chapter 1-student notes 1
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The Sc ienc e of
Psychology
The Sc ienc e of
Psychology
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Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies
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Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
LO 1.1 Definition and goals
PSYCHOLOGY THEN
LO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalism
LO 1.3 Early approaches
PSYCHOLOGY NOW
LO 1.4 Modern perspectives
LO 1.5 Psychiatrists, Psychologists
PSYCHOLOGY THE SCIENCE
LO 1.6 Scientific method
LO 1.7 Naturalistic/laboratory settings
LO 1.8 Case studies & surveys
LO 1.9 Correlational techniques
LO 1.10 Experimental design
LO 1.11 Placebo/experimenter effects
LO 1.12 Amabilesexperiment
ETHICS & CRITICAL THINKING
LO 1.13 Ethical concerns
LO 1.14 Critical thinking
What is psychology?What is psychology?
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How is psychology defined?How is psychology defined?
Write down one idea thatcomes to mind when you
hear the wordpsychology.
Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and
mental processes
Psychology as clich
1.1 What defines psychology and what are its four primary goals?
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What are the goals of Psychology?What are the goals of Psychology?
Control
Explanation
Description
Prediction
Psychology ThenPsychology Then
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How are mind & body related?How are mind & body related?
Philosophers
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
connection between soul and body
Plato (427 - 347 B.C.) dualism body and soul are separate but interrelated
Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) modified dualism mind and body have reciprocal
interaction via pineal gland
How do mind and body interact?
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1.2 How did structuralism and functionalism differ?
What is structuralism?What is structuralism?
THOUGHTTHOUGHT
EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE
EMOTIONEMOTION
Wilhelm Wundt
First psychology lab
in Germany (1879)
Mind consists of
basic elements
analyzed via
objective
introspection
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Edward Titchener
What is structuralism?What is structuralism?
Introspect aboutphysical objects
AND thoughts
Tell me aboutthings that areyellow.
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What is structuralism?What is structuralism?
Margaret Washburn
First woman toreceive a Ph.D. inpsychology (1894)
Author of TheAnimal Mind
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William James
stream of thought vs.elements of mind
Focus on adaptation,living working,playingfunctioning inthe real world
What is functionalism?What is functionalism?
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Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology
What doGestaltists meanwhen they say
that the whole isgreater than thesum of theparts?
1.3 Basic ideas and important people in early approaches
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Gestalt PsychologyGestalt Psychology
Gestalt - goodformGestalt
psychologistsbelieve that peoplenaturally seek outpatterns (wholes)in available sensoryinformation
Gestalt principles are relevant to cognitive
issues such as learning, memory, problem
solving and relationships.
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What is psychoanalysis?What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Neurologist in late 18th
century Vienna
Psychoanalysisinsight therapy for fear& anxiety
unconscious
early childhood
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Watson wanted to bring psychology back to a focus on
scientific inquiry, and he felt that the only way to do that was to
ignore the whole consciousness issue and focus only on
observable behavior...He based a lot of his ideas on the work of
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (shown here).
-Page 10 (Ciccarelli & Meyer)
JOHN B. WATSON AND BEHAVIORISM
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Watson believed fearsare learned viaexperience.
Fear is learned when a neutral stimulus is pairedwith an aversive stimulus like a loud noise.
Of Babies and RatsOf Babies and Rats
Psychology NowPsychology Now
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Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives1.4 What are the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives?
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Focus on the
unconscious andearly development,not sex
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Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
BehavioralBehavioral
Focus onoperantconditioning,punishmentandreinforcement
umanistic
perspective
umanistic
perspectivePeoplehavethe
freedomto
choosetheirown
destiny
free willhumanpotential
Bonsai tree animation by Augosto Flores
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Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
Attribute human and animalbehavior to biological events
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TrendsProfessionals
Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies
ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions
Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
CognitiveCognitive
Memory, intelligence,perception, learning, etc.
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Critical ThinkingEthicsExperimentsCorrelationsCase studies
ModernEarlyFunctionalStructuralDefinitions
Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
SocioculturalSociocultural
Relationship between socialbehavior and culture
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Modern PerspectivesModern Perspectives
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
BehavioralBehavioral
BiopsychologicalBiopsychological
CognitiveCognitive
SocioculturalSociocultural
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
HumanisticHumanistic
EvolutionaryEvolutionary
Biological, mental traits sharedby all humans
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Types of Psychological ProfessionalsTypes of Psychological Professionals
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
PsychiatricSocial Worker
Psychologist
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1.6 How does a psychiatrist differ from a psychologist?
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