy Administration • Energy.Maryland.gov • State incentive program • Link to educational resources
University of Maryland Extension • www.extension.umd.edu/woodland • Education pubs, workshops, & webinars • Woodland owner resources
Alliance for Green Heat • www.forgreenheat.org • Policy education • Improving the technology •
Partners in Incentive Program
Fact Sheet Series Heating With Wood (FS-926) Buying a Clean Burning Wood Stove (FS-939) Considerations for your Wood or Pellet Stove Installation (FS-940) The Wood Stove Checklist (FS-936) Buying and Storing Firewood & Pellets (FS-937) Buying a Second Hand Wood Stove (FS-938) Best Management Practices for Outdoor Wood Boilers (FS- XXX) Hearth Dealer Directory (2013-A) Directory of Maryland Firewood Dealers (#2013-A)
Wood Publication Series www.extension.umd.edu/woodland
Jonathan Kays Natural Resources Extension Specialist
University of MD Extension (301) 432-2767 x323
www.extension.umd.edu/woodland jkays@umd.edu
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