chapter 11 blog notes
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Chapter 11Pacific South America
Section 1Physical Geography
Physical FeaturesStretch along Pacific Ocean from the equator
to almost the Arctic CircleAll countries have high Andes mountains
MountainsAndes run through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, & Chile
Some rise more than 20,000 feetEarthquakes & volcanoes are constant (two tectonic
plates meet in region) Some earthquakes cause glaciers to send ice & mud
rushing down mts.
Landscapes differ from north to southRugged peaks to rounded peaks
In the north Andes split into two rangesPeru & Bolivia ridges are far apart
altiplano: broad, high plateau lies between the ridges
Water & IslandsAndean glaciers
Source of tributaries of Amazon RiverFew major riversWater has no outlet to the sea
Forms two large lakes Lake Titicaca: highest lake in the world
Strait of MagellanLinks Atlantic & Pacific Oceans
Tierra del FuegoLarge island south of the strait
Chile & Ecuador control large islands in PacificGalapagos Islands have wildlife not found anywhere else in
the world
Climate & VegetationVary widely
Mostly effected by elevation5 climate zones in the Andes
1st Zone Hot & humid near sea level; sugarcane & bananas Humid tropical: part of Amazon basin; thick rain forests
2nd Zone Cooler air; moist climates w/ mt. forests; coffee; largest cities
3rd Zone Cooler zone w/ forests & grasslands; potatoes & wheat are grown
4th Zone Above the tree line; alpine meadows w/ grasslands & hardy shrubs
5th Zone Highest elevation; very cold; no vegetation; ground almost always
covered w/ snow & ice
DesertsAtacama Desert
600 miles long Rain falls less than five time a century
Fog & low clouds are common Some rivers bring snowmelt to dry coastal region
Sometimes only appear certain times of the year
El NinoAn ocean and weather patter that affects the
Pacific coastEvery 2-7 yearsCool Pacific water near the coast warms
May cause extreme ocean & weather events that can have global effects
Warm water cause fish to leaveAffects fishers
Heavy rainsflooding
Natural ResourcesValuable natural resources
Forests: provide lumberCoastal waters: rich in fishValuable oil & mineralsTin, gold, silver, lead, zinc, & copper
Do not have much good land for farmingDifficult to produce large crops for export
History & CultureSection 2
Early Cultures900 B.C.
Peru’s f1st advanced civilization Built stone terraces into mts. to raise crops In coastal areas they created irrigation systems to store
water & control flooding
AgricultureSupported large populations, towns, & culture
TiahuanacoMade huge stone carvings
Nazca LinesScratched outlines of animals & other shapes into
surface of Peruvian desert
The Inca EmpireControlled an area that stretched from northern
Ecuador to central ChileHome to 12 million peopleEmpire was highly organized
Irrigation projects turned deserts into farmlandStone-paved roads connected empireRope suspension bridges used to cross steep valleysNo wheeled vehicles or horses
Relay teams of runners carried messages (up to 150 miles in one day) Did not carry written messages because they had no
written language
Spanish RuleSpanish captured new Inca ruler on his way to be
crowned kingDemanded enough gold & silver to fill a roomKilled king instead of setting him free
Fighting broke out By 1535 the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire
Spanish rulersWere harsh to South American Indians of Inca Empire
Had to work in gold or silver mines or on plantationsSpanish viceroy (governor) was appointed by king of
Spain to ensure Indians followed Spanish laws & customs
IndependenceEarly 1800s
Revolts began against Spanish ruleCreoles (American-born descendants of
Europeans) were the main leaders of revolts1825
Chile, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia became independent
CultureSpanish & native cultures have left their markMost speak SpanishMany maintain native culture
Speak native languagesSpanish & Indian heritage also present
Bolivia: highest % of South American Indians on any country in South America Follow customs & lifestyles that existed centuries ago
Spanish & Indian influence in religionRoman CatholicismSome practice ancient religious customs
Section 3Pacific South America Today
Ecuador TodayFaced recent instability
Widespread poverty (factor that threatens stable gov’t)
GovernmentDemocracy, but 9 presidents in 10 years2005 President fired judges of supreme court
People were not happy (thought he was trying to gain too much power) Also not happy w/ recent economic reforms to
improve housing, medical care, and education had failed
People & gov’t forced president from power as a result
Economic Regions3 economic regions
Coastal lowlands: agriculture & industryAndean region: poorer; capital located here;
open-air markets & Spanish colonial buildings attract tourists
Amazon basin: valuable oil deposits (provides jobs that bring people to region); economy suffers if world oil prices drop; harmful to rain forest
Bolivia TodayPoor country & political unrest recentlyGovernment
Democracy now after years of military ruleGov’t divided between two capital cities2000s
People disagreed with gov’t plans for use of country’s resources & how to fight poverty National protests forces several presidents to resign
2005 Indigenous leader was elected (Evo Morales)
Worked to improve lives of the poor
EconomyPoorest country in South AmericaFew roads & little investment money in
eastern BoliviaForeign aid has allowed some developmentHas valuable resources like metals & natural
gas
Peru TodayLargest & most populousMaking progress against political violence &
povertyLima
Capital of Peru1/3 of people live hereHas industries, universities, & gov’t jobsBig urban areas where people live in poverty
Few slum areas though (poor claim land on outskirts of city) Build their own houses often out of poor building
materials Settlements of new self-built houses are called
young townsOver time houses are improved & areas develops
into new suburb
Government1980s & 1990s
Terrorist group Shining Path carried out deadly attacks because it opposed the gov’t policies 70,000 people died Economy suffered
Group leaders were arrested & gov’t began making progress against political violence & poverty
Has an elected president & congress
ResourcesKey factors in economic progressMineral deposits near coastHydroelectric projects provide energyHighland are less developed
Indians grow potatoes & corn here
Chile TodayHas ended long violent periodStable gov’t & growing economyGovernment
1970: president w/ communist ideas was elected Overthrown & died in a U.S. backed military coup (a sudden
overthrow of a gov’t by a small group of people)Military rulers gained power & crushed political enemies
Gov’t was harsh & violent (thousands were imprisoned or killed)1980s
People rejected military rule after 15 years Created democratic gov’t
People enjoy many freedomsOne of most stable countries in South America
Resources & EconomyEconomy is strongest in regionPoverty rates have decreasedSmall businesses & factories are growing
Many people are finding work & wages are rising1/3 of people live in central ChileMild climate allow farmers to grow many crops
Grapes & fruitsFarming, fishing, forestry, & mining foundation of
economyCopper mining is especially important
International trade is also keyFree trade agreement w/ U.S.
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