changing concepts in public health. vishnu

Dr. Y. VISHNU VARDHAN1st Year PG

Dept. Of Community Medicine.

Contents

Introduction

History of Public Health

Phases of Public Health

Recent advances in Public Health

Achievements in Public Health

Notable Figures in Public Health

References

INTRODUCTION

1920

15thCentury BC Early Egyptians used Sedimentation Apparatusto remove suspended solids

400 BC Romans Engineered Safe water delivery systems-Roman Aqueducts

Wick siphon method

Roman aqueduct

Medieval Times

Theory Of Miasma

Book of Levictus- 1st health Code

Hippocrates’ Treatise Airs, Waters and Placesserved as a template for relationships b/nPlaces, health and disease.

Removing Dead Bodies.Burning Cities (Killing Rat Fleas).

Black Death (Bubonic Plague) in Europe

- 14th Century AD.

Prevented the Spread Of Infection.

Modern Public Health

Industrial Revolution of 1829 in Europe- worsened the Living conditions, and the need for Public Health Legislation Increased.

Sir Edwin Chadwick – Sanitary Reforms and Poor Law Commission.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACT, 1848

1

Polluted Water Pump in Broad street is the Reason for Cholera OutBreak.(1854)

- John Snow

2

Spot map

3

First one to Use a Spot Map for Cholera.

Father of Epidemiology.

Believed in Germ Theory of disease.

WILLIAM BUDD- Concluded that Drinking water contamination is the reason for Typhoid outbreak

1. DISEASE CONTROL PHASE1880- 1920

Massachusetts & Shattuck’s Report; Review of sanitation Practices.

Controlling Man’s Physical Environment.

Robert Koch Louis Pasteur

Ronald Ross Joseph Lister

Lemaul Shattuck

2. HEALTH PROMOTIONAL PHASE1920-1960

A New goal of Health Promotion was added to Public Health services.It led to two great movements.

Basic Health Services

PHCs and Sub centers wereEstablished.(Bhore Committee)

Highly Successful- Rural Population benefitted a lot.

Community Development Programme

For Village Development through active community Participation.

Failure- Due to InadequateResources.

3. SOCIAL ENGINEERING PHASE(1960-1980)

Social and Behavioral aspects of Disease and Health were Prioritized to lessen Chronic Diseases burden on the society.

The Concept of Risk Factors came into Existence.

4. HEALTH FOR ALL PHASE1980-2000 AD

A Health Gap between Rich& Poor, Within and In-between Countries was Realized upon the release of John Bryant’s book

“Health and the Developing World”

HEALTH FOR ALL

In the year 1981,WHO pledged to Provide Health for All by the year 2000.

In order to eliminate Inequalities in health care, the Three-Tier system of Health Care was implemented.

WHO focused on Millennium Development goals:

EBOLA

DISASTERS

HIV

SARS

Challenges Confronted by Public Health

Epidemiological Transition

Demographic Transition

Environmental Changes

Challenges Confronted by Public Health

Modern Public Health advocates in enhancing Inter-Sectoral& Inter-Disciplinary Education and training.

Sub-Fields of Public Health are:

Behavioural Health

Biostatistics

Epidemiology

Occupational Health

Environmental health

Public Health operated in several ways, Implementing Various New Programmes.

ICDS

1975

NRHM

RNTCP

UIP

2005

1992

1985

To Overcome Political, Economic and Social Obstacles-A New Movement called PUBLIC HEALTH 2.0 came forward.

This aims to make field make more accessible to general public and more User-Driven.

It works by reaching out through Social media and Health blogs.

Using Twitter, researchers were able to predict influenza in their population. The red line is predicted rates, the black line is the actual rate. The vertical line separates training from predicted data.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

CDC states that- Public Health is credited with adding 25 years to theLife expectancy of People in United states.

Top ten Greatest Achievements of pubic health in 20th Century are:

Immunizations

Motor-Vehicle Safety

Tobacco as health Hazard

Healthier MotherAnd Child

Family Planning

Workplace SafetySafe &healthier Foods

Decline in Heart Ds and Stroke

Fluoridation of H2O

Control of Infections

Other Notable figures in Public Health

Edward Jenner Walter Reed Alexander Fleming

Florence Nightingale Salk & Sabin Bernardino Ramazzini

Public Health Logos

1. http://www.enotes.com/public-health-ncyclopedia/history-public-health

REFERENCES

5. http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/tengpha.html

2. Gupta MC, Mahajan BK. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 5th edition, Chp 1, p1-3.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_health

4. Park K. Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 22nd edition, chp1, p1-10.